https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Evolution_of_Dolphins&feed=atom&action=historyEvolution of Dolphins - Revision history2024-03-29T06:03:34ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Evolution_of_Dolphins&diff=137894&oldid=prevHerbosa1 at 16:20, 6 December 20192019-12-06T16:20:01Z<p></p>
<a href="https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Evolution_of_Dolphins&diff=137894&oldid=137683">Show changes</a>Herbosa1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Evolution_of_Dolphins&diff=137683&oldid=prevHerbosa1: /* Microbiome */2019-12-05T05:03:09Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Microbiome</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 05:03, 5 December 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l31">Line 31:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Microbiome==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Microbiome==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For the Delphinus, along with many other marine animals, it is important to have good immune systems due to the new threats to the ecosystem with climate change, habitat degradation, and human impact. Numerous dolphin deaths have been associated with viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.<ref name = bad>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0923250816300961 Filipa Godoy-Vitorino, Arnold Rodriguez-Hilario, Ana Luísa Alves, Filipa Gonçalves, Beatriz Cabrera-Colon, Cristina Sousa Mesquita, Pedro Soares-Castro, Marisa Ferreira, Ana Marçalo, José Vingada, Catarina Eira, Pedro Miguel Santos “The microbiome of a striped dolphin(<i>Stenella coeruleoalba</i> stranded in Portugal” 2019. Research in Microbiology</ref> Marine life has the highest bacterial diversity, one study found 48 phyla with pyrosequencing. The most amount of these phyla, exactly 30 phyla, were found in the oral, gastric fluid, and chuff specimens. Most of these bacteria were <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Proteobacteria </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bacteroidetes</del>, except for the rectal specimens which had low <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bacteroides </del>sequences. About 13 candidate phyla, no laboratory-cultivated isolates, were also found, mostly in the oral, gastric, and respiratory specimens. Due to the high concentration of bacterial taxa in the seawater, the novelty of bacteria within the dolphin is greater.<ref name = good>https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10516 Elisabeth M. Bik, Elizabeth K. Costello, Alexandra D. Switzer, Benjamin J. Callahan, Susan P. Holmes, Randall S. Wells, Kevin P. Carlin, Eric D. Jensen, Stephanie Venn-Watson & David A. Relman “Marine mammals harbor unique Microbiotas shaped by and yet distinct from the sea” 2016. A Natureresearch Journal</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For the Delphinus, along with many other marine animals, it is important to have good immune systems due to the new threats to the ecosystem with climate change, habitat degradation, and human impact. Numerous dolphin deaths have been associated with viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.<ref name = bad>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0923250816300961 Filipa Godoy-Vitorino, Arnold Rodriguez-Hilario, Ana Luísa Alves, Filipa Gonçalves, Beatriz Cabrera-Colon, Cristina Sousa Mesquita, Pedro Soares-Castro, Marisa Ferreira, Ana Marçalo, José Vingada, Catarina Eira, Pedro Miguel Santos “The microbiome of a striped dolphin(<i>Stenella coeruleoalba</i> stranded in Portugal” 2019. Research in Microbiology</ref> Marine life has the highest bacterial diversity, one study found 48 phyla with pyrosequencing. The most amount of these phyla, exactly 30 phyla, were found in the oral, gastric fluid, and chuff specimens. Most of these bacteria were <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">proteobacteria </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacteroidetes</ins>, except for the rectal specimens which had low <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacteroides </ins>sequences. About 13 candidate phyla, no laboratory-cultivated isolates, were also found, mostly in the oral, gastric, and respiratory specimens. Due to the high concentration of bacterial taxa in the seawater, the novelty of bacteria within the dolphin is greater.<ref name = good>https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10516 Elisabeth M. Bik, Elizabeth K. Costello, Alexandra D. Switzer, Benjamin J. Callahan, Susan P. Holmes, Randall S. Wells, Kevin P. Carlin, Eric D. Jensen, Stephanie Venn-Watson & David A. Relman “Marine mammals harbor unique Microbiotas shaped by and yet distinct from the sea” 2016. A Natureresearch Journal</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Research is currently being conducted on the microbiota of the dolphin. Of the microbiota that have been found, most are of the innate immune system or simply support the functions of the dolphin. Many of these innate microbiota discovered, were pathogenic or gram-negative. Gram-negative bacteria are also part of the innate immune system and do not retain crystal violet stain.<ref>https://mbio.asm.org/content/7/5/e01541-16 Samuel I Miller “Antibiotic Resistance and Regulation of the Gram-Negative Bacterial Outer Membrane Barrier by Host Innate Immune Molecules” 2016. American Society for Microbiology</ref> Cetobacterium are also gram-negative microbiota that are part of the <i>fusobacterium</i>. Another microbiota part of the innate immune system are the ureaplasma. Ureaplasma are found in the urinary tract and are parasitic, rely on a host for survival. The ureaplasma do not have a cell membrane which makes them unique to the bacteria.<ref>https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321636.php Daniel Murrell M.D. “What is Ureaplasma?” 2018. Medical News Today</ref><ref name = good></ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Research is currently being conducted on the microbiota of the dolphin. Of the microbiota that have been found, most are of the innate immune system or simply support the functions of the dolphin. Many of these innate microbiota discovered, were pathogenic or gram-negative. Gram-negative bacteria are also part of the innate immune system and do not retain crystal violet stain.