https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Francisella_tularensis&feed=atom&action=historyFrancisella tularensis - Revision history2024-03-28T10:11:54ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Francisella_tularensis&diff=63835&oldid=prevBarichD at 20:09, 29 April 20112011-04-29T20:09:26Z<p></p>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Francisella_tularensis&diff=54786&oldid=prevBarichD at 19:44, 18 August 20102010-08-18T19:44:41Z<p></p>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Francisella_tularensis&diff=19473&oldid=prevGillenk: edited KMG 7/14/072007-07-15T18:49:54Z<p>edited KMG 7/14/07</p>
<a href="https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Francisella_tularensis&diff=19473&oldid=17236">Show changes</a>Gillenkhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Francisella_tularensis&diff=17236&oldid=prevDksu: /* Genome structure */2007-06-05T09:12:08Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Genome structure</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Type B of <i>F. tularensis</i> has also been sequenced, and it was discovered that the difference between the two types is the amount of genomic rearrangement. Most of the rearrangements are due to homologous recombination between ISFtu1 and ISFtu2, 2 insertion elements. In type A, many peudogenes have been found in the genome while no rearrangements have been found in type B, making it a likely cause to the difference in virulence between the two strains.(12) Discovering the cause of the virulence of the different strains can lead to discoveries of vaccines that can effectively combat the bacteria <i>F. tularensis </i></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Type B of <i>F. tularensis</i> has also been sequenced, and it was discovered that the difference between the two types is the amount of genomic rearrangement. Most of the rearrangements are due to homologous recombination between ISFtu1 and ISFtu2, 2 insertion elements. In type A, many peudogenes have been found in the genome while no rearrangements have been found in type B, making it a likely cause to the difference in virulence between the two strains.(12) Discovering the cause of the virulence of the different strains can lead to discoveries of vaccines that can effectively combat the bacteria <i>F. tularensis </i></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other parts of the bacteria genome consists of fslA,B,C,and D in the F. tularensis genome which code for siderophores, which are important for pathogen survival within the host (see Cell structure and metabolism section for more information). <i>F. tularensis </i> also has a transcription factor, MglA, which helps express several genes that allow for replication in macrophages, aiding in its virulence.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other parts of the bacteria genome consists of fslA,B,C,and D in the F. tularensis genome which code for siderophores, which are important for pathogen survival within the host (see Cell structure and metabolism section for more information). <i>F. tularensis </i> also has a transcription factor, MglA, which helps express several genes that allow for replication in macrophages, aiding in its virulence.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(14)</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Dksuhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Francisella_tularensis&diff=17232&oldid=prevDksu: /* Application to Biotechnology */2007-06-05T09:11:30Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Application to Biotechnology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Application to Biotechnology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Application to Biotechnology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Francisella tularensis was researched and used as a biological weapon during World War II and two decades afterwards. During World War II, Japan conducted research on the bacteria for its potential as a biological weapon. Francisella tularensis has the potential to be a biological weapon because it is very infectious (a small number, about 10-50 organisms, can cause disease)(7). As a biological weapon it is most effective when spread airbrone, and the United States developed weapons that can deliver aerosol Francisella tularensis in the 1950s-60s. The Soviet Union, along with using Francisella tularensis as a weapon, also developed antibiotic and vaccine resistant strains against the bacteria. (1,6<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,7</del>)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Francisella tularensis was researched and used as a biological weapon during World War II and two decades afterwards. During World War II, Japan conducted research on the bacteria for its potential as a biological weapon. Francisella tularensis has the potential to be a biological weapon because it is very infectious (a small number, about 10-50 organisms, can cause disease)(7). As a biological weapon it is most effective when spread airbrone, and the United States developed weapons that can deliver aerosol Francisella tularensis in the 1950s-60s. The Soviet Union, along with using Francisella tularensis as a weapon, also developed antibiotic and vaccine resistant strains against the bacteria. (1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,5</ins>,6)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The effects of the biological weapon are severe respiratory illness including pneumonia and systemic infection that if not treated, can result in death. To put into perspective how powerful a biological weapon <i>F. tularensis</i> can be, the WHO in 1969 estimated that "an aerosol dispersal of 50 kg of virulent <i>F. tularensis </i> over a metropolitan area with 5 million inhabitants in a developed country would result in 250,000 illnesses, including 19,000 deaths."(2)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The effects of the biological weapon are severe respiratory illness including pneumonia and systemic infection that if not treated, can result in death. To put into perspective how powerful a biological weapon <i>F. tularensis</i> can be, the WHO in 1969 estimated that "an aerosol dispersal of 50 kg of virulent <i>F. tularensis </i> over a metropolitan area with 5 million inhabitants in a developed country would result in 250,000 illnesses, including 19,000 deaths."(2)</div></td></tr>
