Haloarcula argentinensis: Difference between revisions

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==Classification==
==Classification==


Domain: Cellular Organisms
Domain: Archaea
 
Kingdom: Archaea


Phylum: Euryarchaeota
Phylum: Euryarchaeota
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==Description and Significance==
==Description and Significance==
Recently Haloarcula argentinensis was isolated from Argentinian salt flats. Along with argentinensis, mukohaitaei was found within the same location. Haloarcula are extremely halophilic archaea. argentinensis thrives in soil concentrations of 2.5 M NaCl and 100 mM Mg 2+. After a week of being culture on agar plates they formed orange colonies that were 2mm in diameter, the individual cells that formed were mostly triangular disks. After prolonged culture, argentinensis produced a glutinous  extracellular material.
Recently Haloarcula argentinensis was isolated from Argentinian salt flats. Along with argentinensis, mukohaitaei was found within the same location. Haloarcula are extremely halophilic archaea. H. argentinensis thrives in soil concentrations of 2.5 M NaCl and 100 mM Mg 2+. After a week of being culture on agar plates they formed orange colonies that were 2mm in diameter, the individual cells that formed were mostly triangular disks. After prolonged culture, argentinensis produced a glutinous  extracellular material.


==Genome Structure==
==Genome Structure==
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes?  Circular or linear?  Other interesting features?  What is known about its sequence?
Due to the recent discovery of Haloarcula argentinensis, the number of genomes is unknown. However, there are 13 nucleotide sequences for H. argentinensis with lengths ranging from 489-1827.
 


==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==
Haloarcula argentinensis is capable of movement due to the flagella present. Evidence for the flagella was concluded by the microscopic research.  
Haloarcula argentinensis is capable of movement due to the flagella present. Evidence for the flagella was concluded by the microscopic research.  


Haloarcula argentinensis is catalase and oxidase positive and were able to use various kinds of sugars (sucrose, maltose, glucose, galactose, mannose, ribose, and glycerol) and to acidify the medium  
Of the two archaea found in Argentina one of the two was Haloarcula argentinensis. H. argentinensis is catalase and oxidase positive and is able to use various kinds of sugars (sucrose, maltose, glucose, galactose, mannose, ribose, and glycerol) and to acidify the medium. Strain arg-1T or H. argentinensis growth was stimulated by fructose, and neither strain utilized lactose.
Strain arg-lT growth was stimulated by fructose, and neither strain utilized lactose.


==Ecology and Pathogenesis==
==Ecology and Pathogenesis==
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When Haloarcula argentinensis  was exposed to to novobiocin (5 pg/ml), pravastatin (10 pg/ml), and anisomycin (10 pg/ml) it was completely inhibited whereas when exposed to penicillin (10 IU/ml), kanamycin (30 pg/ml), and chloramphenicol (30 pg/ml) it was resistant.   
When Haloarcula argentinensis  was exposed to to novobiocin (5 pg/ml), pravastatin (10 pg/ml), and anisomycin (10 pg/ml) it was completely inhibited whereas when exposed to penicillin (10 IU/ml), kanamycin (30 pg/ml), and chloramphenicol (30 pg/ml) it was resistant.   


Thin layer chromatography of whole organism methanolysates revealed that they contain ether-linked isoprenoid lipids, they could grow in the presence of antibiotics effective against eubacteria (penicillin, kanamycin, and chloramphenicol) but not in the presence of antibiotics effective against eukaryotes (pravastatin and anisomycin), they could grow aerobically only in the presence of high concentration of NaCl and lysed at low levels of salinity, and they possessed bacterial rhodopsins (28, 29) which have been found only in members of the order Halobacteriales
Thin layer chromatography of whole organism methanolysates revealed that they contain ether-linked isoprenoid lipids, they could grow in the presence of antibiotics effective against eubacteria, but not in the presence of antibiotics effective against eukaryotes, they could grow aerobically only in the presence of high concentration of NaCl but not at salinity levels below 2.5 M. Since they belong to the other Halobacteriales they possessed bacterial rhodopsins. Rhodopsins only belong to Halobacteriales.
 
A study was performed at Tuz Lake, turkey where a novel enzyme for Turkish flora was found, alpha-aminolevulinic acid dehydrates (ALAD) was found. It was determined that ALAD was H. argentinensis. Since H. argentinensis has a wide pH range (3-12), high resistance to heavy metals, ability to survive in high salt concentrations, and wide temperature range, H argentinensis is capable of being a biomarker for lead contamination.
 
Also further studies promise Archaea will be valuable to prospective biological technologies.


