Geobacter metallireducens: Difference between revisions

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==Genome structure==
==Genome structure==
''G. metallireducens'' contains genes for flagella synthesis. ''G. metallireducens'' was orginally thought to be immotile because they were grown in labs under ideal conditions where the bacteria had plenty of soluble metals. Synthesis for flagella do not initiate unless nutrient conditions are poor. Under conditions where soluble metals were replaced with iron oxide, ''G. metallireducens'' was seen to grow flagella and swim (Genome News Network 2002).
''G. metallireducens'' contains genes for flagella synthesis. ''G. metallireducens'' was orginally thought to be immotile because they were grown in labs under ideal conditions where the bacteria had plenty of soluble metals. Synthesis for flagella do not initiate unless nutrient conditions are poor. Under conditions where soluble metals were replaced with less favorable iron oxide, ''G. metallireducens'' was seen to grow flagella and swim (Childers et al 2002).
''G. metallireducens'' also contains genes that allow the bacteria the ability of chemotaxis. Together with the ability to perform chemotaxis and produce and use flagella, ''G. metallireducens'' has the ability to move towards metallic compounds or favorable environments where nutrient supply is favorable.
''G. metallireducens'' also contains genes that allow the bacteria the ability of chemotaxis. Chemotaxis allows ''G. metallireducens'' to sense compounds, favorable and unfavorable, in its surrounding environment. Together with the ability to perform chemotaxis and produce and use flagella, ''G. metallireducens'' has the ability to move towards metallic compounds or favorable environments where nutrient supply is favorable and away from less favorable environments where nutrient supply is poor (Childers et al 2002).






==Cell structure and metabolism==
==Cell structure and metabolism==
''G. metallireducens'' is chemotactic towards Fe(II) and Mn(II) and expresses flagella and pili only when grown on insoluble Fe(III) or Mn(IV) oxide (Childers et al 2002). These results suggest that ''G. metallireducens'' senses when soluble electron acceptors are depleted which then triggers the synthesis of the appropriate appendages allowing it to search for, and establish contact with, insoluble Fe(III) or Mn(IV) oxide.
Previous experiments on bacteria that can perform electron transfer to Fe(III) have focused on the role of outer-membrane c-type cytochromes (Reguera et al 2005). However, some Fe(III) reducers lack c-cytochromes. ''Geobacter'' species are examples of such Fe(III) reducers that lack c-cytochromes and must directly contact Fe(III) oxides to reduce them (Reguera et al 2005). They produce pili that were proposed to aid in establishing contact with the Fe(III) oxides (Reguera et al 2005).
 
''G. metallireducens'' favors or is chemotactic to soluble electron acceptors Fe(II) and Mn(II) and expresses flagella and pili only when grown on insoluble Fe(III) or Mn(IV) oxide (Childers et al 2002). These results suggest that ''G. metallireducens'' senses when soluble electron acceptors are depleted and will promote synthesis of flagella and pili allowing it to search for, and establish contact with, insoluble Fe(III) or Mn(IV) oxide (Childers et al 2002).


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
''G. metallireducens'' has been known to take part in bioremediation. In addition to using iron, the ''G. metallireducens'' uses metals such as plutonium and uranium to metabolize food. ''G. metallireducens'' consumes these radioactive elements and breaks down the contaminants. In the case of uranium, it changes the metal from a soluble to an insoluble form. The insoluble uranium drops out of the groundwater, thus decontaminating streams and drinking water. It remains in the soil and could then be extracted (Childer 2002). The use of an insoluble electron acceptor may explain why ''Geobacter'' species predominate over other Fe(III) oxide-reducing microorganisms in a wide variety of sedimentary environments.
''G. metallireducens'' has been known to take part in bioremediation of organic and metal contaminants in groundwater and participates in the carbon and nutrient cycles of aquatic sediments. Aside from using Fe(III) oxides, the ''G. metallireducens'' uses metals such as plutonium and uranium to metabolize food. ''G. metallireducens'' consumes these radioactive elements and breaks down the contaminants. In the case of uranium, it changes the metal from a soluble to an insoluble form. The insoluble uranium drops out of the groundwater, thus decontaminating streams and drinking water. It remains in the soil and could then be extracted (Childer 2002). The use of an insoluble electron acceptor may explain why ''Geobacter'' species predominate over other Fe(III) oxide-reducing microorganisms in a wide variety of sedimentary environments.


Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.
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[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11961561&itool=iconabstr&query_hl=11&itool=pubmed_docsum Childers SE, Ciufo S, Lovley DR. "Geobacter metallireducens accesses insoluble Fe(III) oxide by chemotaxis". Nature. 2002. Volume 416. p. 767-769.]
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=11961561&itool=iconabstr&query_hl=11&itool=pubmed_docsum Childers SE, Ciufo S, Lovley DR. "Geobacter metallireducens accesses insoluble Fe(III) oxide by chemotaxis". Nature. 2002. Volume 416. p. 767-769.]
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15973408
Reguera G, McCarthy KD, Mehta T, Nicoll JS, Tuominen MT, Lovley DR. "Extracellular electron transfer via microbial nanowires". Nature. 2005. Volume 435. p. 1098-1101.]




