https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Fusarium_oxysporum&feed=atom&action=historyFusarium oxysporum - Revision history2024-03-29T15:17:16ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Fusarium_oxysporum&diff=62043&oldid=prevSmit1350: /* Classification */2011-04-24T19:17:36Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Classification</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Superkingdom: ''Eukaryota''; Kingdom: ''Fungi''; Phylum: ''Ascomycota''; Class: ''Sordariomycetes''; Order: ''Hypocreales''; Genus: ''Fusarium''</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Superkingdom:<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>''Eukaryota''; <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Kingdom:<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>''Fungi''; <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Phylum:<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>''Ascomycota''; <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Class:<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>''Sordariomycetes''; <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Order:<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>''Hypocreales''; <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Genus:<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>''Fusarium''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Species===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Species===</div></td></tr>
</table>Smit1350https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Fusarium_oxysporum&diff=60215&oldid=prevSmit1350: /* Ecology and Pathogenesis */2011-04-18T05:45:09Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology and Pathogenesis</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''F. oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi'' causes '''ginger wilt'''<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*''F. oxysporum f.sp. zingiberi'' causes '''ginger wilt'''<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In general, the fungi manages to infect the vascular system of the plant, where it wreaks havoc. This infiltration to the vascular system affects the plant's water supply greatly. A lack of water ensues, inducing the leaves' stomata to close and the leaves to wilt. At this point you can see the outward signs of fusarium wilt, as the leaves turn yellow or brown before falling off completely. As the disease progresses, the fungi will eventually reach the fruit and alter the natural color to a yellowish hue. Often, the plant dies before reaching its mature stage [4]. At this point, the fungus invades the plant's parenchymatous tissue, and it will eventually reach the surface of the dead tissue, where it can sporulate abundantly. The resulting spores can then be used as new inoculum for further spread of the fungus [11]. <br><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In general, the fungi manages to infect the vascular system of the plant, where it wreaks havoc. This infiltration to the vascular system affects the plant's water supply greatly. A lack of water ensues, inducing the leaves' stomata to close and the leaves to wilt. At this point you can see the outward signs of fusarium wilt, as the leaves turn yellow or brown before falling off completely. As the disease progresses, the fungi will eventually reach the fruit and alter the natural color to a yellowish hue. Often, the plant dies before reaching its mature stage [4]. At this point, the fungus invades the plant's parenchymatous tissue, and it will eventually reach the surface of the dead tissue, where it can sporulate abundantly. The resulting spores can then be used as new inoculum for further spread of the fungus [11]. <br><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although much more well known for the aforementioned plant pathogenicity, ''Fusarium oxysporum'' has also been shown to be pathogenic to humans and animals<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </del>[2]. The diseases associated with ''Fusarium'' include: <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although much more well known for the aforementioned plant pathogenicity, ''Fusarium oxysporum'' has also been shown to be pathogenic to humans and animals [2]. The diseases associated with ''Fusarium'' include: <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Fungal keratitis''' - The fungal infection of the cornea that can infect the eyeball and causes abscesses to form on it. [5]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Fungal keratitis''' - The fungal infection of the cornea that can infect the eyeball and causes abscesses to form on it. [5]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Smit1350https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Fusarium_oxysporum&diff=60214&oldid=prevSmit1350: /* Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle */2011-04-18T05:34:15Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Fusarium3.jpg|thumb|This image shows the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">microconidia </del>of ''F. oxysporum''. These are the tiny asexual fungal spores that function as its mode of reproduction. [2]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Fusarium3.jpg|thumb|This