==References==
==References==
Korcan, S. E., et al. "Delta]-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase of Haloarcula Argentinensis Isolated from Tuz Lake in Turkey." Environmental monitoring and assessment 169.1-4 (2010): 229-36. ProQuest. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.
Tamura, T., S. Watanabe, and K. Ihara. "Haloarcula argentinensis sp. nov. and Haloarcula mukohataei sp. nov., Two New Extremely Halophilic Archaea Collected in Argentina." International Journal of systematic bacteriology 47 (): 73-77. Print.
Tamura, T., S. Watanabe, and K. Ihara. "Haloarcula argentinensis sp. nov. and Haloarcula mukohataei sp. nov., Two New Extremely Halophilic Archaea Collected in Argentina." International Journal of systematic bacteriology 47 (): 73-77. Print.


==Author==
==Author==
Page authored by Andrew Stoffel, student of Prof. Ned Walker and Kazem Kashefi at Michigan State University.
Page authored by Andrew Stoffel, student of Prof. Ned Walker and Kazem Kashefi at Michigan State University.
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Jay Lennon at Indiana University]]

Latest revision as of 23:57, 30 March 2022

This student page has not been curated.

Classification

Domain: Archaea

Phylum: Euryarchaeota

Class: Halobacteria

Order: Halobacteriales

Family:Halobacteriaceae

Genus: Haloarcula

Species: argentinensis


Species

NCBI: Taxonomy

Haloarcula argentinensis

Description and Significance

Recently Haloarcula argentinensis was isolated from Argentinian salt flats. Along with argentinensis, mukohaitaei was found within the same location. Haloarcula are extremely halophilic archaea. H. argentinensis thrives in soil concentrations of 2.5 M NaCl and 100 mM Mg 2+. After a week of being culture on agar plates they formed orange colonies that were 2mm in diameter, the individual cells that formed were mostly triangular disks. After prolonged culture, argentinensis produced a glutinous extracellular material.

Genome Structure

Due to the recent discovery of Haloarcula argentinensis, the number of genomes is unknown. However, there are 13 nucleotide sequences for H. argentinensis with lengths ranging from 489-1827.

Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle

Haloarcula argentinensis is capable of movement due to the flagella present. Evidence for the flagella was concluded by the microscopic research.

Of the two archaea found in Argentina one of the two was Haloarcula argentinensis. H. argentinensis is catalase and oxidase positive and is able to use various kinds of sugars (sucrose, maltose, glucose, galactose, mannose, ribose, and glycerol) and to acidify the medium. Strain arg-1T or H. argentinensis growth was stimulated by fructose, and neither strain utilized lactose.

Ecology and Pathogenesis

Habitat: Haloarcula argentinensis thrives in environments with a saline concentration of 2.5 M NaCl and temperatures around 40 degrees celsius. Haloarcula argentinensis also grew well in soil with concentrations of 4.5 M NaCl.

When Haloarcula argentinensis was exposed to to novobiocin (5 pg/ml), pravastatin (10 pg/ml), and anisomycin (10 pg/ml) it was completely inhibited whereas when exposed to penicillin (10 IU/ml), kanamycin (30 pg/ml), and chloramphenicol (30 pg/ml) it was resistant.

Thin layer chromatography of whole organism methanolysates revealed that they contain ether-linked isoprenoid lipids, they could grow in the presence of antibiotics effective against eubacteria, but not in the presence of antibiotics effective against eukaryotes, they could grow aerobically only in the presence of high concentration of NaCl but not at salinity levels below 2.5 M. Since they belong to the other Halobacteriales they possessed bacterial rhodopsins. Rhodopsins only belong to Halobacteriales.

A study was performed at Tuz Lake, turkey where a novel enzyme for Turkish flora was found, alpha-aminolevulinic acid dehydrates (ALAD) was found. It was determined that ALAD was H. argentinensis. Since H. argentinensis has a wide pH range (3-12), high resistance to heavy metals, ability to survive in high salt concentrations, and wide temperature range, H argentinensis is capable of being a biomarker for lead contamination.

Also further studies promise Archaea will be valuable to prospective biological technologies.

References

Korcan, S. E., et al. "Delta]-Aminolevulinic Acid Dehydratase of Haloarcula Argentinensis Isolated from Tuz Lake in Turkey." Environmental monitoring and assessment 169.1-4 (2010): 229-36. ProQuest. Web. 20 Apr. 2014.

Tamura, T., S. Watanabe, and K. Ihara. "Haloarcula argentinensis sp. nov. and Haloarcula mukohataei sp. nov., Two New Extremely Halophilic Archaea Collected in Argentina." International Journal of systematic bacteriology 47 (): 73-77. Print.

Author

Page authored by Andrew Stoffel, student of Prof. Ned Walker and Kazem Kashefi at Michigan State University.