<ref>https://mbio.asm.org/content/7/5/e01541-16 Samuel I Miller “Antibiotic Resistance and Regulation of the Gram-Negative Bacterial Outer Membrane Barrier by Host Innate Immune Molecules” 2016. American Society for Microbiology</ref> Cetobacterium are also gram-negative microbiota that are part of the <i>fusobacterium</i>. Another microbiota <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that is </ins>part of the innate immune system are the ureaplasma. Ureaplasma are found in the urinary tract and are parasitic, rely on a host for survival. The ureaplasma do not have a cell membrane which makes them unique to the bacteria.<ref>https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321636.php Daniel Murrell M.D. “What is Ureaplasma?” 2018. Medical News Today</ref><ref name = good></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Microbiota exist all over the dolphin, concentrations have been around blowhole, mouth, and gut. Within the blowhole, the large majority of microbiota are proteobacteria and bacteoidetes. Among the two, proteobacteria are most abundant. This group includes a wide variety of pathogens such as esacherichia, salomella, vibro, helibacteraceae, and many other notable genera. Proteobacteria have flagella to move, however, some are stationary. These microbiota are responsible for nitrogen fixation.<ref>https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/proteobacteria/ “Proteobacteria”. Boundless Microbiology</ref> Bacteriodete is a broad group of bacteria that is composed of classes of gram-negative, non-spore forming, anaerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria. This type of bacteria is often found in the gastrointestinal tract, intestines or on the skin of animals. These bacteria <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">support </del>most likely the success of the <i>Delphinus</i> in the marine environment.<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes “Bacteriodetes” 2019. Wikipedia</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Microbiota exist all over the dolphin, concentrations have been around blowhole, mouth, and gut. Within the blowhole, the large majority of microbiota are proteobacteria and bacteoidetes. Among the two, proteobacteria are most abundant. This group includes a wide variety of pathogens such as esacherichia, salomella, vibro, helibacteraceae, and many other notable genera. Proteobacteria have flagella to move, however, some are stationary. These microbiota are responsible for nitrogen fixation.<ref>https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/proteobacteria/ “Proteobacteria”. Boundless Microbiology</ref> Bacteriodete is a broad group of bacteria that is composed of classes of gram-negative, non-spore forming, anaerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria. This type of bacteria is often found in the gastrointestinal tract, intestines or on the skin of animals. These bacteria most likely <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">support </ins>the success of the <i>Delphinus</i> in the marine environment.<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes “Bacteriodetes” 2019. Wikipedia</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Within the mouth, there are 25 bacteria phyla, or divisions. Of these 25 phyla, 11 are candidate phyla meaning that either have not been or can not be cultivated in a laboratory. These bacteria phyla include: bacteriodetes, phocoenobacter, and acrobacter. Bacteriodetes are also found in the blowhole and are likely contribute to the health of the dolphin in a positive way. Phocoenobacter - in the genus pasteurellaceae - and acrobacter are bacteria that are considered to be gram-negative. Acrobacter are the fourth most common <i>Campylobacter</i> like organism. This bacteria is usually found in the stool of animals.<ref>Taxonomy of the genus Phocoenobacter Foster et al. 2000". doi:10.1601/tx.3450. Cite journal requires |journal</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Within the mouth, there are 25 bacteria phyla, or divisions. Of these 25 phyla, 11 are candidate phyla meaning that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">they </ins>either have not been or can not be cultivated in a laboratory. These bacteria phyla include: bacteriodetes, phocoenobacter, and acrobacter. Bacteriodetes are also found in the blowhole and are likely contribute to the health of the dolphin in a positive way. Phocoenobacter - in the genus pasteurellaceae - and acrobacter are bacteria that are considered to be gram-negative. Acrobacter are the fourth most common <i>Campylobacter</i> like organism. This bacteria is usually found in the stool of animals.<ref>Taxonomy of the genus Phocoenobacter Foster et al. 2000". doi:10.1601/tx.3450. Cite journal requires |journal</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Lights.jpeg|375px|thumb|right|Photobacterium are common in the marine environment and on the surface of intestinal contents. Various types of the photobacterium are bioluminescent. https://alchetron.com/Photobacterium-phosphoreum]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Lights.jpeg|375px|thumb|right|Photobacterium are common in the marine environment and on the surface of intestinal contents. Various types of the photobacterium are bioluminescent. https://alchetron.com/Photobacterium-phosphoreum]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The gut does the processing of food, development of stool, and contributes to the health of the dolphin. Part of the gut is the fore-stomach where at least 22 bacterial phyla are found. Of these phyla, there are tenericutes, photobacterium, and epulopiscium. Tenericutes typically have low abundance in mammals, however, they are most abundant in the dolphin gut. Along with many other microbiota, tenericutes are gram-negative. Through years of evolution, tenericutes have lost their cell walls and many biochemical pathways. These bacteria are highly dependent on their host cells.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/tenericutes James F.X. Wellhead, Stephen J. Divers ”Bacteriology” 2019. Tenericutes</ref> Photobacterium are very common in the marine environment. They are also found in the intestinal contents of marine animals, which is where these microbiota are found in <i><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Delphinus</del></i>.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/photobacterium G. Betts “Photobacterium” 2006. Science Direct</ref> Inside the intestinal tract, is the epulopiscium. These microbiota contribute to the food consumption and food digestion of the dolphin.