image shows the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">macroconidia </ins>of ''F. oxysporum''. These are the tiny asexual fungal spores that function as its mode of reproduction. [2]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Fusarium10.jpg|thumb|This image shows ''F. oxysporum'' in its mature stage, having spread to the external part of this melon. [24]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Fusarium10.jpg|thumb|This image shows ''F. oxysporum'' in its mature stage, having spread to the external part of this melon. [24]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Since ''F. oxysporum'' is a fungi, it is a '''chemoorganoheterotroph''', meaning that it obtains its energy from chemicals (chemotroph), uses organic substrates like lactate and acetate as electron donors (organotroph), and obtains it's carbon from organic sources (heterotroph)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Since ''F. oxysporum'' is a fungi, it is a '''chemoorganoheterotroph''', meaning that it obtains its energy from chemicals (chemotroph), uses organic substrates like lactate and acetate as electron donors (organotroph), and obtains it's carbon from organic sources (heterotroph)</div></td></tr>
</table>Smit1350https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Fusarium_oxysporum&diff=60213&oldid=prevSmit1350: /* Genome Structure */2011-04-18T05:08:48Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Genome Structure</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Fusarium9.jpg|thumb|This chart shows the evolutionary biology of ''F. oxysporum'' [16]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Fusarium9.jpg|thumb|This chart shows the evolutionary biology of ''F. oxysporum'' [16]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Broad Institute sequenced the genome of ''Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici'' - the strain on fungi responsible for tomato wilt - and found the assembly size (the length of the complete genome sequence, calculated by adding lengths of all scaffolds together) to be 61.36 Mb, and the total contig length to be 59.94 Mb; including 15 chromosomes, 17708 protein-encoding genes, 48.4% GC content, and 117 unplaced scaffolds [22]. As can be seen in the graphic above, the genome is circular. Comparative genomics reveals mobile pathogenicity chromosomes [17]. In addition, 2 of the 100,000+ ''Fusarium'' plasmids have been sequenced: ''Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. matthiolae'' and ''Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani'' which are both mitochondrial plasmids with lengths of 0.0017-0.0018 mbp and GC content of 39% [19]. This information was retrieved using '''whole genome shotgun sequencing''' (also known as shotgun cloning) which is a process in which DNA is broken up randomly into numerous small segments, which are sequenced using the chain termination method to obtain reads. Multiple overlapping reads for the target DNA are obtained by performing several rounds of this fragmentation and sequencing. Computer programs then use the overlapping ends of different reads to assemble them into a continuous sequence [18]. This process has enabled scientists to sequence full genomes with remarkable quickness and accuracy. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Broad Institute sequenced the genome of ''Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici'' - the strain on fungi responsible for tomato wilt - and found the assembly size (the length of the complete genome sequence, calculated by adding lengths of all scaffolds together) to be 61.36 Mb, and the total contig length to be 59.94 Mb; including 15 chromosomes, 17708 protein-encoding genes, 48.4% GC content, and 117 unplaced scaffolds [22]. As can be seen in the graphic above, the genome is circular. Comparative genomics reveals mobile pathogenicity chromosomes [17]. In addition, 2 of the 100,000+ ''Fusarium'' plasmids have been sequenced: ''Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. matthiolae'' and ''Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani'' which are both mitochondrial plasmids with lengths of 0.0017-0.0018 mbp and GC content of 39% [19]. This information was retrieved using '''whole genome shotgun sequencing''' (also known as shotgun cloning) which is a process in which DNA is broken up randomly into numerous small segments, which are sequenced using the chain termination method to obtain reads. Multiple overlapping reads for the target DNA are obtained by performing several rounds of this fragmentation and sequencing. Computer programs then use the overlapping ends of different reads to assemble them into a continuous sequence [18]. This process has enabled scientists to sequence full genomes with remarkable quickness and accuracy. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2002, the ''F. oxysporum'' was sequenced as part of a "Comparative Project" funded by the National Research Initiative, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which is </del>within the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Cooperative State Research Education and Extension Service through the USDA/National Science Foundation Microbial Genome Sequencing Project. This project revealed the phylogenetic relationship of 3 species of ''Fusarium'', which is depicted in the graphic at right [16].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 2002, the ''F. oxysporum'' was sequenced as part of a "Comparative Project" funded by the National Research Initiative, within the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Cooperative State Research Education and Extension Service through the USDA/National Science Foundation Microbial Genome Sequencing Project. This project revealed the phylogenetic relationship of 3 species of ''Fusarium'', which is depicted in the graphic at right [16].</div></td></tr>
