Genetics of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: Difference between revisions

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[[Image:10815_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [https://phil.cdc.gov/details_linked.aspx?pid=10815 CDC].]]
[[Image:10815_lores.jpg|thumb|300px|right|Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [https://phil.cdc.gov/details_linked.aspx?pid=10815 CDC].]]


Amyopathic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorder of both upper motor neurons (UMN) and lower motor neurons (LMN).<ref> Bryan J. Traynor, M. (2000, August 01). Clinical Features of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis According to the El Escorial and Airlie House Diagnostic Criteria. Retrieved December 08, 2020, from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/777262</ref> ALS is also referred to as Motor Neuron Disease (MND) in European countries such as the United Kingdom the disease affects motor neuron functions in the human motor system.<ref>Fang, F., Kamel, F., Sandler, D., Sparén, P., & Ye, W. (2008, March 25). Maternal Age, Exposure to Siblings, and Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Retrieved December 08, 2020, from https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/167/11/1281/131930</ref> ALS gradually degrades neurons that are responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements. The degenerations cause the links between the brain, spinal and voluntary muscles to degrade leading to the loss of control of motor functions, eventually leading to paralysis. The muscles continue to weaken until fasciculation occurs and eventually atrophy of the voluntary muscles.<ref>Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Fact Sheet. (n.d.). Retrieved December 08, 2020, from https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Amyotrophic-Lateral-Sclerosis-ALS-Fact-Sheet</ref> There is no effective treatment that cures the disease or reverses the progression of the degeneration. Non-invasive ventilation, alongside physical and speech therapy, can prolong the life of patients and improve the quality of life. Most patients die from respiratory failure, within 3 to 5 years after initial symptoms (Figure 1).<ref>Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Fact Sheet. (n.d.). Retrieved December 08, 2020, from https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Amyotrophic-Lateral-Sclerosis-ALS-Fact-Sheet</ref>
Amyopathic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorder of both upper motor neurons (UMN) and lower motor neurons (LMN).<ref> Bryan J. Traynor, M. (2000, August 01). Clinical Features of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis According to the El Escorial and Airlie House Diagnostic Criteria. Retrieved December 08, 2020, from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/777262</ref> ALS is also referred to as Motor Neuron Disease (MND) in European countries such as the United Kingdom the disease affects motor neuron functions in the human motor system.<ref>Fang, F., Kamel, F., Sandler, D., Sparén, P., & Ye, W. (2008, March 25). Maternal Age, Exposure to Siblings, and Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Retrieved December 08, 2020, from https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/167/11/1281/131930</ref> ALS gradually degrades neurons that are responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements. The degenerations cause the links between the brain, spinal and voluntary muscles to degrade leading to the loss of control of motor functions, eventually leading to paralysis. The muscles continue to weaken until fasciculation occurs and eventually atrophy of the voluntary muscles.<ref name = AMY> Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Fact Sheet. (n.d.). Retrieved December 08, 2020, from https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Amyotrophic-Lateral-Sclerosis-ALS-Fact-Sheet</ref> There is no effective treatment that cures the disease or reverses the progression of the degeneration. Non-invasive ventilation, alongside physical and speech therapy, can prolong the life of patients and improve the quality of life. Most patients die from respiratory failure, within 3 to 5 years after initial symptoms (Figure 1).<ref name = AMY/>
 


There are two types of ALS: sporadic ALS and familial ALS. About 90% to 95% cases of ALS are sporadic, however, the causes of sporadic ALS are still unknown.<ref name = AMY/><ref>Chiò A;Traynor BJ;Lombardo F;Fimognari M;Calvo A;Ghiglione P;Mutani R;Restagno G;. (2008). Prevalence of SOD1 mutations in the Italian ALS population. Retrieved December 08, 2020, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18268245/</ref>





Revision as of 13:47, 8 December 2020

Introduction

Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.

Amyopathic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an age-related progressive neurodegenerative disorder of both upper motor neurons (UMN) and lower motor neurons (LMN).[1] ALS is also referred to as Motor Neuron Disease (MND) in European countries such as the United Kingdom the disease affects motor neuron functions in the human motor system.[2] ALS gradually degrades neurons that are responsible for controlling voluntary muscle movements. The degenerations cause the links between the brain, spinal and voluntary muscles to degrade leading to the loss of control of motor functions, eventually leading to paralysis. The muscles continue to weaken until fasciculation occurs and eventually atrophy of the voluntary muscles.[3] There is no effective treatment that cures the disease or reverses the progression of the degeneration. Non-invasive ventilation, alongside physical and speech therapy, can prolong the life of patients and improve the quality of life. Most patients die from respiratory failure, within 3 to 5 years after initial symptoms (Figure 1).[3]

There are two types of ALS: sporadic ALS and familial ALS. About 90% to 95% cases of ALS are sporadic, however, the causes of sporadic ALS are still unknown.[3][4]



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Section 1: Genetics of ALS

Include some current research, with at least one image.


Section 2: Neuroepigenetics of ALS

Include some current research, with a second image.

Section 3: Gut Microbiome

Conclusion

Overall text length should be at least 1,000 words (before counting references), with at least 2 images. Include at least 5 references under Reference section.


References

  1. Bryan J. Traynor, M. (2000, August 01). Clinical Features of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis According to the El Escorial and Airlie House Diagnostic Criteria. Retrieved December 08, 2020, from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/777262
  2. Fang, F., Kamel, F., Sandler, D., Sparén, P., & Ye, W. (2008, March 25). Maternal Age, Exposure to Siblings, and Risk of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Retrieved December 08, 2020, from https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/167/11/1281/131930
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Fact Sheet. (n.d.). Retrieved December 08, 2020, from https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Amyotrophic-Lateral-Sclerosis-ALS-Fact-Sheet
  4. Chiò A;Traynor BJ;Lombardo F;Fimognari M;Calvo A;Ghiglione P;Mutani R;Restagno G;. (2008). Prevalence of SOD1 mutations in the Italian ALS population. Retrieved December 08, 2020, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18268245/


Edited by Smrami Patel, student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 116 Information in Living Systems, 2020, Kenyon College.