</table>Dksuhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Francisella_tularensis&diff=17230&oldid=prevDksu: /* Pathology */2007-06-05T09:11:11Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Pathology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The <i>F. tularensis </i> is a highly contagious bacteria that can be spread from animals to humans, through vectors such as mosquitos and fleas, or from being breathed in from the air. The bacteria infects humans through skin, mucous membranes, lungs, and the gastrointestinal tract. It primarily infects macrophages of the host organism after it is ingested by phagocytosis. <i>F. tularensis </i> multiply inside the macrophage and later break out the macrophage and invades other cells. The major target organs are lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and kidneys. People infected with tularemia through inhalation also develop hemorrhagic inflammation of the airways early in the disease, and it might develop into bronchopneumonia. No proven vaccine has been created for tularemia, and the general treatment for the disease is antibiotics.(1,6<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,7</del>)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The <i>F. tularensis </i> is a highly contagious bacteria that can be spread from animals to humans, through vectors such as mosquitos and fleas, or from being breathed in from the air. The bacteria infects humans through skin, mucous membranes, lungs, and the gastrointestinal tract. It primarily infects macrophages of the host organism after it is ingested by phagocytosis. <i>F. tularensis </i> multiply inside the macrophage and later break out the macrophage and invades other cells. The major target organs are lymph nodes, lungs, liver, and kidneys. People infected with tularemia through inhalation also develop hemorrhagic inflammation of the airways early in the disease, and it might develop into bronchopneumonia. No proven vaccine has been created for tularemia, and the general treatment for the disease is antibiotics.(1<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">,5</ins>,6)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>F. tularensis </i> is very infectious because it is capable of causing a "debilitating or fatal disease with doses as low as 10 colony-forming units".(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7</del>) Some symptoms of tularemia are fever, ulcers, dyspnea, and others (depending on what part of the body is affected. Here are some different types of tularemia:</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>F. tularensis </i> is very infectious because it is capable of causing a "debilitating or fatal disease with doses as low as 10 colony-forming units".(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6</ins>) Some symptoms of tularemia are fever, ulcers, dyspnea, and others (depending on what part of the body is affected. Here are some different types of tularemia:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ulceroglandular-the most common type of tularemia, usually caused by a insect bite. At the site there is a skin sore, which becomes an ulcer. Glands in the area of the ulcer will swell. The ulcer is accompanied by fever, chills, headaches, and fatigue. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ulceroglandular-the most common type of tularemia, usually caused by a insect bite. At the site there is a skin sore, which becomes an ulcer. Glands in the area of the ulcer will swell. The ulcer is accompanied by fever, chills, headaches, and fatigue. </div></td></tr>
</table>Dksuhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Francisella_tularensis&diff=17225&oldid=prevDksu: /* Ecology */2007-06-05T09:10:43Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In nature, <i>Francisella tularensis </i> are suspected to reside in protozoan cells like amoebas.(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">14</del>), and <i>Francisella tularensis </i> affects its environment by infecting small mammals such as rabbit and rodents with the disease tularemia. The animals can acquire the disease through contact with fleas, flies, or contaminated soil, water, and vegetation (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6</del>) Francisella tularensis can also infect human through contact with infected animals or vectors such as fleas and mosquitos. The disease can also be spread with human handling of animal or flesh infected with the disease. It can also be spread to humans by being in their water or food supply (It can survive for along time in animal carcasses). (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6</del>) However, the disease is not known to spread through human-human contact. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In nature, <i>Francisella tularensis </i> are suspected to reside in protozoan cells like amoebas.(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">13</ins>), and <i>Francisella tularensis </i> affects its environment by infecting small mammals such as rabbit and rodents with the disease tularemia. The animals can acquire the disease through contact with fleas, flies, or contaminated soil, water, and vegetation (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5</ins>) Francisella tularensis can also infect human through contact with infected animals or vectors such as fleas and mosquitos. The disease can also be spread with human handling of animal or flesh infected with the disease. It can also be spread to humans by being in their water or food supply (It can survive for along time in animal carcasses). (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5</ins>) However, the disease is not known to spread through human-human contact. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While more uncommon, it is also possible for airborne infection of tularemia to occur in nature. In 1966-67, an outbreak of Type B <i>F. Tularensis </i> occurred in Sweden in a large farming area. The outbreak affected more than 600 patients, most of whom "acquired infection while doing farm work that created contaminated aerosols." Rodent-infested hay was also suspected as a source of the outbreak.(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6</del>)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While more uncommon, it is also possible for airborne infection of tularemia to occur in nature. In 1966-67, an outbreak of Type B <i>F. Tularensis </i> occurred in Sweden in a large farming area. The outbreak affected more than 600 patients, most of whom "acquired infection while doing farm work that created contaminated aerosols." Rodent-infested hay was also suspected as a source of the outbreak.(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5</ins>)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td></tr>