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</table>Smit1350https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Fusarium_oxysporum&diff=60212&oldid=prevSmit1350: /* Description and Significance */2011-04-18T04:40:27Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Description and Significance</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Habitat'''<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Habitat'''<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''F. oxysporum'' appears to be largely '''cosmopolitan''' meaning that it can be found almost everywhere, with higher concentrations of the various ''Formae speciales'' in different areas across the globe. ''F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici'', which causes tomato wilt, has been found in at least 32 different countries alone [16]. Distribution maps show that this fungus has invaded North and South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania [12]. A ubiquitous soil fungus, the optimum soil temperature for root infection is 30°C or above but infection through the seed can occur at temperatures as low as 14°C [15], although it grow optimally at 28°C [25]. Since ''F. oxysporum'' also has strains that are pathogenic to humans, the human body is a secondary habitat. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''F. oxysporum'' appears to be largely '''cosmopolitan''' meaning that it can be found almost everywhere, with higher concentrations of the various ''Formae speciales'' in different areas across the globe. ''F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici'', which causes tomato wilt, has been found in at least 32 different countries alone [16]. Distribution maps show that this fungus has invaded North and South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania [12]. A ubiquitous soil fungus, the optimum soil temperature for root infection is 30°C or above but infection through the seed can occur at temperatures as low as 14°C [15], although it grow optimally at 28°C [25]. Since ''F. oxysporum'' also has strains that are pathogenic to humans, the human body is a secondary habitat. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Fusarium12.jpg|thumb|center|600px|This map depicts how ''F. oxysporum'' affects <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">almost every corner </del>of Earth. [28]]] <br><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Fusarium12.jpg|thumb|center|600px|This map depicts how ''F. oxysporum'' affects <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6 </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the 7 continents on </ins>Earth. [28]]] <br><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Significance'''<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Significance'''<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''F. oxysporum'' plays the role of a silent assassin - the pathogenic strains of this fungus can be dormant for 30 years before resuming virulence and infecting a plant. ''F. oxysporum'' is infamous for causing a condition called '''Fusarium wilt''', which is lethal to plants and swift - by the time a plant shows any outward sign of infection, it is already too late, and the plant will die. Additionally, ''F. oxysporum'' is not discriminating, they can cause disease in nearly every agriculturally important plant. To see which special forms of ''Fusarium'' affect which crops, click [[#Ecology and Pathogenesis|here]]. Not only is it bad enough for farmers to sustain the loss of one rotation of crops to fusarium wilt, but as a whole ''F. oxysporum'' proves to be incredibly tough to eradicate. The most effective resolution is soil sterilization, which is far too expensive for most farmers, who instead use more economical fungicides which have only limited results [13]. Also, ''F. oxysporum'' spores can survive in the air for long periods of time, so rotational cropping is not a useful control method. In sum, fusarium wilt is a financial burden to the farmer, which raises agriculture costs which ultimately increase prices at the supermarket for us, the consumers. To combat this scourge, food scientists developed '''wilt-resistant crops''' such as the Cavendish banana. The Cavendish banana was introduced to the nearly 100,000 acres of farming land in Central America which had previously been home to banana crops before being contaminated by ''F. oxysporum''. This new crop was able to successfully survive and reproduce without wilting, apparently resistant to the pathogenic fungi. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''F. oxysporum'' plays the role of a silent assassin - the pathogenic strains of this fungus can be dormant for 30 years before resuming virulence and infecting a plant. ''F. oxysporum'' is infamous for causing a condition called '''Fusarium wilt''', which is lethal to plants and swift - by the time a plant shows any outward sign of infection, it is already too late, and the plant will die. Additionally, ''F. oxysporum'' is not discriminating, they can cause disease in nearly every agriculturally important plant. To see which special forms of ''Fusarium'' affect which crops, click [[#Ecology and Pathogenesis|here]]. Not only is it bad enough for farmers to sustain the loss of one rotation of crops to fusarium wilt, but as a whole ''F. oxysporum'' proves to be incredibly tough to eradicate. The most effective resolution is soil sterilization, which is far too expensive for most farmers, who instead use more economical fungicides which have only limited results [13]. Also, ''F. oxysporum'' spores can survive in the air for long periods of time, so rotational cropping is not a useful control method. In sum, fusarium wilt is a financial burden to the farmer, which raises agriculture costs which ultimately increase prices at the supermarket for us, the consumers. To combat this scourge, food scientists developed '''wilt-resistant crops''' such as the Cavendish banana. The Cavendish banana was introduced to the nearly 100,000 acres of farming land in Central America which had previously been home to banana crops before being contaminated by ''F. oxysporum''. This new crop was able to successfully survive and reproduce without wilting, apparently resistant to the pathogenic fungi. <br></div></td></tr>
</table>Smit1350https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Fusarium_oxysporum&diff=60211&oldid=prevSmit1350: /* Description and Significance */2011-04-18T04:39:47Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Description and Significance</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:39, 18 April 2011</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Habitat'''<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Habitat'''<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''F. oxysporum'' appears to be largely '''cosmopolitan''' meaning that it can be found almost everywhere, with higher concentrations of the various ''Formae speciales'' in different areas across the globe. ''F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici'', which causes tomato wilt, has been found in at least 32 different countries alone [16]. Distribution maps show that this fungus has invaded North and South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania [12]. A ubiquitous soil fungus, the optimum soil temperature for root infection is 30°C or above but infection through the seed can occur at temperatures as low as 14°C [15], although it grow optimally at 28°C [25]. Since ''F. oxysporum'' also has strains that are pathogenic to humans, the human body is a secondary habitat. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''F. oxysporum'' appears to be largely '''cosmopolitan''' meaning that it can be found almost everywhere, with higher concentrations of the various ''Formae speciales'' in different areas across the globe. ''F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici'', which causes tomato wilt, has been found in at least 32 different countries alone [16]. Distribution maps show that this fungus has invaded North and South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania [12]. A ubiquitous soil fungus, the optimum soil temperature for root infection is 30°C or above but infection through the seed can occur at temperatures as low as 14°C [15], although it grow optimally at 28°C [25]. Since ''F. oxysporum'' also has strains that are pathogenic to humans, the human body is a secondary habitat. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Fusarium12.jpg|thumb|center|600px|This map depicts how ''F. oxysporum'' affects almost every corner of Earth. [28] <br><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Fusarium12.jpg|thumb|center|600px|This map depicts how ''F. oxysporum'' affects almost every corner of Earth. [28<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>] <br><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Significance'''<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Significance'''<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''F. oxysporum'' plays the role of a silent assassin - the pathogenic strains of this fungus can be dormant for 30 years before resuming virulence and infecting a plant. ''F. oxysporum'' is infamous for causing a condition called '''Fusarium wilt''', which is lethal to plants and swift - by the time a plant shows any outward sign of infection, it is already too late, and the plant will die. Additionally, ''F. oxysporum'' is not discriminating, they can cause disease in nearly every agriculturally important plant. To see which special forms of ''Fusarium'' affect which crops, click [[#Ecology and Pathogenesis|here]]. Not only is it bad enough for farmers to sustain the loss of one rotation of crops to fusarium wilt, but as a whole ''F. oxysporum'' proves