Gramella forsetii: Difference between revisions

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===Higher order taxa===
===Higher order taxa===


Phylum: formerly known as the Cytophaga-Flavobacteria-Bacteroides (CFB),
Kingdom: Bacteria; Group: Bacteroidetes; Phylum: formerly Cytophaga-Flavobacteria-Bacteroides(CFB)
Members of the Bacteroidetes


===Species===
===Genus and Species===


''Genus species''
''Gramella forsetii''


==Description and significance==
==Description and significance==
This species was first found and isolated from concentrated seawater collected in the German Bight of the North Sea during a phytoplankton bloom. They represent significant part of free-living microbial assemblages in nutrient-rich microenvironments. Organisms of this group are significant in that they specialize in degradation of high molecular weight compounds in both the dissolved and particulate fraction of the marine organic matter pool. Thus, they hold a major role of Bacteroidetes in the marine carbon cycle.


They have been shown to represent significant part of free-living microbial assemblages in nutrient-rich microenvironments.
==Genome structure==
'Gramella forsetii' KT0803.
Size: 3.8 Mb; Chromosome: 1, Circular


Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced.  Describe how and where it was isolated.
Analysis of the genomes reveals a substantial suite of genes that encode hydrolytic enzymes. They have a predicted preference for polymeric carbon sources and a distinct capability for surface adhesion.
Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.
 
==Genome structure==
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes?  Circular or linear?  Other interesting features?  What is known about its sequence?
Does it have any plasmids?  Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?


==Cell structure and metabolism==
==Cell structure and metabolism==
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.
This marine Bacteroidetes has a gram-negative like outer structure as well as a rod shape appearance. Because they are found on macroscopic organic matter particles (marine snow), their metabolism pertains to a non-halophilic, aerobic, and mesophilic environment. Specialized genes encoding for hydrolytic enzymes reveals adaptations to degradation of polymeric organic matter.


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
They are found on macroscopic organic matter particles (marine snow).  
This organism is found in seawater on organic matter particles. Their abundance and distribution pattern reveal their capability to live in diverse and nutrient-rich micro-environments. Their contributions to the environment are dedicated to the marine carbon cycle.
 
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.


==Pathology==
==Pathology==
How does this organism cause disease?  Human, animal, plant hosts?  Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.
Related organisms that are also in the Group Bacteroidetes may include many important periodontal pathogens.


==Application to Biotechnology==
==Application to Biotechnology==
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes?  What are they and how are they used?
Despite a lack of comprehensive molecular data on this organism, we can be sure that they encode a series of genes that produce enzymes which serve in the process of degradation of organic matter.


==Current Research==
==Current Research==
The Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology is currently conducting a comparative genome analysis on strain ''Gramella forsetii KT0803''. They isolated the organism from concentrated seawater in the North Sea. They sampled surface waters weekly, and bacteria were grown on agar plates enriched with synthetic seawater medium. ''Gramella forsetii'' was isolated from a single coloy and grown in liquid culture. By identifying its 16S rRNA phylogeny, it was then assigned to the Gramella genus. They are looking deeper into the mechanism of adaptations to degradation of polymeric organic matter as well as understanding its influence on marine microenvironments and the habitat it resides.


Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required
A close related organism named ''Gramella echinicola'' was isolated from the sea urchin ''Strongylocentrotus intermedius'', which inhabits the Sea of Japan. This study was conducted in the Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry. This novel marine bacterium, strain KMM 6050T has similar cellular structures as well as genome lineage. The strain studied was aerobic, heterotrophic, yellow-orange-pigmented, motile by gliding, Gram-negative and oxidase-, catalase-, beta-galactosidase- and alkaline phosphatase-positive. More studies are being conducted at the moment.
 
The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology has also conducted studies on another related organism named ''Gramella portivictoriae'', a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Gramella portivictoriae is a yellow-pigmented, Gram-negative, slowly gliding, rod-shaped, strictly aerobic bacterium UST040801-001T. It was isolated from marine sediment from Victoria Harbour. The gene sequence was determined using terminator method. Anaerobic growth was observed.


==References==
==References==
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]


Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=pubmed Bauer, M. Kube, M., Teeling, H., Richter, M., Lombardot, T., Allers, E., Wurdemann, C.A., Quast, C., Kuhl, H., Knaust, F., Woebken, D., Bischof, K., Mussmann, M., Choudhuri, J.V., Meyer, F., Reinhardt, R., Amann, R.I., and Glockner, F.O. "Whole genome analysis of the marine Bacteroidetes 'Gramella forsetii' reveals adaptations to degradation of polymeric organic matter." Environ. Microbiol. (2006) 8:2201-2213. Published online 4 October 2006.]
 
[http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/55/6/2497.pdf Stanley C.K. Lau, Mandy M. Y. Tsoi, Xiancui Li, loulia Plakhotnikova, Sergey Dobretsov, Po-Keung Wong and Pei-Yuan Qian "Gramella portivictoriae sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriacease isolated from marine sediment." ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2005. 55,2497-2500.]
 