<ref>https://micro.cornell.edu/research/epulopiscium/epulopiscium-spp-and-related-surgeonfish-symbionts/ “Epulopiscium spp. And Related Surgeonfish Symbionts” 2019. Department of Microbiology</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The gut does the processing of food, development of stool, and contributes to the health of the dolphin. Part of the gut is the fore-stomach where at least 22 bacterial phyla are found. Of these phyla, there are tenericutes, photobacterium, and epulopiscium. Tenericutes typically have low abundance in mammals, however, they are most abundant in the dolphin gut. Along with many other microbiota, tenericutes are gram-negative. Through years of evolution, tenericutes have lost their cell walls and many biochemical pathways. These bacteria are highly dependent on their host cells.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/tenericutes James F.X. Wellhead, Stephen J. Divers ”Bacteriology” 2019. Tenericutes</ref> Photobacterium are very common in the marine environment. They are also found in the intestinal contents of marine animals, which is where these microbiota are found in <i><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Delphinuses</ins></i>.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/photobacterium G. Betts “Photobacterium” 2006. Science Direct</ref> Inside the intestinal tract, is the epulopiscium. These microbiota contribute to the food consumption and food digestion of the dolphin.<ref>https://micro.cornell.edu/research/epulopiscium/epulopiscium-spp-and-related-surgeonfish-symbionts/ “Epulopiscium spp. And Related Surgeonfish Symbionts” 2019. Department of Microbiology</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td></tr>
</table>Herbosa1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Evolution_of_Dolphins&diff=137682&oldid=prevHerbosa1: /* Conclusion */2019-12-05T04:55:30Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Conclusion</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:55, 5 December 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l44">Line 44:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 44:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Over the past 50 million years, the <i>Delphinus</i> has evolved and adapted drastically. Dolphins became aquatic, marine-living mammals from the terrestrial, land walking <i>Pakicetus</i>. These mammals have developed and contain positively selected genes that allow the animal to swim, breath and see underwater. With the new adaptions the dolphins have homeotic adaptions, large hearts, reniculate kidneys, reformed lungs, powerful eyes, vestigial hind limbs, no hair, and various other morphologic changes. Not only have the structural and external features adapted, the microbiota have as well. The <i>Delphinus</i> has microbiota that are normally not found in terrestrial animals such as tenericutes. Other phyla found in the dolphin are considered candidate phyla. While there has been lots of research completed about the <i>Delphinus</i> evolution, there is still lots of unknown factors and questions to be answered.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Over the past 50 million years, the <i>Delphinus</i> has evolved and adapted drastically. Dolphins became aquatic, marine-living mammals from the terrestrial, land walking <i>Pakicetus</i>. These mammals have developed and contain positively selected genes that allow the animal to swim, breath and see underwater. With the new adaptions the dolphins have homeotic adaptions, large hearts, reniculate kidneys, reformed lungs, powerful eyes, vestigial hind limbs, no hair, and various other morphologic changes. Not only have the structural and external features adapted, the microbiota have as well. The <i>Delphinus</i> has microbiota that are normally not found in terrestrial animals such as tenericutes. Other phyla found in the dolphin are considered candidate phyla. While there has been lots of research completed about the <i>Delphinus</i> evolution, there is still lots of unknown factors and questions to be answered<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. There is much room for more research to be done to find the unknowns of the nature of adaptation and <i>Delphinus</i> evolution</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Herbosa1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Evolution_of_Dolphins&diff=137681&oldid=prevHerbosa1: /* Conclusion */2019-12-05T04:53:43Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Conclusion</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:53, 5 December 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l44">Line 44:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 44:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Overall text length should be at least 1</del>,<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">000 words (before counting references)</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with at least 2 images</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Include at least 5 references under Reference section</del>.<<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">br</del>><<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">br</del>></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Over the past 50 million years, the <i>Delphinus</i> has evolved and adapted drastically. Dolphins became aquatic, marine-living mammals from the terrestrial, land walking <i>Pakicetus</i>. These mammals have developed and contain positively selected genes that allow the animal to swim, breath and see underwater. With the new adaptions the dolphins have homeotic adaptions, large hearts, reniculate kidneys, reformed lungs, powerful eyes, vestigial hind limbs</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">no hair</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and various other morphologic changes</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Not only have the structural and external features adapted, the microbiota have as well</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </ins><<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">i</ins>><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Delphinus</ins><<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/i</ins>> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">has microbiota that are normally not found in terrestrial animals such as tenericutes. Other phyla found in the dolphin are considered candidate phyla. While there has been lots of research completed about the <i>Delphinus</i> evolution, there is still lots of unknown factors and questions to be answered.