to be incredibly tough to eradicate. The most effective resolution is soil sterilization, which is far too expensive for most farmers, who instead use more economical fungicides which have only limited results [13]. Also, ''F. oxysporum'' spores can survive in the air for long periods of time, so rotational cropping is not a useful control method. In sum, fusarium wilt is a financial burden to the farmer, which raises agriculture costs which ultimately increase prices at the supermarket for us, the consumers. To combat this scourge, food scientists developed '''wilt-resistant crops''' such as the Cavendish banana. The Cavendish banana was introduced to the nearly 100,000 acres of farming land in Central America which had previously been home to banana crops before being contaminated by ''F. oxysporum''. This new crop was able to successfully survive and reproduce without wilting, apparently resistant to the pathogenic fungi. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''F. oxysporum'' plays the role of a silent assassin - the pathogenic strains of this fungus can be dormant for 30 years before resuming virulence and infecting a plant. ''F. oxysporum'' is infamous for causing a condition called '''Fusarium wilt''', which is lethal to plants and swift - by the time a plant shows any outward sign of infection, it is already too late, and the plant will die. Additionally, ''F. oxysporum'' is not discriminating, they can cause disease in nearly every agriculturally important plant. To see which special forms of ''Fusarium'' affect which crops, click [[#Ecology and Pathogenesis|here]]. Not only is it bad enough for farmers to sustain the loss of one rotation of crops to fusarium wilt, but as a whole ''F. oxysporum'' proves to be incredibly tough to eradicate. The most effective resolution is soil sterilization, which is far too expensive for most farmers, who instead use more economical fungicides which have only limited results [13]. Also, ''F. oxysporum'' spores can survive in the air for long periods of time, so rotational cropping is not a useful control method. In sum, fusarium wilt is a financial burden to the farmer, which raises agriculture costs which ultimately increase prices at the supermarket for us, the consumers. To combat this scourge, food scientists developed '''wilt-resistant crops''' such as the Cavendish banana. The Cavendish banana was introduced to the nearly 100,000 acres of farming land in Central America which had previously been home to banana crops before being contaminated by ''F. oxysporum''. This new crop was able to successfully survive and reproduce without wilting, apparently resistant to the pathogenic fungi. <br></div></td></tr>
</table>Smit1350https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Fusarium_oxysporum&diff=60210&oldid=prevSmit1350 at 04:37, 18 April 20112011-04-18T04:37:38Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:37, 18 April 2011</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Habitat'''<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Habitat'''<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''F. oxysporum'' appears to be largely '''cosmopolitan''' meaning that it can be found almost everywhere, with higher concentrations of the various ''Formae speciales'' in different areas across the globe. ''F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici'', which causes tomato wilt, has been found in at least 32 different countries alone [16]. Distribution maps show that this fungus has invaded North and South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania [12]. A ubiquitous soil fungus, the optimum soil temperature for root infection is 30°C or above but infection through the seed can occur at temperatures as low as 14°C [15], although it grow optimally at 28°C [25]. Since ''F. oxysporum'' also has strains that are pathogenic to humans, the human body is a secondary habitat. <br><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''F. oxysporum'' appears to be largely '''cosmopolitan''' meaning that it can be found almost everywhere, with higher concentrations of the various ''Formae speciales'' in different areas across the globe. ''F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici'', which causes tomato wilt, has been found in at least 32 different countries alone [16]. Distribution maps show that this fungus has invaded North and South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania [12]. A ubiquitous soil fungus, the optimum soil temperature for root infection is 30°C or above but infection through the seed can occur at temperatures as low as 14°C [15], although it grow optimally at 28°C [25]. Since ''F. oxysporum'' also has strains that are pathogenic to humans, the human body is a secondary habitat. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:Fusarium12.jpg|thumb|center|600px|This map depicts how ''F. oxysporum'' affects almost every corner of Earth. [28] </ins><br><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Significance'''<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Significance'''<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''F. oxysporum'' plays the role of a silent assassin - the pathogenic strains of this fungus can be dormant for 30 years before resuming virulence and infecting a plant. ''F. oxysporum'' is infamous for causing a condition called '''Fusarium wilt''', which is lethal to plants and swift - by the time a plant shows any outward sign of infection, it is already too late, and the plant will die. Additionally, ''F. oxysporum'' is not discriminating, they can cause disease in nearly every agriculturally important plant. To see which special forms of ''Fusarium'' affect which crops, click [[#Ecology and Pathogenesis|here]]. Not only is it bad enough for farmers to sustain the loss of one rotation of crops to fusarium wilt, but as a whole ''F. oxysporum'' proves to be incredibly tough to eradicate. The most effective resolution is soil sterilization, which is far too expensive for most farmers, who instead use more economical fungicides which have only limited results [13]. Also, ''F. oxysporum'' spores can survive in the air for long periods of time, so rotational cropping is not a useful control method. In sum, fusarium wilt is a financial burden to the farmer, which raises agriculture costs which ultimately increase prices at the supermarket for us, the consumers. To combat this scourge, food scientists developed '''wilt-resistant crops''' such as the Cavendish banana. The Cavendish banana was introduced to the nearly 100,000 acres of farming land in Central America which had previously been home to banana crops before being contaminated by ''F. oxysporum''. This new crop was able to successfully survive and reproduce without wilting, apparently resistant to the pathogenic fungi. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''F. oxysporum'' plays the role of a silent assassin - the pathogenic strains of this fungus can be dormant for 30 years before resuming virulence and infecting a plant. ''F. oxysporum'' is infamous for causing a condition called '''Fusarium wilt''', which is lethal to plants and swift - by the time a plant shows any outward sign of infection, it is already too late, and the plant will die. Additionally, ''F. oxysporum'' is not discriminating, they can cause disease in nearly every agriculturally important plant. To see which special forms of ''Fusarium'' affect which crops, click [[#Ecology and Pathogenesis|here]]. Not only is it bad enough for farmers to sustain the loss of one rotation of crops to fusarium wilt, but as a whole ''F. oxysporum'' proves to be incredibly tough to eradicate. The most effective resolution is soil sterilization, which is far too expensive for most farmers, who instead use more economical fungicides which have only limited results [13]. Also, ''F. oxysporum'' spores can survive in the air for long periods of time, so rotational cropping is not a useful control method. In sum, fusarium wilt is a financial burden to the farmer, which raises agriculture costs which ultimately increase prices at the supermarket for us, the consumers. To combat this scourge, food scientists developed '''wilt-resistant crops''' such as the Cavendish banana. The Cavendish banana was introduced to the nearly 100,000 acres of farming land in Central America which had previously been home to banana crops before being contaminated by ''F. oxysporum''. This new crop was able to successfully survive and reproduce without wilting, apparently resistant to the pathogenic fungi. <br></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[26] http://www.reviberoammicol.com/photo_gallery/Fusarium/oxysporum/ <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[26] http://www.reviberoammicol.com/photo_gallery/Fusarium/oxysporum/ <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[27] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15712612 <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[27] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15712612 <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[28] http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.cabi.org/cpc/Uploads/ <br></ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Smit1350https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Fusarium_oxysporum&diff=60208&oldid=prevSmit1350: /* References */2011-04-18T04:17:24Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[25] http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/pp728/Fusarium/Fusarium_oxysporum.htm <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[25] http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/pp728/Fusarium/Fusarium_oxysporum.htm <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[26] http://www.reviberoammicol.com/photo_gallery/Fusarium/oxysporum/ <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[26] http://www.reviberoammicol.com/photo_gallery/Fusarium/oxysporum/ <br></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Author==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Author==</div></td></tr>