[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?CMD=search&DB=pubmed Gupta RS, Lorenzini E. "Phylogeny and Molecular Signatures (Conserved Proteins and Indels) that are Specific for the Bacteroidetes and Chlorobi Species." ''BMC Evol. Biol. 2001. 1471-2148.]
 
 
edited KMG

Latest revision as of 20:11, 18 August 2010

This student page has not been curated.

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Gramella forsetii

Classification

Higher order taxa

Kingdom: Bacteria; Group: Bacteroidetes; Phylum: formerly Cytophaga-Flavobacteria-Bacteroides(CFB)

Genus and Species

Gramella forsetii

Description and significance

This species was first found and isolated from concentrated seawater collected in the German Bight of the North Sea during a phytoplankton bloom. They represent significant part of free-living microbial assemblages in nutrient-rich microenvironments. Organisms of this group are significant in that they specialize in degradation of high molecular weight compounds in both the dissolved and particulate fraction of the marine organic matter pool. Thus, they hold a major role of Bacteroidetes in the marine carbon cycle.

Genome structure

'Gramella forsetii' KT0803. Size: 3.8 Mb; Chromosome: 1, Circular

Analysis of the genomes reveals a substantial suite of genes that encode hydrolytic enzymes. They have a predicted preference for polymeric carbon sources and a distinct capability for surface adhesion.

Cell structure and metabolism

This marine Bacteroidetes has a gram-negative like outer structure as well as a rod shape appearance. Because they are found on macroscopic organic matter particles (marine snow), their metabolism pertains to a non-halophilic, aerobic, and mesophilic environment. Specialized genes encoding for hydrolytic enzymes reveals adaptations to degradation of polymeric organic matter.

Ecology

This organism is found in seawater on organic matter particles. Their abundance and distribution pattern reveal their capability to live in diverse and nutrient-rich micro-environments. Their contributions to the environment are dedicated to the marine carbon cycle.

Pathology

Related organisms that are also in the Group Bacteroidetes may include many important periodontal pathogens.

Application to Biotechnology

Despite a lack of comprehensive molecular data on this organism, we can be sure that they encode a series of genes that produce enzymes which serve in the process of degradation of organic matter.

Current Research

The Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology is currently conducting a comparative genome analysis on strain Gramella forsetii KT0803. They isolated the organism from concentrated seawater in the North Sea. They sampled surface waters weekly, and bacteria were grown on agar plates enriched with synthetic seawater medium. Gramella forsetii was isolated from a single coloy and grown in liquid culture. By identifying its 16S rRNA phylogeny, it was then assigned to the Gramella genus. They are looking deeper into the mechanism of adaptations to degradation of polymeric organic matter as well as understanding its influence on marine microenvironments and the habitat it resides.

A close related organism named Gramella echinicola was isolated from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius, which inhabits the Sea of Japan. This study was conducted in the Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry. This novel marine bacterium, strain KMM 6050T has similar cellular structures as well as genome lineage. The strain studied was aerobic, heterotrophic, yellow-orange-pigmented, motile by gliding, Gram-negative and oxidase-, catalase-, beta-galactosidase- and alkaline phosphatase-positive. More studies are being conducted at the moment.

The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology has also conducted studies on another related organism named Gramella portivictoriae, a novel member of the family Flavobacteriaceae. Gramella portivictoriae is a yellow-pigmented, Gram-negative, slowly gliding, rod-shaped, strictly aerobic bacterium UST040801-001T. It was isolated from marine sediment from Victoria Harbour. The gene sequence was determined using terminator method. Anaerobic growth was observed.

References

Bauer, M. Kube, M., Teeling, H., Richter, M., Lombardot, T., Allers, E., Wurdemann, C.A., Quast, C., Kuhl, H., Knaust, F., Woebken, D., Bischof, K., Mussmann, M., Choudhuri, J.V., Meyer, F., Reinhardt, R., Amann, R.I., and Glockner, F.O. "Whole genome analysis of the marine Bacteroidetes 'Gramella forsetii' reveals adaptations to degradation of polymeric organic matter." Environ. Microbiol. (2006) 8:2201-2213. Published online 4 October 2006.

Stanley C.K. Lau, Mandy M. Y. Tsoi, Xiancui Li, loulia Plakhotnikova, Sergey Dobretsov, Po-Keung Wong and Pei-Yuan Qian "Gramella portivictoriae sp. nov., a novel member of the family Flavobacteriacease isolated from marine sediment." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2005. 55,2497-2500.

Gupta RS, Lorenzini E. "Phylogeny and Molecular Signatures (Conserved Proteins and Indels) that are Specific for the Bacteroidetes and Chlorobi Species." BMC Evol. Biol. 2001. 1471-2148.


edited KMG