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Herbosa1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Evolution_of_Dolphins&diff=137680&oldid=prevHerbosa1: /* Microbiome */2019-12-05T04:39:56Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Microbiome</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:39, 5 December 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l39">Line 39:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 39:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Within the mouth, there are 25 bacteria phyla, or divisions. Of these 25 phyla, 11 are candidate phyla meaning that either have not been or can not be cultivated in a laboratory. These bacteria phyla include: bacteriodetes, phocoenobacter, and acrobacter. Bacteriodetes are also found in the blowhole and are likely contribute to the health of the dolphin in a positive way. Phocoenobacter - in the genus pasteurellaceae - and acrobacter are bacteria that are considered to be gram-negative. Acrobacter are the fourth most common <i>Campylobacter</i> like organism. This bacteria is usually found in the stool of animals.<ref>Taxonomy of the genus Phocoenobacter Foster et al. 2000". doi:10.1601/tx.3450. Cite journal requires |journal</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Within the mouth, there are 25 bacteria phyla, or divisions. Of these 25 phyla, 11 are candidate phyla meaning that either have not been or can not be cultivated in a laboratory. These bacteria phyla include: bacteriodetes, phocoenobacter, and acrobacter. Bacteriodetes are also found in the blowhole and are likely contribute to the health of the dolphin in a positive way. Phocoenobacter - in the genus pasteurellaceae - and acrobacter are bacteria that are considered to be gram-negative. Acrobacter are the fourth most common <i>Campylobacter</i> like organism. This bacteria is usually found in the stool of animals.<ref>Taxonomy of the genus Phocoenobacter Foster et al. 2000". doi:10.1601/tx.3450. Cite journal requires |journal</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Lights.jpeg|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">500px</del>|thumb|right|Photobacterium are common in the marine environment and on the surface of intestinal contents. Various types of the photobacterium are bioluminescent. https://alchetron.com/Photobacterium-phosphoreum]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Lights.jpeg|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">375px</ins>|thumb|right|Photobacterium are common in the marine environment and on the surface of intestinal contents. Various types of the photobacterium are bioluminescent. https://alchetron.com/Photobacterium-phosphoreum]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The gut does the processing of food, development of stool, and contributes to the health of the dolphin. Part of the gut is the fore-stomach where at least 22 bacterial phyla are found. Of these phyla, there are tenericutes, photobacterium, and epulopiscium. Tenericutes typically have low abundance in mammals, however, they are most abundant in the dolphin gut. Along with many other microbiota, tenericutes are gram-negative. Through years of evolution, tenericutes have lost their cell walls and many biochemical pathways. These bacteria are highly dependent on their host cells.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/tenericutes James F.X. Wellhead, Stephen J. Divers ”Bacteriology” 2019. Tenericutes</ref> Photobacterium are very common in the marine environment. They are also found in the intestinal contents of marine animals, which is where these microbiota are found in <i>Delphinus</i>.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/photobacterium G. Betts “Photobacterium” 2006. Science Direct</ref> Inside the intestinal tract, is the epulopiscium. These microbiota contribute to the food consumption and food digestion of the dolphin.<ref>https://micro.cornell.edu/research/epulopiscium/epulopiscium-spp-and-related-surgeonfish-symbionts/ “Epulopiscium spp. And Related Surgeonfish Symbionts” 2019. Department of Microbiology</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The gut does the processing of food, development of stool, and contributes to the health of the dolphin. Part of the gut is the fore-stomach where at least 22 bacterial phyla are found. Of these phyla, there are tenericutes, photobacterium, and epulopiscium. Tenericutes typically have low abundance in mammals, however, they are most abundant in the dolphin gut. Along with many other microbiota, tenericutes are gram-negative. Through years of evolution, tenericutes have lost their cell walls and many biochemical pathways. These bacteria are highly dependent on their host cells.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/tenericutes James F.X. Wellhead, Stephen J. Divers ”Bacteriology” 2019. Tenericutes</ref> Photobacterium are very common in the marine environment. They are also found in the intestinal contents of marine animals, which is where these microbiota are found in <i>Delphinus</i>.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/photobacterium G. Betts “Photobacterium” 2006. Science Direct</ref> Inside the intestinal tract, is the epulopiscium. These microbiota contribute to the food consumption and food digestion of the dolphin.<ref>https://micro.cornell.edu/research/epulopiscium/epulopiscium-spp-and-related-surgeonfish-symbionts/ “Epulopiscium spp. And Related Surgeonfish Symbionts” 2019. Department of Microbiology</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Herbosa1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Evolution_of_Dolphins&diff=137679&oldid=prevHerbosa1: /* Microbiome */2019-12-05T04:39:33Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Microbiome</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:39, 5 December 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l38">Line 38:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 38:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Within the mouth, there are 25 bacteria phyla, or divisions. Of these 25 phyla, 11 are candidate phyla meaning that either have not been or can not be cultivated in a laboratory. These bacteria phyla include: bacteriodetes, phocoenobacter, and acrobacter. Bacteriodetes are also found in the blowhole and are likely contribute to the health of the dolphin in a positive way. Phocoenobacter - in the genus pasteurellaceae - and acrobacter are bacteria that are considered to be gram-negative. Acrobacter are the fourth most common <i>Campylobacter</i> like organism. This bacteria is usually found in the stool of animals.<ref>Taxonomy of the genus Phocoenobacter Foster et al. 2000". doi:10.1601/tx.3450. Cite journal requires |journal</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Within the mouth, there are 25 bacteria phyla, or divisions. Of these 25 phyla, 11 are candidate phyla meaning that either have not been or can not be cultivated in a laboratory. These bacteria phyla include: bacteriodetes, phocoenobacter, and acrobacter. Bacteriodetes are also found in the blowhole and are likely contribute to the health of the dolphin in a positive way. Phocoenobacter - in the genus pasteurellaceae - and acrobacter are bacteria that are considered to be gram-negative. Acrobacter are the fourth most common <i>Campylobacter</i> like organism. This bacteria is usually found in the stool of animals.<ref>Taxonomy of the genus Phocoenobacter Foster et al. 2000". doi:10.1601/tx.3450. Cite journal requires |journal</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Lights.jpeg|500px|thumb|right|Photobacterium are common in the marine environment and on the surface of intestinal contents. Various types of the photobacterium are bioluminescent. https://alchetron.com/Photobacterium-phosphoreum]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The gut does the processing of food, development of stool, and contributes to the health of the dolphin. Part of the gut is the fore-stomach where at least 22 bacterial phyla are found. Of these phyla, there are tenericutes, photobacterium, and epulopiscium. Tenericutes typically have low abundance in mammals, however, they are most abundant in the dolphin gut. Along with many other microbiota, tenericutes are gram-negative. Through years of evolution, tenericutes have lost their cell walls and many biochemical pathways. These bacteria are highly dependent on their host cells.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/tenericutes James F.X. Wellhead, Stephen J. Divers ”Bacteriology” 2019. Tenericutes</ref> Photobacterium are very common in the marine environment. They are also found in the intestinal contents of marine animals, which is where these microbiota are found in <i>Delphinus</i>.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/photobacterium G. Betts “Photobacterium” 2006. Science Direct</ref> Inside the intestinal tract, is the epulopiscium. These microbiota contribute to the food consumption and food digestion of the dolphin.<ref>https://micro.cornell.edu/research/epulopiscium/epulopiscium-spp-and-related-surgeonfish-symbionts/ “Epulopiscium spp. And Related Surgeonfish Symbionts” 2019. Department of Microbiology</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The gut does the processing of food, development of stool, and contributes to the health of the dolphin. Part of the gut is the fore-stomach where at least 22 bacterial phyla are found. Of these phyla, there are tenericutes, photobacterium, and epulopiscium. Tenericutes typically have low abundance in mammals, however, they are most abundant in the dolphin gut. Along with many other microbiota, tenericutes are gram-negative. Through years of evolution, tenericutes have lost their cell walls and many biochemical pathways. These bacteria are highly dependent on their host cells.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/tenericutes James F.X. Wellhead, Stephen J. Divers ”Bacteriology” 2019. Tenericutes</ref> Photobacterium are very common in the marine environment. They are also found in the intestinal contents of marine animals, which is where these microbiota are found in <i>Delphinus</i>.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/photobacterium G. Betts “Photobacterium” 2006. Science Direct</ref> Inside the intestinal tract, is the epulopiscium. These microbiota contribute to the food consumption and food digestion of the dolphin.<ref>https://micro.cornell.edu/research/epulopiscium/epulopiscium-spp-and-related-surgeonfish-symbionts/ “Epulopiscium spp. And Related Surgeonfish Symbionts” 2019. Department of Microbiology</ref></div></td></tr>
</table>Herbosa1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Evolution_of_Dolphins&diff=137677&oldid=prevHerbosa1: /* Microbiome */2019-12-05T04:34:38Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Microbiome</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:34, 5 December 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l35">Line 35:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 35:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Research is currently being conducted on the microbiota of the dolphin. Of the microbiota that have been found, most are of the innate immune system or simply support the functions of the dolphin. Many of these innate microbiota discovered, were pathogenic or gram-negative. Gram-negative bacteria are also part of the innate immune system and do not retain crystal violet stain.<ref>https://mbio.asm.org/content/7/5/e01541-16 Samuel I Miller “Antibiotic Resistance and Regulation of the Gram-Negative Bacterial Outer Membrane Barrier by Host Innate Immune Molecules” 2016. American Society for Microbiology</ref> Cetobacterium are also gram-negative microbiota that are part of the <i>fusobacterium</i>. Another microbiota part of the innate immune system are the ureaplasma. Ureaplasma are found in the urinary tract and are parasitic, rely on a host for survival. The ureaplasma do not have a cell membrane which makes them unique to the bacteria.<ref>https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321636.php Daniel Murrell M.D. “What is Ureaplasma?” 2018. Medical News Today</ref><ref name = good></ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Research is currently being conducted on the microbiota of the dolphin. Of the microbiota that have been found, most are of the innate immune system or simply support the functions of the dolphin. Many of these innate microbiota discovered, were pathogenic or gram-negative. Gram-negative bacteria are also part of the innate immune system and do not retain crystal violet stain.<ref>https://mbio.asm.org/content/7/5/e01541-16 Samuel I Miller “Antibiotic Resistance and Regulation of the Gram-Negative Bacterial Outer Membrane Barrier by Host Innate Immune Molecules” 2016. American Society for Microbiology</ref> Cetobacterium are also gram-negative microbiota that are part of the <i>fusobacterium</i>. Another microbiota part of the innate immune system are the ureaplasma. Ureaplasma are found in the urinary tract and are parasitic, rely on a host for survival. The ureaplasma do not have a cell membrane which makes them unique to the bacteria.<ref>https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321636.php Daniel Murrell M.D. “What is Ureaplasma?” 2018. Medical News Today</ref><ref name = good></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Microbiota exist all over the dolphin, concentrations have been around blowhole, mouth, and gut. Within the blowhole, the large majority of microbiota are proteobacteria and bacteoidetes. Among the two, proteobacteria are most abundant. This group includes a wide variety of pathogens such as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i>Esacherichia</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Salomella</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Vibro</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Helibacteraceae</del>,<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </del>and many other notable genera. Proteobacteria have flagella to move, however, some are stationary. These microbiota are responsible for nitrogen fixation.<ref>https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/proteobacteria/ “Proteobacteria”. Boundless Microbiology</ref> Bacteriodete is a broad group of bacteria that is composed of classes of gram-negative, non-spore forming, anaerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria. This type of bacteria is often found in the gastrointestinal tract, intestines or on the skin of animals. These bacteria support most likely the success of the <i>Delphinus</i> in the marine environment.<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes “Bacteriodetes” 2019. Wikipedia</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Microbiota exist all over the dolphin, concentrations have been around blowhole, mouth, and gut. Within the blowhole, the large majority of microbiota are proteobacteria and bacteoidetes. Among the two, proteobacteria are most abundant. This group includes a wide variety of pathogens such as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">esacherichia</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">salomella</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vibro</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">helibacteraceae</ins>, and many other notable genera. Proteobacteria have flagella to move, however, some are stationary. These microbiota are responsible for nitrogen fixation.<ref>https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/proteobacteria/ “Proteobacteria”. Boundless Microbiology</ref> Bacteriodete is a broad group of bacteria that is composed of classes of gram-negative, non-spore forming, anaerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria. This type of bacteria is often found in the gastrointestinal tract, intestines or on the skin of animals. These bacteria support most likely the success of the <i>Delphinus</i> in the marine environment.<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes “Bacteriodetes” 2019. Wikipedia<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Within the mouth, there are 25 bacteria phyla, or divisions. Of these 25 phyla, 11 are candidate phyla meaning that either have not been or can not be cultivated in a laboratory. These bacteria phyla include: bacteriodetes, phocoenobacter, and acrobacter. Bacteriodetes are also found in the blowhole and are likely contribute to the health of the dolphin in a positive way. Phocoenobacter - in the genus pasteurellaceae - and acrobacter are bacteria that are considered to be gram-negative. Acrobacter are the fourth most common <i>Campylobacter</i> like organism. This bacteria is usually found in the stool of animals.<ref>Taxonomy of the genus Phocoenobacter Foster et al. 2000". doi:10.1601/tx.3450. Cite journal requires |journal</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The gut does the processing of food, development of stool, and contributes to the health of the dolphin. Part of the gut is the fore-stomach where at least 22 bacterial phyla are found. Of these phyla, there are tenericutes, photobacterium, and epulopiscium. Tenericutes typically have low abundance in mammals, however, they are most abundant in the dolphin gut. Along with many other microbiota, tenericutes are gram-negative. Through years of evolution, tenericutes have lost their cell walls and many biochemical pathways. These bacteria are highly dependent on their host cells.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/tenericutes James F.X. Wellhead, Stephen J. Divers ”Bacteriology” 2019. Tenericutes</ref> Photobacterium are very common in the marine environment. They are also found in the intestinal contents of marine animals, which is where these microbiota are found in <i>Delphinus</i>.<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/photobacterium G. Betts “Photobacterium” 2006. Science Direct</ref> Inside the intestinal tract, is the epulopiscium. These microbiota contribute to the food consumption and food digestion of the dolphin.<ref>https://micro.cornell.edu/research/epulopiscium/epulopiscium-spp-and-related-surgeonfish-symbionts/ “Epulopiscium spp. And Related Surgeonfish Symbionts” 2019. Department of Microbiology</ins></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td></tr>
</table>Herbosa1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Evolution_of_Dolphins&diff=137676&oldid=prevHerbosa1: /* Microbiome */2019-12-05T04:09:05Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Microbiome</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:09, 5 December 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l35">Line 35:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 35:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Research is currently being conducted on the microbiota of the dolphin. Of the microbiota that have been found, most are of the innate immune system or simply support the functions of the dolphin. Many of these innate microbiota discovered, were pathogenic or gram-negative. Gram-negative bacteria are also part of the innate immune system and do not retain crystal violet stain.<ref>https://mbio.asm.org/content/7/5/e01541-16 Samuel I Miller “Antibiotic Resistance and Regulation of the Gram-Negative Bacterial Outer Membrane Barrier by Host Innate Immune Molecules” 2016. American Society for Microbiology</ref> Cetobacterium are also gram-negative microbiota that are part of the <i>fusobacterium</i>. Another microbiota part of the innate immune system are the ureaplasma. Ureaplasma are found in the urinary tract and are parasitic, rely on a host for survival. The ureaplasma do not have a cell membrane which makes them unique to the bacteria.<ref>https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321636.php Daniel Murrell M.D. “What is Ureaplasma?” 2018. Medical News Today</ref><ref name = good></ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Research is currently being conducted on the microbiota of the dolphin. Of the microbiota that have been found, most are of the innate immune system or simply support the functions of the dolphin. Many of these innate microbiota discovered, were pathogenic or gram-negative. Gram-negative bacteria are also part of the innate immune system and do not retain crystal violet stain.<ref>https://mbio.asm.org/content/7/5/e01541-16 Samuel I Miller “Antibiotic Resistance and Regulation of the Gram-Negative Bacterial Outer Membrane Barrier by Host Innate Immune Molecules” 2016. American Society for Microbiology</ref> Cetobacterium are also gram-negative microbiota that are part of the <i>fusobacterium</i>. Another microbiota part of the innate immune system are the ureaplasma. Ureaplasma are found in the urinary tract and are parasitic, rely on a host for survival. The ureaplasma do not have a cell membrane which makes them unique to the bacteria.<ref>https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321636.php Daniel Murrell M.D. “What is Ureaplasma?” 2018. Medical News Today</ref><ref name = good></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Microbiota exist all over the dolphin, concentrations have been around blowhole, mouth, and gut. Within the blowhole, the large majority of microbiota are proteobacteria and bacteoidetes. Among the two, proteobacteria are most abundant. This group includes a wide variety of pathogens such as <i>Esacherichia, Salomella, Vibro, Helibacteraceae,</i> and many other notable genera. Proteobacteria have flagella to move, however, some are stationary. These microbiota are responsible for nitrogen fixation.<ref>https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/proteobacteria/ “Proteobacteria”. Boundless Microbiology</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Microbiota exist all over the dolphin, concentrations have been around blowhole, mouth, and gut. Within the blowhole, the large majority of microbiota are proteobacteria and bacteoidetes. Among the two, proteobacteria are most abundant. This group includes a wide variety of pathogens such as <i>Esacherichia, Salomella, Vibro, Helibacteraceae,</i> and many other notable genera. Proteobacteria have flagella to move, however, some are stationary. These microbiota are responsible for nitrogen fixation.<ref>https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/proteobacteria/ “Proteobacteria”. Boundless Microbiology<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ref> Bacteriodete is a broad group of bacteria that is composed of classes of gram-negative, non-spore forming, anaerobic, and rod-shaped bacteria. This type of bacteria is often found in the gastrointestinal tract, intestines or on the skin of animals. These bacteria support most likely the success of the <i>Delphinus</i> in the marine environment.<ref>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteroidetes “Bacteriodetes” 2019. Wikipedia</ins></ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td></tr>
</table>Herbosa1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Evolution_of_Dolphins&diff=137675&oldid=prevHerbosa1: /* Microbiome */2019-12-05T03:57:41Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Microbiome</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:57, 5 December 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l32">Line 32:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 32:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For the Delphinus, along with many other marine animals, it is important to have good immune systems due to the new threats to the ecosystem with climate change, habitat degradation, and human impact. Numerous dolphin deaths have been associated with viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.<ref name = bad>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0923250816300961 Filipa Godoy-Vitorino, Arnold Rodriguez-Hilario, Ana Luísa Alves, Filipa Gonçalves, Beatriz Cabrera-Colon, Cristina Sousa Mesquita, Pedro Soares-Castro, Marisa Ferreira, Ana Marçalo, José Vingada, Catarina Eira, Pedro Miguel Santos “The microbiome of a striped dolphin(<i>Stenella coeruleoalba</i> stranded in Portugal” 2019. Research in Microbiology</ref> Marine life has the highest bacterial diversity, one study found 48 phyla with pyrosequencing. The most amount of these phyla, exactly 30 phyla, were found in the oral, gastric fluid, and chuff specimens. Most of these bacteria were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, except for the rectal specimens which had low Bacteroides sequences. About 13 candidate phyla, no laboratory-cultivated isolates, were also found, mostly in the oral, gastric, and respiratory specimens. Due to the high concentration of bacterial taxa in the seawater, the novelty of bacteria within the dolphin is greater.<ref name = good>https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10516 Elisabeth M. Bik, Elizabeth K. Costello, Alexandra D. Switzer, Benjamin J. Callahan, Susan P. Holmes, Randall S. Wells, Kevin P. Carlin, Eric D. Jensen, Stephanie Venn-Watson & David A. Relman “Marine mammals harbor unique Microbiotas shaped by and yet distinct from the sea” 2016. A Natureresearch Journal</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For the Delphinus, along with many other marine animals, it is important to have good immune systems due to the new threats to the ecosystem with climate change, habitat degradation, and human impact. Numerous dolphin deaths have been associated with viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.<ref name = bad>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0923250816300961 Filipa Godoy-Vitorino, Arnold Rodriguez-Hilario, Ana Luísa Alves, Filipa Gonçalves, Beatriz Cabrera-Colon, Cristina Sousa Mesquita, Pedro Soares-Castro, Marisa Ferreira, Ana Marçalo, José Vingada, Catarina Eira, Pedro Miguel Santos “The microbiome of a striped dolphin(<i>Stenella coeruleoalba</i> stranded in Portugal” 2019. Research in Microbiology</ref> Marine life has the highest bacterial diversity, one study found 48 phyla with pyrosequencing. The most amount of these phyla, exactly 30 phyla, were found in the oral, gastric fluid, and chuff specimens. Most of these bacteria were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, except for the rectal specimens which had low Bacteroides sequences. About 13 candidate phyla, no laboratory-cultivated isolates, were also found, mostly in the oral, gastric, and respiratory specimens. Due to the high concentration of bacterial taxa in the seawater, the novelty of bacteria within the dolphin is greater.