</table>Dksuhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Francisella_tularensis&diff=17223&oldid=prevDksu: /* Cell structure and metabolism */2007-06-05T09:10:16Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell structure and metabolism</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Most of the Francisella bacteria are homogeneous in shape and size. They are covered by a capsule-like coat with well-defined borders. The virulent strains, like <i>Francisella tularensis</i>, have thick capsules while avirulent strains have thinner capsules. Some <i>Francisella tularensis</i> bacteria are able to produce protrustions on the outer membrane. The bacteria contains "Type 4 pili" on its surface,which is a type of pili used by gram negative pathogenic bacteria to adhere to the host tissue, biofilm formation, DNA uptake and motility.(4,<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</del>) <i>Francisella tularensis</i> also contains siderophores which grow under iron-limiting conditions. Siderophores are small molecules that can bind to iron from inorganic and host sources and the siderophore-iron complex are bound by receptors on the bacterial membrane and taken in by the bacteria. This feature is important to the bacteria because intracellular replication of <i>F. tularensis </i> is iron-dependent, as shown with deferroxamine having inhibitory effects in a tissue during infection(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">11</del>), and even virulence of the bacteria is iron dependent.(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">12</del>) </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Most of the Francisella bacteria are homogeneous in shape and size. They are covered by a capsule-like coat with well-defined borders. The virulent strains, like <i>Francisella tularensis</i>, have thick capsules while avirulent strains have thinner capsules. Some <i>Francisella tularensis</i> bacteria are able to produce protrustions on the outer membrane. The bacteria contains "Type 4 pili" on its surface,which is a type of pili used by gram negative pathogenic bacteria to adhere to the host tissue, biofilm formation, DNA uptake and motility.(4,<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</ins>) <i>Francisella tularensis</i> also contains siderophores which grow under iron-limiting conditions. Siderophores are small molecules that can bind to iron from inorganic and host sources and the siderophore-iron complex are bound by receptors on the bacterial membrane and taken in by the bacteria. This feature is important to the bacteria because intracellular replication of <i>F. tularensis </i> is iron-dependent, as shown with deferroxamine having inhibitory effects in a tissue during infection(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</ins>), and even virulence of the bacteria is iron dependent.(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">11</ins>) </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>High virulent strains of the bacteria contain AcpA, which is a repiratory, burst-inhibiting acid phosphatase inhibited by metal oxyanions orthovanadate, molybdate, and tungstate. AcpA inhibts the respiratory burst (which is release of chemicals by immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages when they encounter bacteria)of encountered neutrophils, which suggests that AcpA is an important enzyme that helps <i>F. tularensis </i> avoid the host's immune system during infection.(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</del>)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>High virulent strains of the bacteria contain AcpA, which is a repiratory, burst-inhibiting acid phosphatase inhibited by metal oxyanions orthovanadate, molybdate, and tungstate. AcpA inhibts the respiratory burst (which is release of chemicals by immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages when they encounter bacteria)of encountered neutrophils, which suggests that AcpA is an important enzyme that helps <i>F. tularensis </i> avoid the host's immune system during infection.(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8</ins>)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td></tr>
</table>Dksuhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Francisella_tularensis&diff=17220&oldid=prevDksu: /* Genome structure */2007-06-05T09:09:41Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Genome structure</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Francisella tularensis</i> has a circular chromosome, and its entire genome is sequenced. It has 52 RNA genes at the length of 1,898,476 nt long. It has a G+C content of 32% (which is a way to characterize genes, G and C being guanine and cytosine), 79% of the genes are functional(3) </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Francisella tularensis</i> has a circular chromosome, and its entire genome is sequenced. It has 52 RNA genes at the length of 1,898,476 nt long. It has a G+C content of 32% (which is a way to characterize genes, G and C being guanine and cytosine), 79% of the genes are functional(3) </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>F. tularensis</i> Type A's complete genome has been sequenced, and it was discovered that mutations disrupt several metabolic and synthetic pathways required for survival, indicating that <i>F. tularensis</i> has evolved to depend on host organisms for certain nutrients. Several virulence-associated genes were located in a pathogenicity island, and more than 10% of those contain deteriorating mutations, which explains why metabolic and synthetic pathways are being disrupted and why <i>F. tularensis</i> is host dependent.