</table>Smit1350https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Fusarium_oxysporum&diff=60207&oldid=prevSmit1350: /* Ecology and Pathogenesis */2011-04-18T04:16:45Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology and Pathogenesis</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Fungal keratitis''' - The fungal infection of the cornea that can infect the eyeball and causes abscesses to form on it. [5]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Fungal keratitis''' - The fungal infection of the cornea that can infect the eyeball and causes abscesses to form on it. [5]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Onychomycosis''' - The fungal infection of the nail that can cause fingernails or toenails to thicken, discolor, disfigure, and split. [6]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Onychomycosis''' - The fungal infection of the nail that can cause fingernails or toenails to thicken, discolor, disfigure, and split. [6]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Hyalohyphomycosis''' - A fungal infection of the skin that can result in an extreme rash or penetrate the dermis and cause infection or internal bleeding. [7]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*'''Hyalohyphomycosis''' - A fungal infection of the skin that can result in an extreme rash or penetrate the dermis and cause infection or internal bleeding. [7] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In rare cases, culture-positive human specimens have shown '''sporodochia''' (the mass of hyphae) growth. All of these cases pertained to cutaneous injuries such as burn wounds, ischemic necrosis (cell death due to blood deprivation), extensive contamination, and ischemic skin graft. These Sporodochia consisted of swollen cells that gave rise to parallel-oriented hyphae that extended upward above the surface, giving rise to a carpet of conidia on its uppermost aspect, inside the body [27].</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Fusarium7.jpg|thumb|center|500px|''F. oxysporum'' is also pathogenic to humans. A: Fungal keratitis [8]. B: Onychomycosis [9]. C: Hyalohyphomycosis [10]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Fusarium7.jpg|thumb|center|500px|''F. oxysporum'' is also pathogenic to humans. A: Fungal keratitis [8]. B: Onychomycosis [9]. C: Hyalohyphomycosis [10]]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Smit1350https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Fusarium_oxysporum&diff=60206&oldid=prevSmit1350: /* Description and Significance */2011-04-18T04:06:59Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Description and Significance</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Fusarium11.jpg|thumb|''F. oxysporum'' colonies on Sabouraud with chloranphenicol agar. This image illustrates the coloration of the fungi. [26]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Fusarium11.jpg|thumb|''F. oxysporum'' colonies on Sabouraud with chloranphenicol agar. This image illustrates the coloration of the fungi. [26]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Appearance'''<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Appearance'''<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The coloration of ''F. oxysporum'' mycelium is initially white but later becomes purple, with discrete orange sporodochia (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a </del>mass of hyphae) present in some strains. They can also be hyaline (glass-like, transparent), dark blue, or dark purple. Their conidiophores, the means through which ''F. oxysporum'' asexually reproduce, are short, single, lateral monophialides (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a </del>flask-shaped <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">projection</del>) in the aerial mycelium, later arranged to densely branched clusters. Their macroconidia are fusiform, slightly curved, pointed at the tip, mostly three septate, basal cells pedicellate, 23-54 x 3-4.5 µm. Microconidia are abundant, never in chains, mostly non-septate, ellipsoidal or cylindrical, straight or curved, 5-12 x 2.3-3.5 µm. Chlamydospores are terminal or intercalary, hyaline, smooth or rough-walled, 5-13 µm [21]. Further information regarding the reproductive structures of ''F. oxysporum'' can be found [[#Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle|here]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The coloration of ''F. oxysporum'' mycelium is initially white but later becomes purple, with discrete orange sporodochia (mass of hyphae) present in some strains. They can also be hyaline (glass-like, transparent), dark blue, or dark purple. Their conidiophores, the means through which ''F. oxysporum'' asexually reproduce, are short, single, lateral monophialides (flask-shaped <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">projections</ins>) in the aerial mycelium, later arranged to densely branched clusters. Their macroconidia are fusiform, slightly curved, pointed at the tip, mostly three septate, basal cells pedicellate, 23-54 x 3-4.5 µm. Microconidia are abundant, never in chains, mostly non-septate, ellipsoidal or cylindrical, straight or curved, 5-12 x 2.3-3.5 µm. Chlamydospores are terminal or intercalary, hyaline, smooth or rough-walled, 5-13 µm [21]. Further information regarding the reproductive structures of ''F. oxysporum'' can be found [[#Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle|here]].</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Habitat'''<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Habitat'''<br></div></td></tr>
</table>Smit1350