<ref name = good>https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10516 Elisabeth M. Bik, Elizabeth K. Costello, Alexandra D. Switzer, Benjamin J. Callahan, Susan P. Holmes, Randall S. Wells, Kevin P. Carlin, Eric D. Jensen, Stephanie Venn-Watson & David A. Relman “Marine mammals harbor unique Microbiotas shaped by and yet distinct from the sea” 2016. A Natureresearch Journal</ref></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Research is currently being conducted on the microbiota of the dolphin. Of the microbiota that have been found, most are of the innate immune system or simply support the functions of the dolphin. Many of these innate microbiota discovered, were pathogenic or gram-negative. Gram-negative bacteria are also part of the innate immune system and do not retain crystal violet stain.<ref>https://mbio.asm.org/content/7/5/e01541-16 Samuel I Miller “Antibiotic Resistance and Regulation of the Gram-Negative Bacterial Outer Membrane Barrier by Host Innate Immune Molecules” 2016. American Society for Microbiology</ref> Cetobacterium are also gram-negative microbiota that are part of the <i>fusobacterium</i>. Another microbiota part of the innate immune system are the ureaplasma. Ureaplasma are found in the urinary tract and are parasitic, rely on a host for survival. The ureaplasma do not have a cell membrane which makes them unique to the bacteria.<ref>https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321636.php Daniel Murrell M.D. “What is Ureaplasma?” 2018. Medical News Today</ref><ref name = good></ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Microbiota exist all over the dolphin, concentrations have been around blowhole, mouth, and gut. Within the blowhole, the large majority of microbiota are proteobacteria and bacteoidetes. Among the two, proteobacteria are most abundant. This group includes a wide variety of pathogens such as <i>Esacherichia, Salomella, Vibro, Helibacteraceae,</i> and many other notable genera. Proteobacteria have flagella to move, however, some are stationary. These microbiota are responsible for nitrogen fixation.<ref>https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-microbiology/chapter/proteobacteria/ “Proteobacteria”. Boundless Microbiology</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td></tr>
</table>Herbosa1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Evolution_of_Dolphins&diff=137652&oldid=prevHerbosa1: /* Microbiome */2019-12-05T02:25:49Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Microbiome</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:25, 5 December 2019</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l31">Line 31:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 31:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Microbiome==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Microbiome==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For the Delphinus, along with many other marine animals, it is important to have good immune systems due to the new threats to the ecosystem with climate change, habitat degradation, and human impact. Numerous dolphin deaths have been associated with viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.<ref name = bad>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0923250816300961 Filipa Godoy-Vitorino, Arnold Rodriguez-Hilario, Ana Luísa Alves, Filipa Gonçalves, Beatriz Cabrera-Colon, Cristina Sousa Mesquita, Pedro Soares-Castro, Marisa Ferreira, Ana Marçalo, José Vingada, Catarina Eira, Pedro Miguel Santos “The microbiome of a striped dolphin(<i>Stenella coeruleoalba</i> stranded in Portugal” 2019. Research in Microbiology</ref> Marine life has the highest bacterial diversity, one study found 48 phyla with pyrosequencing. The most amount of these phyla, exactly 30 phyla, were found in the oral, gastric fluid, and chuff specimens. Most of these bacteria were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, except for the rectal specimens which had low Bacteroides sequences. About 13 candidate phyla, no laboratory-cultivated isolates, were also found, mostly in the oral, gastric, and respiratory specimens. Due to the high concentration of bacterial taxa in the seawater, the novelty of bacteria within the dolphin is greater.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For the Delphinus, along with many other marine animals, it is important to have good immune systems due to the new threats to the ecosystem with climate change, habitat degradation, and human impact. Numerous dolphin deaths have been associated with viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites.<ref name = bad>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0923250816300961 Filipa Godoy-Vitorino, Arnold Rodriguez-Hilario, Ana Luísa Alves, Filipa Gonçalves, Beatriz Cabrera-Colon, Cristina Sousa Mesquita, Pedro Soares-Castro, Marisa Ferreira, Ana Marçalo, José Vingada, Catarina Eira, Pedro Miguel Santos “The microbiome of a striped dolphin(<i>Stenella coeruleoalba</i> stranded in Portugal” 2019. Research in Microbiology</ref> Marine life has the highest bacterial diversity, one study found 48 phyla with pyrosequencing. The most amount of these phyla, exactly 30 phyla, were found in the oral, gastric fluid, and chuff specimens. Most of these bacteria were Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes, except for the rectal specimens which had low Bacteroides sequences. About 13 candidate phyla, no laboratory-cultivated isolates, were also found, mostly in the oral, gastric, and respiratory specimens. Due to the high concentration of bacterial taxa in the seawater, the novelty of bacteria within the dolphin is greater.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref name = good>https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10516 Elisabeth M. Bik, Elizabeth K. Costello, Alexandra D. Switzer, Benjamin J. Callahan, Susan P. Holmes, Randall S. Wells, Kevin P. Carlin, Eric D. Jensen, Stephanie Venn-Watson & David A. Relman “Marine mammals harbor unique Microbiotas shaped by and yet distinct from the sea” 2016. A Natureresearch Journal</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td></tr>
</table>Herbosa1