(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8</del>) </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>F. tularensis</i> Type A's complete genome has been sequenced, and it was discovered that mutations disrupt several metabolic and synthetic pathways required for survival, indicating that <i>F. tularensis</i> has evolved to depend on host organisms for certain nutrients. Several virulence-associated genes were located in a pathogenicity island, and more than 10% of those contain deteriorating mutations, which explains why metabolic and synthetic pathways are being disrupted and why <i>F. tularensis</i> is host dependent.(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7</ins>) </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Type B of <i>F. tularensis</i> has also been sequenced, and it was discovered that the difference between the two types is the amount of genomic rearrangement. Most of the rearrangements are due to homologous recombination between ISFtu1 and ISFtu2, 2 insertion elements. In type A, many peudogenes have been found in the genome while no rearrangements have been found in type B, making it a likely cause to the difference in virulence between the two strains.(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">13</del>) Discovering the cause of the virulence of the different strains can lead to discoveries of vaccines that can effectively combat the bacteria <i>F. tularensis </i></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Type B of <i>F. tularensis</i> has also been sequenced, and it was discovered that the difference between the two types is the amount of genomic rearrangement. Most of the rearrangements are due to homologous recombination between ISFtu1 and ISFtu2, 2 insertion elements. In type A, many peudogenes have been found in the genome while no rearrangements have been found in type B, making it a likely cause to the difference in virulence between the two strains.(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">12</ins>) Discovering the cause of the virulence of the different strains can lead to discoveries of vaccines that can effectively combat the bacteria <i>F. tularensis </i></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other parts of the bacteria genome consists of fslA,B,C,and D in the F. tularensis genome which code for siderophores, which are important for pathogen survival within the host (see Cell structure and metabolism section for more information). <i>F. tularensis </i> also has a transcription factor, MglA, which helps express several genes that allow for replication in macrophages, aiding in its virulence.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Other parts of the bacteria genome consists of fslA,B,C,and D in the F. tularensis genome which code for siderophores, which are important for pathogen survival within the host (see Cell structure and metabolism section for more information). <i>F. tularensis </i> also has a transcription factor, MglA, which helps express several genes that allow for replication in macrophages, aiding in its virulence.</div></td></tr>
</table>Dksuhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Francisella_tularensis&diff=17215&oldid=prevDksu: /* Description and significance */2007-06-05T09:09:02Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Description and significance</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Francisella tularensis</i> is a highly contagious bacteria that causes tularemia, or "rabbit fever" (It is called rabbit fever because rabbits are vectors for the disease) that is contagious to humans. There are four known subspecies of <i>Francisella tularensis </i>. There are two strands of <i>Francisella tularensis</i> that are studied the most: the more virulent Type A strain (found in North America), and the less virulent Type B (subspecies <i>holarctica </i>, also referred to as <i>palearctica</i>) strain (found in Europe). Two other subspecies are the non-virulent <i>mediasiatica</i>, found in central Asia, and <i>novicida</i>, which not much is known about.(2) </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Francisella tularensis</i> is a highly contagious bacteria that causes tularemia, or "rabbit fever" (It is called rabbit fever because rabbits are vectors for the disease) that is contagious to humans. There are four known subspecies of <i>Francisella tularensis </i>. There are two strands of <i>Francisella tularensis</i> that are studied the most: the more virulent Type A strain (found in North America), and the less virulent Type B (subspecies <i>holarctica </i>, also referred to as <i>palearctica</i>) strain (found in Europe). Two other subspecies are the non-virulent <i>mediasiatica</i>, found in central Asia, and <i>novicida</i>, which not much is known about.(2) </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The bacteria was used in development of biological weapons in the World War II and post WWII years, and is considered a very dangerous bioloterror threat today.(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6</del>) <i>Francisella tularensis</i> is listed as a "Category A select agent" by the United States government due to its high virulence and ease of spread(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">15</del>), and if the disease is left untreated, the mortality rate can be as high as 30 to 60% of the cases.(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6</del>) Most researches today regarding the bacteria is for the creation of a vaccine for tularemia.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The bacteria was used in development of biological weapons in the World War II and post WWII years, and is considered a very dangerous bioloterror threat today.(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5</ins>) <i>Francisella tularensis</i> is listed as a "Category A select agent" by the United States government due to its high virulence and ease of spread(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">14</ins>), and if the disease is left untreated, the mortality rate can be as high as 30 to 60% of the cases.(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5</ins>) Most researches today regarding the bacteria is for the creation of a vaccine for tularemia.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td></tr>
</table>Dksu