https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Hendra_Virus&feed=atom&action=historyHendra Virus - Revision history2024-03-28T18:24:04ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Hendra_Virus&diff=119625&oldid=prevBarichD at 14:56, 11 February 20162016-02-11T14:56:29Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:OU_SEAL.jpeg|thumb|320px|left|University of Oklahoma Study Abroad: Microbiology in Arezzo, Italy [http://www.ou.edu/brand/logos_trademarks/ouseal.html]]] </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Hendra_virus_picture.jpeg|thumb|320px|right|Electron micrograph of the Hendra virus. From: "Hendra Virus Infection in a Veterinarian" [https://www.mja.com.au/system/files/issues/185_10_201106/han10698_fm.pdf]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Hendra_virus_picture.jpeg|thumb|320px|right|Electron micrograph of the Hendra virus. From: "Hendra Virus Infection in a Veterinarian" [https://www.mja.com.au/system/files/issues/185_10_201106/han10698_fm.pdf]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Etiology/Bacteriology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Etiology/Bacteriology==</div></td></tr>
</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Hendra_Virus&diff=116177&oldid=prevSabrina.C.Waugh-1: /* References */2015-07-29T15:05:28Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. Wang LF, Yu M, Hansson E, Pritchard LI, Shiell B, Michalski WP, Eaton BT. 2000. The Exceptionally Large Genome of Hendra Virus: Support for Creation of a New Genus within the Family <i>Paramyxoviridae</i>. J Virol 74:9972–9979.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. Wang LF, Yu M, Hansson E, Pritchard LI, Shiell B, Michalski WP, Eaton BT. 2000. The Exceptionally Large Genome of Hendra Virus: Support for Creation of a New Genus within the Family <i>Paramyxoviridae</i>. J Virol 74:9972–9979.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Eaton BT, Eaton BT, Broder CC, Broder CC, Middleton D, Middleton D, Wang LF, Wang LF. 2006. Hendra and Nipah viruses: different and dangerous. Nat Rev Microbiol 4:23–35.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Eaton BT, Eaton BT, Broder CC, Broder CC, Middleton D, Middleton D, Wang LF, Wang LF. 2006. Hendra and Nipah viruses: different and dangerous. Nat Rev Microbiol 4:23–35.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3. Murray K, Rogers R, Selvey L, Selleck P, Hyatt a., Gould a., Gleeson L, Hooper P, Westbury H. 1995. A <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">novel morbillivirus pneumonia </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">horses </del>and its <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">transmission </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">humans</del>. Emerg Infect Dis 1:31–33. <br> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3. Murray K, Rogers R, Selvey L, Selleck P, Hyatt a., Gould a., Gleeson L, Hooper P, Westbury H. 1995. A <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Novel Morbillivirus Pneumonia </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Horses </ins>and its <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Transmission </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Humans</ins>. Emerg Infect Dis 1:31–33. <br> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>4. Playford EG, McCall B, Smith G, Slinko V, Allen G, Smith I, Moore F, Taylor C, Kung YH, Field H. 2010. Human Hendra <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">virus encephalitis associated </del>with <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">equine outbreak</del>, Australia, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis 16:219–223.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>4. Playford EG, McCall B, Smith G, Slinko V, Allen G, Smith I, Moore F, Taylor C, Kung YH, Field H. 2010. Human Hendra <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Virus Encephalitis Associated </ins>with <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Equine Outbreak</ins>, Australia, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis 16:219–223.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>5. Field H, Young P, Yob JM, Mills J, Hall L, Mackenzie J. 2001. The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses. Microbes Infect 3:307–314. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>5. Field H, Young P, Yob JM, Mills J, Hall L, Mackenzie J. 2001. The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses. Microbes Infect 3:307–314. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>6. 2011. Guidelines for veterinarians handling potential Hendra virus infection in horses. The State of Queensland (Department of Agriculture and Fisheries).http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_GeneralAnimalHealthPestsAndDiseases/Hendra-GuidelinesForVets.pdf.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>6. 2011. Guidelines for veterinarians handling potential Hendra virus infection in horses. The State of Queensland (Department of Agriculture and Fisheries).http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_GeneralAnimalHealthPestsAndDiseases/Hendra-GuidelinesForVets.pdf.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>7. Hanna JN, McBride WJ, Brookes DL, Shield J, Taylor CT, Smith IL, Craig SB, Smith G. 2006. Hendra virus infection in a veterinarian. Med J Aust 185:562–564.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>7. Hanna JN, McBride WJ, Brookes DL, Shield J, Taylor CT, Smith IL, Craig SB, Smith G. 2006. Hendra virus infection in a veterinarian. Med J Aust 185:562–564.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>8. Paterson DL, Murray PK, McCormack JG. 1998. Zoonotic <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">disease </del>in Australia <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">caused </del>by a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">novel member </del>of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">paramyxoviridae</del>. Clin Infect Dis 27:112–118.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>8. Paterson DL, Murray PK, McCormack JG. 1998. Zoonotic <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Disease </ins>in Australia <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Caused </ins>by a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Novel Member </ins>of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Paramyxoviridae</ins>. Clin Infect Dis 27:112–118.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>9. Haplin K, Young PL, Field HE, Mackenzie JS. Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. J Gen Virol. 2000 Aug;81(Pt 8):1927-32. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>9. Haplin K, Young PL, Field HE, Mackenzie JS. Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. J Gen Virol. 2000 Aug;81(Pt 8):1927-32. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>10. Marsh GA, Haining J, Hancock TJ, Robinson R, Foord AJ, Barr J a., Riddell S, Heine HG, White JR, Crameri G, Field HE, Wang LF, Middleton D. 2011. Experimental <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">infection </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">horses </del>with Hendra virus/Australia/horse/2008/Redlands. Emerg Infect Dis 17:2232–2238.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>10. Marsh GA, Haining J, Hancock TJ, Robinson R, Foord AJ, Barr J a., Riddell S, Heine HG, White JR, Crameri G, Field HE, Wang LF, Middleton D. 2011. Experimental <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Infection </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Horses </ins>with Hendra virus/Australia/horse/2008/Redlands. Emerg Infect Dis 17:2232–2238.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>11. Escaffre O, Borisevich V, Rockx B. 2013. Pathogenesis of Hendra and Nipah virus infection in humans. J Infect Dev Ctries 7:308–311.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>11. Escaffre O, Borisevich V, Rockx B. 2013. Pathogenesis of Hendra and Nipah virus infection in humans. J Infect Dev Ctries 7:308–311.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>12. Rockx B, Brining D, Kramer J, Callison J, Ebihara H, Mansfield K, Feldmann H. 2011. Clinical outcome of henipavirus infection in hamsters is determined by the route and dose of infection. J Virol 85:7658–7671<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>12. Rockx B, Brining D, Kramer J, Callison J, Ebihara H, Mansfield K, Feldmann H. 2011. Clinical outcome of henipavirus infection in hamsters is determined by the route and dose of infection. J Virol 85:7658–7671<br></div></td></tr>
</table>Sabrina.C.Waugh-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Hendra_Virus&diff=116174&oldid=prevSabrina.C.Waugh-1: /* References */2015-07-29T14:58:23Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. Wang LF, Yu M, Hansson E, Pritchard LI, Shiell B, Michalski WP, Eaton BT. 2000. The <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">exceptionally large genome </del>of Hendra <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">virus</del>: <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">support </del>for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">creation </del>of a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">new genus </del>within the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">family </del>Paramyxoviridae. J Virol 74:9972–9979.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. Wang LF, Yu M, Hansson E, Pritchard LI, Shiell B, Michalski WP, Eaton BT. 2000. The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Exceptionally Large Genome </ins>of Hendra <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Virus</ins>: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Support </ins>for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Creation </ins>of a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">New Genus </ins>within the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Family <i></ins>Paramyxoviridae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i></ins>. J Virol 74:9972–9979.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Eaton BT, Eaton BT, Broder CC, Broder CC, Middleton D, Middleton D, Wang LF, Wang LF. 2006. Hendra and Nipah viruses: different and dangerous. Nat Rev Microbiol 4:23–35.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Eaton BT, Eaton BT, Broder CC, Broder CC, Middleton D, Middleton D, Wang LF, Wang LF. 2006. Hendra and Nipah viruses: different and dangerous. Nat Rev Microbiol 4:23–35.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3. Murray K, Rogers R, Selvey L, Selleck P, Hyatt a., Gould a., Gleeson L, Hooper P, Westbury H. 1995. A novel morbillivirus pneumonia of horses and its transmission to humans. Emerg Infect Dis 1:31–33. <br> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3. Murray K, Rogers R, Selvey L, Selleck P, Hyatt a., Gould a., Gleeson L, Hooper P, Westbury H. 1995. A novel morbillivirus pneumonia of horses and its transmission to humans. Emerg Infect Dis 1:31–33. <br> </div></td></tr>
</table>Sabrina.C.Waugh-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Hendra_Virus&diff=116170&oldid=prevSabrina.C.Waugh-1: /* References */2015-07-29T14:57:12Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>4. Playford EG, McCall B, Smith G, Slinko V, Allen G, Smith I, Moore F, Taylor C, Kung YH, Field H. 2010. Human Hendra virus encephalitis associated with equine outbreak, Australia, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis 16:219–223.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>4. Playford EG, McCall B, Smith G, Slinko V, Allen G, Smith I, Moore F, Taylor C, Kung YH, Field H. 2010. Human Hendra virus encephalitis associated with equine outbreak, Australia, 2008. Emerg Infect Dis 16:219–223.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>5. Field H, Young P, Yob JM, Mills J, Hall L, Mackenzie J. 2001. The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses. Microbes Infect 3:307–314. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>5. Field H, Young P, Yob JM, Mills J, Hall L, Mackenzie J. 2001. The natural history of Hendra and Nipah viruses. Microbes Infect 3:307–314. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>6. 2011. Guidelines for veterinarians handling potential Hendra virus infection in horses. The State of Queensland (Department of Agriculture and Fisheries)<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>6. 2011. Guidelines for veterinarians handling potential Hendra virus infection in horses. The State of Queensland (Department of Agriculture and Fisheries)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_GeneralAnimalHealthPestsAndDiseases/Hendra-GuidelinesForVets.pdf.</ins><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>7. Hanna JN, McBride WJ, Brookes DL, Shield J, Taylor CT, Smith IL, Craig SB, Smith G. 2006. Hendra virus infection in a veterinarian. Med J Aust 185:562–564.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>7. Hanna JN, McBride WJ, Brookes DL, Shield J, Taylor CT, Smith IL, Craig SB, Smith G. 2006. Hendra virus infection in a veterinarian. Med J Aust 185:562–564.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>8. Paterson DL, Murray PK, McCormack JG. 1998. Zoonotic disease in Australia caused by a novel member of the paramyxoviridae. Clin Infect Dis 27:112–118.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>8. Paterson DL, Murray PK, McCormack JG. 1998. Zoonotic disease in Australia caused by a novel member of the paramyxoviridae. Clin Infect Dis 27:112–118.<br></div></td></tr>
</table>Sabrina.C.Waugh-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Hendra_Virus&diff=116165&oldid=prevSabrina.C.Waugh-1: /* References */2015-07-29T14:54:27Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>8. Paterson DL, Murray PK, McCormack JG. 1998. Zoonotic disease in Australia caused by a novel member of the paramyxoviridae. Clin Infect Dis 27:112–118.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>8. Paterson DL, Murray PK, McCormack JG. 1998. Zoonotic disease in Australia caused by a novel member of the paramyxoviridae. Clin Infect Dis 27:112–118.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>9. Haplin K, Young PL, Field HE, Mackenzie JS. Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. J Gen Virol. 2000 Aug;81(Pt 8):1927-32. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>9. Haplin K, Young PL, Field HE, Mackenzie JS. Isolation of Hendra virus from pteropid bats: a natural reservoir of Hendra virus. J Gen Virol. 2000 Aug;81(Pt 8):1927-32. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>10. Marsh <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">G a.</del>, Haining J, Hancock TJ, Robinson R, Foord AJ, Barr J a., Riddell S, Heine HG, White JR, Crameri G, Field HE, Wang LF, Middleton D. 2011. Experimental infection of horses with Hendra virus/Australia/horse/2008/Redlands. Emerg Infect Dis 17:2232–2238.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>10. Marsh <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">GA</ins>, Haining J, Hancock TJ, Robinson R, Foord AJ, Barr J a., Riddell S, Heine HG, White JR, Crameri G, Field HE, Wang LF, Middleton D. 2011. Experimental infection of horses with Hendra virus/Australia/horse/2008/Redlands. Emerg Infect Dis 17:2232–2238.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>11. Escaffre O, Borisevich V, Rockx B. 2013. Pathogenesis of Hendra and Nipah virus infection in humans. J Infect Dev Ctries 7:308–311.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>11. Escaffre O, Borisevich V, Rockx B. 2013. Pathogenesis of Hendra and Nipah virus infection in humans. J Infect Dev Ctries 7:308–311.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>12. Rockx B, Brining D, Kramer J, Callison J, Ebihara H, Mansfield K, Feldmann H. 2011. Clinical outcome of henipavirus infection in hamsters is determined by the route and dose of infection. J Virol 85:7658–7671<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>12. Rockx B, Brining D, Kramer J, Callison J, Ebihara H, Mansfield K, Feldmann H. 2011. Clinical outcome of henipavirus infection in hamsters is determined by the route and dose of infection. J Virol 85:7658–7671<br></div></td></tr>
</table>Sabrina.C.Waugh-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Hendra_Virus&diff=116164&oldid=prevSabrina.C.Waugh-1: /* Epidemiology */2015-07-29T14:53:23Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Epidemiology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Epidemiology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Epidemiology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:AU HendraOutbreaks 1994 2008.png|thumb|320px|right|Distribution of Hendra Virus Outbreaks from 1994 to 2008. From: WHO [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hendra/AU_HendraOutbreaks_1994_2008.png?ua=1]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:AU HendraOutbreaks 1994 2008.png|thumb|320px|right|Distribution of Hendra Virus Outbreaks from 1994 to 2008. From: WHO [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/hendra/AU_HendraOutbreaks_1994_2008.png?ua=1]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>All of the Hendra virus outbreaks have occurred along coast regions of Queensland and New South Wales in Australia, with at least 29 equine cases and 7 human cases as of 2008.[[#References|[4]]] Hendra virus antibodies have also been detected in dogs in two separate incidents, in 2011 and 2013, but the animals themselves were asymptomatic.[[#References|[5]]] The overall fatality rate is high, about 65% for horses and 57% for infected humans.[[#References|[3,13]]] Most of the human and equine Hendra infections (about 70%) occur during August to October, the birthing period of flying foxes.[[#References|[8,9]]] However, the virus has not been continuously detected in flying fox populations, and there appears to be periods of high excretion of the virus balanced by periods of low excretion.[[#References|[6]]] This means that it is technically possible for Hendra virus to occur at any point in the year, so long as an infected flying fox and a susceptible horse manage to interact so that Hendra virus is transferred. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>All of the Hendra virus outbreaks have occurred along coast regions of Queensland and New South Wales in Australia, with at least 29 equine cases and 7 human cases as of 2008.[[#References|[4]]] Hendra virus antibodies have also been detected in dogs in two separate incidents, in 2011 and 2013, but the animals themselves were asymptomatic.[[#References|[5]]] The overall fatality rate is high, about 65% for horses and 57% for infected humans.[[#References|[3,13]]] Most of the human and equine Hendra infections (about 70%) occur during August to October, the birthing period of flying foxes.[[#References|[8,9]]] However, the virus has not been continuously detected in flying fox populations, and there appears to be periods of high excretion of the virus balanced by periods of low excretion.[[#References|[6]]] This means that it is technically possible for Hendra virus to occur at any point in the year, so long as an infected flying fox and a susceptible horse manage to interact so that Hendra virus is transferred. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The fact that Hendra virus infections primarily occur at specific times of the year suggests that other, unknown factors are likely affecting transmission.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although Hendra virus has only been documented to infect horses, humans, dogs and flying foxes (the reservoir species) naturally, the virus exhibits a wide host range in research. Cats, pigs, hamsters, ferrets, African Green Monkeys, guinea pigs, and mice have all been documented to exhibit symptoms when experimentally infected with Hendra virus. Other animals, such as rats and rabbits have a similar reaction as dogs to viral infection in that they produce antibodies but are asymptomatic when experimentally infected.[[#References|[6]]] <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although Hendra virus has only been documented to infect horses, humans, dogs and flying foxes (the reservoir species) naturally, the virus exhibits a wide host range in research. Cats, pigs, hamsters, ferrets, African Green Monkeys, guinea pigs, and mice have all been documented to exhibit symptoms when experimentally infected with Hendra virus. Other animals, such as rats and rabbits have a similar reaction as dogs to viral infection in that they produce antibodies but are asymptomatic when experimentally infected.[[#References|[6]]] <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hendra virus infections typically occur in groups with prolonged contact with dead or dying infected horses and their body fluids. This is evident by the fact that 5 of the 7 confirmed cases were veterinarians or their assistants, who performed necropsies or procedures like nasal cavity lavages, which put them in close contact with body fluids, on Hendra virus infected horses.[[#References|[4,13]]] The remaining cases involved trainers or stable workers who also interacted closely with the infected horses.[[#References|[3]]] This close contact is necessary because the virus does not appear to easily infect humans, evident by data from the 2008 outbreak. In that outbreak, 20 people at a veterinary clinic had exposure to body fluid from Hendra virus infected horses, but only 2 developed symptoms, an attack rate of only 10%.[[#References|[4]]] It is interesting to note that one of the most recent Hendra virus outbreaks, in 2008, was characterized by encephalitis, instead of the respiratory symptoms seen in earlier outbreaks.[[#References|[4]]] Some variation in the strain that caused this outbreak an previous strains was observed, making it possible that the genetic changes altered the virus's pathogenesis slightly.[[#References|[11]]] <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hendra virus infections typically occur in groups with prolonged contact with dead or dying infected horses and their body fluids. This is evident by the fact that 5 of the 7 confirmed cases were veterinarians or their assistants, who performed necropsies or procedures like nasal cavity lavages, which put them in close contact with body fluids, on Hendra virus infected horses.[[#References|[4,13]]] The remaining cases involved trainers or stable workers who also interacted closely with the infected horses.[[#References|[3]]] This close contact is necessary because the virus does not appear to easily infect humans, evident by data from the 2008 outbreak. In that outbreak, 20 people at a veterinary clinic had exposure to body fluid from Hendra virus infected horses, but only 2 developed symptoms, an attack rate of only 10%.[[#References|[4]]] It is interesting to note that one of the most recent Hendra virus outbreaks, in 2008, was characterized by encephalitis, instead of the respiratory symptoms seen in earlier outbreaks.[[#References|[4]]] Some variation in the strain that caused this outbreak an previous strains was observed, making it possible that the genetic changes altered the virus's pathogenesis slightly.[[#References|[11]]] <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Diagnosis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Diagnosis==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hendra virus is typically diagnosed using serologic testing. This typically involves collecting serum or other tissue samples from the patient and running reverse PCR on the sample to look for the viral RNA. Other serologic tests include running tests to look for specific antibodies (typically IgM and IgG) in serum. These genomic-based tests are particularly useful because they can also point out genetic differences between the viruses implicated in different outbreaks.[[#References|[4]]] The patient's history could also be useful in making a diagnosis, especially since Hendra virus outbreaks typically begin in horses and close contact with infected horses is necessary to become infected.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hendra virus is typically diagnosed using serologic testing. This typically involves collecting serum or other tissue samples from the patient and running reverse PCR on the sample to look for the viral RNA. Other serologic tests include running tests to look for specific antibodies (typically IgM and IgG) in serum. These genomic-based tests are particularly useful because they can also point out genetic differences between the viruses implicated in different outbreaks.[[#References|[4]]] The patient's history could also be useful in making a diagnosis, especially since Hendra virus outbreaks typically begin in horses and close contact with infected horses is necessary to become infected.</div></td></tr>
</table>Sabrina.C.Waugh-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Hendra_Virus&diff=116162&oldid=prevSabrina.C.Waugh-1: /* Transmission */2015-07-29T14:45:30Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Transmission</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Hendra_Transmission.jpeg|thumb|right|Proposed Transmission of Hendra Virus. From "Hendra Virus Infection in a Veterinarian"[https://www.mja.com.au/system/files/issues/185_10_201106/han10698_fm.pdf]]] </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Hendra_Transmission.jpeg|thumb|right|Proposed Transmission of Hendra Virus. From "Hendra Virus Infection in a Veterinarian"[https://www.mja.com.au/system/files/issues/185_10_201106/han10698_fm.pdf]]] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Global NiphaandHendraRisk 20090510.png|thumb|left|230px|Outbreaks of Hendra and Nipah Virus and Flying Fox Distribution. From: WHO [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/nipah/Global_NiphaandHendraRisk_20090510.png?ua=1]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Global NiphaandHendraRisk 20090510.png|thumb|left|230px|Outbreaks of Hendra and Nipah Virus and Flying Fox Distribution. From: WHO [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/nipah/Global_NiphaandHendraRisk_20090510.png?ua=1]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Flying foxes, bats from the genus <i>Pteropus</i>, are considered to be the reservoir hosts of Hendra virus. This is due to to the detection of Hendra virus antibodies in Black flying foxes (<i>Pteropus alecto</i>), grey-headed flying foxes (<i>Pteropus poliocephalus</i>), little red flying foxes (<i>Pteropus scapulatus</i>), and spectacled flying foxes (<i>Pteropus conspicillatus</i>) in 1995.[[#References|[5]]] The isolation of a Hendra-like virus from a healthy grey-headed flying fox provided further evidence that flying foxes served as Hendra virus's reservoir. [[#References|[5]]] Typically, transmission between infected flying foxes and horses is the first step of an outbreak. The mechanism of transmission is still not completely clear, but several hypotheses have been proposed. In the most plausible, horses become infected by pasture contaminated with flying fox foetal tissues or birthing fluids.[[#References|[5]]] This hypothesis was proposed because many Hendra infections fall within the birthing period of flying foxes (August to October), and the virus has been isolated from uterine fluid, foetal liver, and foetal lung of flying foxes in 2000.[[#References|[7,9]]] In another proposed theory, horses become infected with the virus when they eat pellets of masticated fibrous fruit discarded by flying foxes.[[#References|[5]]] There is still a great deal to learn about Hendra virus transmission from flying foxes to horses because an infection is technically possible in any region of the flying foxes' geographic range. The fact that outbreaks have been confined to a small region suggests that additional, unknown factors are affecting transmission.<br> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>Once a horse become infected, transmission from horse to horse, and from horses to humans, likely occurs through infected body fluids and secretions, although this is still not entirely clear. [[#References|[4,7]]] A human or horse could contact the infected fluids directly, such as through invasive procedures like necropsies, or through droplets produced by the respiratory symptoms of the infection.[[#References|[4]]]<br> Currently, the infectious dose of Hendra virus is not known for either horses or humans.[[#References|[10]]] However, it is likely that there must be high viral exposure, given the small number of human cases that have been documented.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Flying foxes, bats from the genus <i>Pteropus</i>, are considered to be the reservoir hosts of Hendra virus. This is due to to the detection of Hendra virus antibodies in Black flying foxes (<i>Pteropus alecto</i>), grey-headed flying foxes (<i>Pteropus poliocephalus</i>), little red flying foxes (<i>Pteropus scapulatus</i>), and spectacled flying foxes (<i>Pteropus conspicillatus</i>) in 1995.[[#References|[5]]] The isolation of a Hendra-like virus from a healthy grey-headed flying fox provided further evidence that flying foxes served as Hendra virus's reservoir. [[#References|[5]]] Typically, transmission between infected flying foxes and horses is the first step of an outbreak. The mechanism of transmission is still not completely clear, but several hypotheses have been proposed. In the most plausible, horses become infected by pasture contaminated with flying fox foetal tissues or birthing fluids.[[#References|[5]]] This hypothesis was proposed because many Hendra infections fall within the birthing period of flying foxes (August to October), and the virus has been isolated from uterine fluid, foetal liver, and foetal lung of flying foxes in 2000.[[#References|[7,9]]] In another proposed theory, horses become infected with the virus when they eat pellets of masticated fibrous fruit discarded by flying foxes.[[#References|[5<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]] Both of these hypothesis have some plausibility because Hendra virus has been isolated from many other fluids besides uterine fluid, including urine, saliva, and feces.[[#References|[6]]] Essentially, it is thought that the horse is infected by feeding on plants contaminated by body fluids or excretions from an infected flying fox or by breathing in the virus while feeding.[[#References|[6</ins>]]] There is still a great deal to learn about Hendra virus transmission from flying foxes to horses because an infection is technically possible in any region of the flying foxes' geographic range. The fact that outbreaks have been confined to a small region suggests that additional, unknown factors are affecting transmission.<br> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once a horse become infected, transmission from horse to horse, and from horses to humans, likely occurs through infected body fluids and secretions, although this is still not entirely clear. [[#References|[4,7]]] A human or horse could contact the infected fluids directly, such as through invasive procedures like necropsies, or through droplets produced by the respiratory symptoms of the infection.[[#References|[4]]]<br> Currently, the infectious dose of Hendra virus is not known for either horses or humans.[[#References|[10]]] However, it is likely that there must be high viral exposure, given the small number of human cases that have been documented<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Also, those that have occurred all had close contact with infected or dead horses</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Incubation Period and Disease Progression===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Incubation Period and Disease Progression===</div></td></tr>
</table>Sabrina.C.Waugh-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Hendra_Virus&diff=116154&oldid=prevSabrina.C.Waugh-1: /* Damage Response Framework */2015-07-29T14:26:30Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Damage Response Framework</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:26, 29 July 2015</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Damage Response Framework Graph.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Damage Response Framework for Hendra virus]] </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Damage Response Framework Graph.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Damage Response Framework for Hendra virus]] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A common trend of pathogenic microbiology is to classify pathogens into groups. This can be based on a variety of factors, such as the organ system infected, the route of infection, the type of pathogen, and so on. A more recent classification system groups pathogens on the amount of damage done to the host. Called the damage response framework, this classification system takes a more comprehensive look at disease by acknowledging both sides of the host-pathogen interaction. That is, the damage seen as symptoms during an infection can be caused by the microorganism or by the host's response to the microorganism.[[#References|[16]]] Thus, damage to a host can range from none up to death. It is also possible that the microorganism provides some benefit to the host. From this point of view, every step of an infection can be plotted on a graph of damage versus time. A horizontal line in the middle of the graph represents a neutral interaction. The host is neither helped nor harmed by the microorganism. Going up the graph represents an increase in damage, which can culminate in death. Going down the graph represents a benefit to the host by interaction with the microorganism. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A common trend of pathogenic microbiology is to classify pathogens into groups. This can be based on a variety of factors, such as the organ system infected, the route of infection, the type of pathogen, and so on. A more recent classification system groups pathogens on the amount of damage done to the host. Called the damage response framework, this classification system takes a more comprehensive look at disease by acknowledging both sides of the host-pathogen interaction. That is, the damage seen as symptoms during an infection can be caused by the microorganism or by the host's response to the microorganism.[[#References|[16]]] Thus, damage to a host can range from none up to death. It is also possible that the microorganism provides some benefit to the host. From this point of view, every step of an infection can be plotted on a graph of damage versus time. A horizontal line in the middle of the graph represents a neutral interaction. The host is neither helped nor harmed by the microorganism. Going up the graph represents an increase in damage, which can culminate in death. Going down the graph represents a benefit to the host by interaction with the microorganism. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hendra virus has a relatively complex damage response framework. At the initial moment of infection, the graph starts at the horizontal line. During the incubation period, the graph does not move because the virus is establishing itself in the body. After the incubation period, which can range from 7-6 days up to 9-16 days, symptoms begin to appear. Generally, they are very mild and flu-like initially, lasting for about 3 to 4 days.[[#References|[4,7,8]]] At this point, the damage response framework increases slightly, because symptoms indicate that some damage is occurring to the host. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">At this point</del>, the damage response framework can take multiple pathways. It <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it </del>possible that the symptoms remain mild and flu-like. In the human cases where this has been <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">observe</del>, the symptoms last around 8 days.[[#References|[7,8]]] For these cases, the damage response framework <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">plateaus </del>and then returns to the horizontal line after 8 days, when the infection <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </del>cleared. In another human case, the flu-like symptoms grew more severe, requiring ventilation. Kidney function also deteriorated, and the patient died about 7 days after symptoms grew more severe.[[#References|[9]]] In this case, the virus spread systemically through the patient's body. In this damage response framework, the graph increases sharply, culminating in death.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hendra virus has a relatively complex damage response framework. At the initial moment of infection, the graph starts at the horizontal line. During the incubation period, the graph does not move because the virus is establishing itself in the body. After the incubation period, which can range from 7-6 days up to 9-16 days, symptoms begin to appear. Generally, they are very mild and flu-like initially, lasting for about 3 to 4 days.[[#References|[4,7,8]]] At this point, the damage response framework increases slightly, because symptoms indicate that some damage is occurring to the host. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From here</ins>, the damage response framework can take multiple pathways. It <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </ins>possible that the symptoms remain mild and flu-like. In the human cases where this has been <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">observed</ins>, the symptoms last around 8 days.[[#References|[7,8]]] For these cases, the damage response framework <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">levels out </ins>and then returns to the horizontal line after 8 days, when the infection <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">has been </ins>cleared. In another human case, the flu-like symptoms grew more severe, requiring ventilation. Kidney function also deteriorated, and the patient died about 7 days after symptoms grew more severe.[[#References|[9]]] In this case, the virus spread systemically through the patient's body<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, causing multi-organ failure</ins>. In this damage response framework, the graph increases sharply, culminating in death.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Three of the Hendra cases involved encephalitis. For one case, the initial flu-like symptoms went away after about 4 days. However, mild neurological symptoms appeared the next day and gradually became worse over the next 4 days. The patient remained unconscious and on ventilation for 4 weeks after that before dying.[[#References|[4]]] In this situation, the damage response framework would go down after the flu-like symptoms, and then immediately go back up with the onset of neurological symptoms. The graph would gradually increase over the 4 day period that symptoms worsened, and would then <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">plateau </del>for 4 weeks. Death could be indicated by a sharp increase in the end of the graph. Another Hendra case had a very similar disease progression, in that after the flu-like symptoms abated neurologic symptoms developed and worsened. However, this patient eventually recovered after 37 days of treatment.[[#References|[4]]] So for this damage response framework graph, after the graph plateaus at the neurologic symptoms it would gradually go down until reaching the horizontal line.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Three of the Hendra cases involved encephalitis. For one case, the initial flu-like symptoms went away after about 4 days. However, mild neurological symptoms appeared the next day and gradually became worse over the next 4 days. The patient remained unconscious and on ventilation for 4 weeks after that before dying.[[#References|[4]]] In this situation, the damage response framework would go down after the flu-like symptoms, and then immediately go back up with the onset of neurological symptoms. The graph would gradually increase over the 4 day period that symptoms worsened, and would then <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">level out </ins>for 4 weeks. Death could be indicated by a sharp increase in the end of the graph. Another Hendra case had a very similar disease progression, in that after the flu-like symptoms abated neurologic symptoms developed and worsened. However, this patient eventually recovered after 37 days of treatment.[[#References|[4]]] So for this damage response framework graph, after the graph plateaus at the neurologic symptoms it would gradually go down until reaching the horizontal line.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The last case of Hendra virus would have the most unusual damage response framework. After the incubation period, where the damage response framework graph would not move from the horizontal line, the patient experienced 12 days of flu-like symptoms as well as drowsiness and a stiff neck.[[#References|[8]]] In the damage response framework, the graph would go up slightly and plateau for 12 days<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, because the body is clearly being damaged by the illness</del>. At this point, the patient recovered, so the damage response framework graph would return to the horizontal line. Almost one year later, the patient again became sick with back pain, seizures and mood swings. These gradually grew worse until he died 25 days later.[[#References|[8]]] In the damage response framework graph, the line would remain at the neutral position for about 12 months before steadily beginning to climb. This would indicate the worsening neurological symptoms and eventual death.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The last case of Hendra virus would have the most unusual damage response framework. After the incubation period, where the damage response framework graph would not move from the horizontal line, the patient experienced 12 days of flu-like symptoms as well as drowsiness and a stiff neck.[[#References|[8]]] In the damage response framework, the graph would go up slightly<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, likely higher than the cases involving just flu-like symptoms, </ins>and plateau for 12 days. At this point, the patient recovered, so the damage response framework graph would return to the horizontal line<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, because no symptoms indicates a lack of damage to the host</ins>. Almost one year later, the patient again became sick with back pain, seizures and mood swings. These gradually grew worse until he died 25 days later.[[#References|[8]]] In the damage response framework graph, the line would remain at the neutral position for about 12 months before steadily beginning to climb. This would indicate the worsening neurological symptoms and eventual death.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Clearly, Hendra virus is a complicated illness that can have many different clinical presentations. However, the damage response framework provides a way to visually represent the disease progression and understand the pathogenesis with regards to host damage.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Clearly, Hendra virus is a complicated illness that can have many different clinical presentations. However, the damage response framework provides a way to visually represent the disease progression and understand the pathogenesis with regards to host damage.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>Sabrina.C.Waugh-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Hendra_Virus&diff=116151&oldid=prevSabrina.C.Waugh-1: /* Damage Response Framework */2015-07-29T14:21:33Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Damage Response Framework</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:21, 29 July 2015</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Damage Response Framework Graph.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Damage Response Framework for Hendra virus]] </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Damage Response Framework Graph.jpg|thumb|right|320px|Damage Response Framework for Hendra virus]] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A common trend of pathogenic microbiology is to classify pathogens into groups. This can be based on a variety of factors, such as the organ system infected, the route of infection, the type of pathogen, and so on. A more recent classification system groups pathogens on the amount of damage done to the host. Called the damage response framework, this classification system takes a more comprehensive look at disease by acknowledging both sides of the host-pathogen interaction. That is, the damage seen as symptoms during an infection can be caused by the microorganism or by the host's response to the microorganism.[[#References|[16]]] Thus, damage to a host can range from none up to death. It is also possible that the microorganism provides some benefit to the host. From this point of view, every step of an infection can be plotted on a graph of damage versus time. A horizontal line in the middle of the graph represents a neutral interaction. The host is neither helped nor harmed by the microorganism. Going up the graph represents an increase in damage, which can culminate in death. Going down the graph represents a benefit to the host by interaction with the microorganism. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A common trend of pathogenic microbiology is to classify pathogens into groups. This can be based on a variety of factors, such as the organ system infected, the route of infection, the type of pathogen, and so on. A more recent classification system groups pathogens on the amount of damage done to the host. Called the damage response framework, this classification system takes a more comprehensive look at disease by acknowledging both sides of the host-pathogen interaction. That is, the damage seen as symptoms during an infection can be caused by the microorganism or by the host's response to the microorganism.[[#References|[16]]] Thus, damage to a host can range from none up to death. It is also possible that the microorganism provides some benefit to the host. From this point of view, every step of an infection can be plotted on a graph of damage versus time. A horizontal line in the middle of the graph represents a neutral interaction. The host is neither helped nor harmed by the microorganism. Going up the graph represents an increase in damage, which can culminate in death. Going down the graph represents a benefit to the host by interaction with the microorganism. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hendra virus has a relatively complex damage response framework. At the initial moment of infection, the graph starts at the horizontal line. During the incubation period, the graph does not move because the virus is establishing itself in the body. After <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">about </del>9-16 days, symptoms begin to appear. Generally, they are very mild and flu-like initially, lasting for about 3 to 4 days.[[#References|[4,7,8]]] At this point, the damage response framework increases slightly, because symptoms indicate that some damage is occurring to the host. At this point, the damage response framework can take multiple pathways. It it possible that the symptoms remain mild and flu-like. In the human cases where this has been observe, the symptoms last around 8 days.[[#References|[7,8]]] For these cases, the damage response framework plateaus and then returns to the horizontal line after 8 days, when the infection is cleared. In another human case, the flu-like symptoms grew more severe, requiring ventilation. Kidney function also deteriorated, and the patient died about 7 days after symptoms grew more severe.[[#References|[9]]] In this case, the virus spread systemically through the patient's body. In this damage response framework, the graph increases sharply, culminating in death.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hendra virus has a relatively complex damage response framework. At the initial moment of infection, the graph starts at the horizontal line. During the incubation period, the graph does not move because the virus is establishing itself in the body. After <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the incubation period, which can range from 7-6 days up to </ins>9-16 days, symptoms begin to appear. Generally, they are very mild and flu-like initially, lasting for about 3 to 4 days.[[#References|[4,7,8]]] At this point, the damage response framework increases slightly, because symptoms indicate that some damage is occurring to the host. At this point, the damage response framework can take multiple pathways. It it possible that the symptoms remain mild and flu-like. In the human cases where this has been observe, the symptoms last around 8 days.[[#References|[7,8]]] For these cases, the damage response framework plateaus and then returns to the horizontal line after 8 days, when the infection is cleared. In another human case, the flu-like symptoms grew more severe, requiring ventilation. Kidney function also deteriorated, and the patient died about 7 days after symptoms grew more severe.[[#References|[9]]] In this case, the virus spread systemically through the patient's body. In this damage response framework, the graph increases sharply, culminating in death.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Three of the Hendra cases involved encephalitis. For one case, the initial flu-like symptoms went away after about 4 days. However, mild neurological symptoms appeared the next day and gradually became worse over the next 4 days. The patient remained unconscious and on ventilation for 4 weeks after that before dying.[[#References|[4]]] In this situation, the damage response framework would go down after the flu-like symptoms, and then immediately go back up with the onset of neurological symptoms. The graph would gradually increase over the 4 day period that symptoms worsened, and would then plateau for 4 weeks. Death could be indicated by a sharp increase in the end of the graph. Another Hendra case had a very similar disease progression, in that after the flu-like symptoms abated neurologic symptoms developed and worsened. However, this patient eventually recovered after 37 days of treatment.[[#References|[4]]] So for this damage response framework graph, after the graph plateaus at the neurologic symptoms it would gradually go down until reaching the horizontal line.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Three of the Hendra cases involved encephalitis. For one case, the initial flu-like symptoms went away after about 4 days. However, mild neurological symptoms appeared the next day and gradually became worse over the next 4 days. The patient remained unconscious and on ventilation for 4 weeks after that before dying.[[#References|[4]]] In this situation, the damage response framework would go down after the flu-like symptoms, and then immediately go back up with the onset of neurological symptoms. The graph would gradually increase over the 4 day period that symptoms worsened, and would then plateau for 4 weeks. Death could be indicated by a sharp increase in the end of the graph. Another Hendra case had a very similar disease progression, in that after the flu-like symptoms abated neurologic symptoms developed and worsened. However, this patient eventually recovered after 37 days of treatment.[[#References|[4]]] So for this damage response framework graph, after the graph plateaus at the neurologic symptoms it would gradually go down until reaching the horizontal line.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The last case of Hendra virus would have the most unusual damage response framework. After the incubation period, where the damage response framework graph would not move from the horizontal line, the patient experienced 12 days of flu-like symptoms as well as drowsiness and a stiff neck.[[#References|[8]]] In the damage response framework, the graph would go up slightly and plateau for 12 days, because the body is clearly being damaged by the illness. At this point, the patient recovered, so the damage response framework graph would return to the horizontal line. Almost one year later, the patient again became sick with back pain, seizures and mood swings. These gradually grew worse until he died 25 days later.[[#References|[8]]] In the damage response framework graph, the line would remain at the neutral position for about 12 months before steadily beginning to climb. This would indicate the worsening neurological symptoms and eventual death.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The last case of Hendra virus would have the most unusual damage response framework. After the incubation period, where the damage response framework graph would not move from the horizontal line, the patient experienced 12 days of flu-like symptoms as well as drowsiness and a stiff neck.[[#References|[8]]] In the damage response framework, the graph would go up slightly and plateau for 12 days, because the body is clearly being damaged by the illness. At this point, the patient recovered, so the damage response framework graph would return to the horizontal line. Almost one year later, the patient again became sick with back pain, seizures and mood swings. These gradually grew worse until he died 25 days later.[[#References|[8]]] In the damage response framework graph, the line would remain at the neutral position for about 12 months before steadily beginning to climb. This would indicate the worsening neurological symptoms and eventual death.<br></div></td></tr>
</table>Sabrina.C.Waugh-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Hendra_Virus&diff=116146&oldid=prevSabrina.C.Waugh-1: /* Treatment */2015-07-29T14:14:31Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Treatment</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:14, 29 July 2015</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Treatment==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Treatment==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Currently there is no standard treatment for Hendra virus in humans or horses. In the 2008 outbreak, the drug ribavirin was administered to human cases, one of which survived. This drug has been shown to delay death <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">by </del>Nipah virus<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, which is closely related to Hendra virus, in experimental hamster models</del>. However, ribavirin's effects on Hendra virus are still unknown.[[#References|[4]]] <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is not clear whether the differing outcomes of the two 2008 cases are due to the lack of efficiency of the </del>drug<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, the time ribavirin </del>was <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">administered, or some other factor such as viral load or immune strength of each case. Despite the uncertainty of ribavirin's effects on Hendra virus, the drug is still </del>used as a treatment and as prophylaxis to people exposed to infected horses because no other treatment <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is currently </del>known, and the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">drug causes few side effects</del>.[[#References|[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4</del>]]] With regards to horses, many cases are only detected in the final stages of the disease, when the horse either dies from the disease or is euthanized. If the horse has recovered or is determined to be asymptomatic, it is euthanized because of the risk of transmission to humans.[[#References|[3,7]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Currently there is no standard treatment for Hendra virus in humans or horses. In the 2008 outbreak, the drug ribavirin was administered to human cases, one of which survived. This drug has been shown to delay death <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </ins>Nipah virus <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">infected hamsters</ins>. However, ribavirin's effects on Hendra virus are still unknown <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">at the time of the outbreak</ins>.[[#References|[4]]] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </ins>drug was used as a treatment and as prophylaxis to people exposed to infected horses because <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it caused few side effects in patients and </ins>no other treatment <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was </ins>known<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.[[#References|[4]]] Later experiments have shown that ribavirin only delayed the start of Hendra virus infection and did not greatly influence the course or outcome of the disease.[[#References|[14]]] A more recent</ins>, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">more promising, treatment is a human monoclonal antibody. The antibody recognizes the region of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">virus's attachment glycoprotein that binds to the host cell's receptor</ins>.[[#References|[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">14</ins>]]] With regards to horses, many cases are only detected in the final stages of the disease, when the horse either dies from the disease or is euthanized. If the horse has recovered or is determined to be asymptomatic, it is euthanized because of the risk of transmission to humans.[[#References|[3,7]]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Prevention==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Prevention==</div></td></tr>
</table>Sabrina.C.Waugh-1