Edited by Christine Tang student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano
Edited by Christine Tang student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano

Revision as of 02:16, 5 June 2007

Template:Geobacter metallireducens

Geobacter metallireducens with flagella from the Genome News Network.

Classification

Higher order taxa

Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Delta Proteobacteria; Desulferomonadales; Geobacteraceae

Species

Geobacter metallireducens

Description and significance

Geobacter metallireducens is a rod shaped, gram negative, anaerobic bacteria and can be seen to have flagella and pili. The first G. metallireducens (initially known as strain GS-15) was first isolated from freshwater sediment, and was able to gain energy through dissimilatory reduction of iron, manganese, uranium and other metals. This organism was the first organism found to oxidize organic compounds to carbon dioxide with iron oxides as the electron acceptor (Lovely and Phillips 1988). G. metallireducens can also oxidize short chain fatty acids, alcohols, and monoaromatic compounds such as toluene and phenol using iron as its electron acceptor (Lovely et al 1993).


Genome structure

G. metallireducens contains genes for flagella synthesis. G. metallireducens was orginally thought to be immotile because they were grown in labs under ideal conditions where the bacteria had plenty of soluble metals. Synthesis for flagella do not initiate unless nutrient conditions are poor. Under conditions where soluble metals were replaced with less favorable iron oxide, G. metallireducens was seen to grow flagella and swim (Childers et al 2002). G. metallireducens also contains genes that allow the bacteria the ability of chemotaxis. Chemotaxis allows G. metallireducens to sense compounds, favorable and unfavorable, in its surrounding environment. Together with the ability to perform chemotaxis and produce and use flagella, G. metallireducens has the ability to move towards metallic compounds or favorable environments where nutrient supply is favorable and away from less favorable environments where nutrient supply is poor (Childers et al 2002).


Cell structure and metabolism

Previous experiments on bacteria that can perform electron transfer to Fe(III) have focused on the role of outer-membrane c-type cytochromes (Reguera et al 2005). However, some Fe(III) reducers lack c-cytochromes. Geobacter species are examples of such Fe(III) reducers that lack c-cytochromes and must directly contact Fe(III) oxides to reduce them (Reguera et al 2005). They produce pili that were proposed to aid in establishing contact with the Fe(III) oxides (Reguera et al 2005).

G. metallireducens favors or is chemotactic to soluble electron acceptors Fe(II) and Mn(II) and expresses flagella and pili only when grown on insoluble Fe(III) or Mn(IV) oxide (Childers et al 2002). These results suggest that G. metallireducens senses when soluble electron acceptors are depleted and will promote synthesis of flagella and pili allowing it to search for, and establish contact with, insoluble Fe(III) or Mn(IV) oxide (Childers et al 2002).

Ecology

G. metallireducens has been known to take part in bioremediation of organic and metal contaminants in groundwater and participates in the carbon and nutrient cycles of aquatic sediments. Aside from using Fe(III) oxides, the G. metallireducens uses metals such as plutonium and uranium to metabolize food. G. metallireducens consumes these radioactive elements and breaks down the contaminants. In the case of uranium, it changes the metal from a soluble to an insoluble form. The insoluble uranium drops out of the groundwater, thus decontaminating streams and drinking water. It remains in the soil and could then be extracted (Childer 2002). The use of an insoluble electron acceptor may explain why Geobacter species predominate over other Fe(III) oxide-reducing microorganisms in a wide variety of sedimentary environments.

Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.

Pathology

How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.

Application to Biotechnology

Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?

Current Research

Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required

References

Lovley DR and Phillips EJ. "Novel Mode of Microbial Energy Metabolism: Organic Carbon Oxidation Coupled to Dissimilatory Reduction of Iron or Manganese". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 1988. Volume 54, No. 6, p. 1472-1480.

Lovley DR, Giovannoni SJ, White DC, Champine JE, Phillips EJ, Gorby YA,Goodwin S. "Geobacter metallireducens gen. nov. sp. nov., a microorganism capable of coupling the complete oxidation of organic compounds to the reduction of iron and other metals." Arch Microbiol. 1993. Volume 159. No.4. p. 336-344.

Childers SE, Ciufo S, Lovley DR. "Geobacter metallireducens accesses insoluble Fe(III) oxide by chemotaxis". Nature. 2002. Volume 416. p. 767-769.

[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15973408 Reguera G, McCarthy KD, Mehta T, Nicoll JS, Tuominen MT, Lovley DR. "Extracellular electron transfer via microbial nanowires". Nature. 2005. Volume 435. p. 1098-1101.]


Edited by Christine Tang student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano