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Host Defense Evasion Mechanisms of Rabies Virus - Revision history
2024-03-28T21:26:59Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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BarichD at 18:32, 1 October 2015
2015-10-01T18:32:11Z
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BarichD
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Host_Defense_Evasion_Mechanisms_of_Rabies_Virus&diff=106082&oldid=prev
Gonzalesa: /* Conclusion */
2014-12-15T01:24:32Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Conclusion</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:24, 15 December 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>RABV is has a two pronged strategy to in evading the immune system. First, RABV uses the host’s natural defense of the NS from excessive immune response to its advantage by upregulating the expression of surface proteins <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">like </del>B7-H1 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that kill migratory T-cells that would bind </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the neuron and trigger a large immune </del>response <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and by </del>keeping the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">blood </del>brain <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">barrier intact to prevent an overwhelming immune response</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Secondly</del>, RABV is able to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">protect infected neurons against premature </del>apoptosis <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">or dendrite/axonal degradation through signaling induced by its G protein</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">However, this strategy relies heavily on binding specificity of </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">G protein and most likely other viral proteins</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">If the fine balance created by </del>the virus <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is thrown off</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">attenuation occurs and pathogenesis is reduced</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Therefore, current research </del>is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">focused more on </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">laboratory attenuated strains </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">what causes </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">attenuation</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">If cheaper </del>more <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">efficient vaccines </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">treatments can be created, then the threat of rabies can be diminished world-wide</del>. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>RABV is has a two pronged strategy to in evading the immune system. First, RABV uses the host’s natural defense of the NS from excessive immune response to its advantage <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">by making it extremely difficult for lymphocytes to do their job. RABV is able to create a neuroevasive environment in the peripheral nervous system and the spinal cord </ins>by upregulating the expression of surface proteins <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that inhibit T cell activity such as </ins>B7-H1 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[6][7][8]. Once it reaches the brain RABV is able </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">avoid triggering an inflammatory </ins>response <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">therefore </ins>keeping the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lymphocytes out of the </ins>brain <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[13]</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Second</ins>, RABV is able to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">promote neurite growth and prevent cell mediated </ins>apoptosis <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[10]</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This allows virions to utilize the host’s nervous system as a transportation system to </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">brain</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">By examining attenuated strains of </ins>the virus, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">we can learn more about how RABV interacts with host cells</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This knowledge will lead to understanding exactly how RABV </ins>is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">able to move through </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nervous system undetected and undeterred </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">how to tip </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">scales in favor of the host’s immune system</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rabies is still a major problem in quite a few countries and finding </ins>more <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">affordable cures </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">preventative measures will go a long way towards fighting this disease</ins>. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
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Gonzalesa
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Host_Defense_Evasion_Mechanisms_of_Rabies_Virus&diff=106081&oldid=prev
Gonzalesa: /* Neuroinflammation and the Blood Brain Barrier */
2014-12-15T00:24:58Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Neuroinflammation and the Blood Brain Barrier</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:24, 15 December 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The permeability of the BBB in rabies infection is important as permeability relates to host cell survival. A more permeable membrane leads to an increased chance of host survival as it allows for passage of more immune cells into the NS. It has been shown that BBB permeability is increased in laboratory attenuated strains of RABV but until experiments carried out by Chai et al., the underlying mechanisms were a mystery [13].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The permeability of the BBB in rabies infection is important as permeability relates to host cell survival. A more permeable membrane leads to an increased chance of host survival as it allows for passage of more immune cells into the NS. It has been shown that BBB permeability is increased in laboratory attenuated strains of RABV but until experiments carried out by Chai et al., the underlying mechanisms were a mystery [13].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:RabiesFig4.jpeg|thumb|400px|left|Figure 4. Ingenuity pathway analysis of the immune response, regulatory networks, and pathways mediated by infection with CVS-B2c or DRV-Mexico. Data generated by the Luminex assay were analyzed with IPA software. One network of genes expressed in the brains of mice infected with CVS-B2c (A) and one network of genes expressed in the CNSs of mice infected with DRV-Mexico (B) were established. Nodes represent genes; their shapes represent the functional classes of the gene products (C); and arrows indicate the biological relationships between the nodes. The intensity of the node color indicates the degree of upregulation (red) in mice inoculated with either RABV. White (noncolored) nodes are nonfocus genes that are biologically relevant to the pathways but were not identified as differentially expressed by our Luminex analysis [http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=24522913 (Chai et al 2014)]]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tight junction proteins (TJPs) are critical to maintaining the BBB, so Chai et al. examined the expression of three TJPs in mice infected with a wild type RABV strain, a lab attenuated strain, or a sham infection [13]. Immunohistochemistry and subsequent Western Blots of mouse brain tissue showed that the TJP expression in the wild type strain infected mice closely resembled that of the sham injected mice, while mice infected with the lab attenuated strain showed significantly lower expression levels. This suggested a correlation between the loss of TJPs in brains of mice infected with the attenuated RABV and the increased permeability of the BBB in these mice. However, this loss of TJ expression is not due directly to attenuated RABV infection as neither the attenuated nor the wild type strains are able to infect brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) <i>in vitro</i> [13]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tight junction proteins (TJPs) are critical to maintaining the BBB, so Chai et al. examined the expression of three TJPs in mice infected with a wild type RABV strain, a lab attenuated strain, or a sham infection [13]. Immunohistochemistry and subsequent Western Blots of mouse brain tissue showed that the TJP expression in the wild type strain infected mice closely resembled that of the sham injected mice, while mice infected with the lab attenuated strain showed significantly lower expression levels. This suggested a correlation between the loss of TJPs in brains of mice infected with the attenuated RABV and the increased permeability of the BBB in these mice. However, this loss of TJ expression is not due directly to attenuated RABV infection as neither the attenuated nor the wild type strains are able to infect brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) <i>in vitro</i> [13]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:RabiesFig4.jpeg|thumb|400px|left|Figure 4. Ingenuity pathway analysis of the immune response, regulatory networks, and pathways mediated by infection with CVS-B2c or DRV-Mexico. Data generated by the Luminex assay were analyzed with IPA software. One network of genes expressed in the brains of mice infected with CVS-B2c (A) and one network of genes expressed in the CNSs of mice infected with DRV-Mexico (B) were established. Nodes represent genes; their shapes represent the functional classes of the gene products (C); and arrows indicate the biological relationships between the nodes. The intensity of the node color indicates the degree of upregulation (red) in mice inoculated with either RABV. White (noncolored) nodes are nonfocus genes that are biologically relevant to the pathways but were not identified as differentially expressed by our Luminex analysis [http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=24522913 (Chai et al 2014)]]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chai et al. were only able to change the expression pattern of TJPs after exposing cultured BMECs to extracts taken from brains of mice infected with the attenuated RABV strain [13]. This suggested that it was a response triggered by the virus rather than the virus itself that caused the downregulation of TJPs. This lead to the use of a mouse cytokine/chemokine magnetic bead panel to determine if there were differences in the cytokine/chemokine levels in brains of mice infected with either the wild type or attenuated strain. The brains of mice infected with the attenuated strain had higher levels of cytokines/chemokines and a genetic network map was created for each strain (Figure 4) [13]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chai et al. were only able to change the expression pattern of TJPs after exposing cultured BMECs to extracts taken from brains of mice infected with the attenuated RABV strain [13]. This suggested that it was a response triggered by the virus rather than the virus itself that caused the downregulation of TJPs. This lead to the use of a mouse cytokine/chemokine magnetic bead panel to determine if there were differences in the cytokine/chemokine levels in brains of mice infected with either the wild type or attenuated strain. The brains of mice infected with the attenuated strain had higher levels of cytokines/chemokines and a genetic network map was created for each strain (Figure 4) [13]. </div></td></tr>
</table>
Gonzalesa
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Host_Defense_Evasion_Mechanisms_of_Rabies_Virus&diff=106080&oldid=prev
Gonzalesa: /* Neuroinflammation and the Blood Brain Barrier */
2014-12-15T00:21:12Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Neuroinflammation and the Blood Brain Barrier</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:21, 15 December 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tight junction proteins (TJPs) are critical to maintaining the BBB, so Chai et al. examined the expression of three TJPs in mice infected with a wild type RABV strain, a lab attenuated strain, or a sham infection [13]. Immunohistochemistry and subsequent Western Blots of mouse brain tissue showed that the TJP expression in the wild type strain infected mice closely resembled that of the sham injected mice, while mice infected with the lab attenuated strain showed significantly lower expression levels. This suggested a correlation between the loss of TJPs in brains of mice infected with the attenuated RABV and the increased permeability of the BBB in these mice. However, this loss of TJ expression is not due directly to attenuated RABV infection as neither the attenuated nor the wild type strains are able to infect brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) <i>in vitro</i> [13]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tight junction proteins (TJPs) are critical to maintaining the BBB, so Chai et al. examined the expression of three TJPs in mice infected with a wild type RABV strain, a lab attenuated strain, or a sham infection [13]. Immunohistochemistry and subsequent Western Blots of mouse brain tissue showed that the TJP expression in the wild type strain infected mice closely resembled that of the sham injected mice, while mice infected with the lab attenuated strain showed significantly lower expression levels. This suggested a correlation between the loss of TJPs in brains of mice infected with the attenuated RABV and the increased permeability of the BBB in these mice. However, this loss of TJ expression is not due directly to attenuated RABV infection as neither the attenuated nor the wild type strains are able to infect brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) <i>in vitro</i> [13]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:RabiesFig4.jpeg|thumb|400px|left|Figure 4. Ingenuity pathway analysis of the immune response, regulatory networks, and pathways mediated by infection with CVS-B2c or DRV-Mexico. Data generated by the Luminex assay were analyzed with IPA software. One network of genes expressed in the brains of mice infected with CVS-B2c (A) and one network of genes expressed in the CNSs of mice infected with DRV-Mexico (B) were established. Nodes represent genes; their shapes represent the functional classes of the gene products (C); and arrows indicate the biological relationships between the nodes. The intensity of the node color indicates the degree of upregulation (red) in mice inoculated with either RABV. White (noncolored) nodes are nonfocus genes that are biologically relevant to the pathways but were not identified as differentially expressed by our Luminex analysis (Chai et al 2014)]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:RabiesFig4.jpeg|thumb|400px|left|Figure 4. Ingenuity pathway analysis of the immune response, regulatory networks, and pathways mediated by infection with CVS-B2c or DRV-Mexico. Data generated by the Luminex assay were analyzed with IPA software. One network of genes expressed in the brains of mice infected with CVS-B2c (A) and one network of genes expressed in the CNSs of mice infected with DRV-Mexico (B) were established. Nodes represent genes; their shapes represent the functional classes of the gene products (C); and arrows indicate the biological relationships between the nodes. The intensity of the node color indicates the degree of upregulation (red) in mice inoculated with either RABV. White (noncolored) nodes are nonfocus genes that are biologically relevant to the pathways but were not identified as differentially expressed by our Luminex analysis <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=24522913 </ins>(Chai et al 2014)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chai et al. were only able to change the expression pattern of TJPs after exposing cultured BMECs to extracts taken from brains of mice infected with the attenuated RABV strain [13]. This suggested that it was a response triggered by the virus rather than the virus itself that caused the downregulation of TJPs. This lead to the use of a mouse cytokine/chemokine magnetic bead panel to determine if there were differences in the cytokine/chemokine levels in brains of mice infected with either the wild type or attenuated strain. The brains of mice infected with the attenuated strain had higher levels of cytokines/chemokines and a genetic network map was created for each strain (Figure 4) [13]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Chai et al. were only able to change the expression pattern of TJPs after exposing cultured BMECs to extracts taken from brains of mice infected with the attenuated RABV strain [13]. This suggested that it was a response triggered by the virus rather than the virus itself that caused the downregulation of TJPs. This lead to the use of a mouse cytokine/chemokine magnetic bead panel to determine if there were differences in the cytokine/chemokine levels in brains of mice infected with either the wild type or attenuated strain. The brains of mice infected with the attenuated strain had higher levels of cytokines/chemokines and a genetic network map was created for each strain (Figure 4) [13]. </div></td></tr>
</table>
Gonzalesa
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Host_Defense_Evasion_Mechanisms_of_Rabies_Virus&diff=106079&oldid=prev
Gonzalesa: /* Neuroinflammation and the Blood Brain Barrier */
2014-12-15T00:20:03Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Neuroinflammation and the Blood Brain Barrier</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:20, 15 December 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Neuroinflammation and the Blood Brain Barrier==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Neuroinflammation and the Blood Brain Barrier==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>The NS intrinsically limits the inflammation response following injury; however inflammation is still triggered in the NS by most infections. In contrast to most encephalitic viruses, RABV triggers a more limited inflammation response. In fact the more pathogenic the strain is, the smaller the inflammatory response <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(Baloul and Lafon 2003)</del>. It is unclear how exactly RABV is able to limit the inflammatory response, but it has been suggested that the ability correlates to the differences between classical and non-classical strains. By comparing the amount of viral RNA and 18 cytokine mRNAs in twelve different brain regions of dogs infected with classical and non-classical rabies, Laothamatas et al <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(2008) </del>was able to determine key differences in the inflammatory response triggered. The differences were found early on in infection, with non-classical RABV infected dogs having higher levels of interleukin-1beta and interferon-gamma and lower levels of viral RNA. Dogs infected with classical RABV had much higher levels of viral mRNA in brain tissue. Later in infection, there wasn’t much difference between the viral RNA and cytokine mRNA levels in dogs infected with the different strains <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(Laothamatas et al 2008)</del>. The increased nueroinvasiveness of the classical strain probably correlates to the decreased immune response in comparison with the non-classical strain. Strength of the nueroinflammitory response might also correlate to the permeability of the blood brain barrier (BBB). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>The NS intrinsically limits the inflammation response following injury; however inflammation is still triggered in the NS by most infections. In contrast to most encephalitic viruses, RABV triggers a more limited inflammation response. In fact<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>the more pathogenic the strain is, the smaller the inflammatory response <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[11]</ins>. It is unclear how exactly RABV is able to limit the inflammatory response, but it has been suggested that the ability correlates to the differences between classical and non-classical strains. By comparing the amount of viral RNA and 18 cytokine mRNAs in twelve different brain regions of dogs infected with classical and non-classical rabies, Laothamatas et al<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </ins>was able to determine key differences in the inflammatory response triggered <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[12]</ins>. The differences were found early on in infection, with non-classical RABV infected dogs having higher levels of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">both </ins>interleukin-1beta and interferon-gamma <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(INF-γ) </ins>and lower levels of viral RNA. Dogs infected with classical RABV had much higher levels of viral mRNA in brain tissue. Later in infection, there wasn’t much difference between the viral RNA and cytokine mRNA levels in dogs infected with the different strains <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[12]</ins>. The increased nueroinvasiveness of the classical strain probably correlates to the decreased immune response in comparison with the non-classical strain. Strength of the nueroinflammitory response might also correlate to the permeability of the blood brain barrier (BBB)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The permeability of the BBB in rabies infection is important as permeability relates to host cell survival. A more permeable membrane leads to an increased chance of host survival as it allows for passage of more immune cells into the NS. It has been shown that BBB permeability is increased in laboratory attenuated strains of RABV but until experiments carried out by Chai et al., the underlying mechanisms were a mystery [13].</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tight junction proteins (TJPs) are critical to maintaining the BBB, so Chai et al. examined the expression of three TJPs in mice infected with a wild type RABV strain, a lab attenuated strain, or a sham infection [13]. Immunohistochemistry and subsequent Western Blots of mouse brain tissue showed that the TJP expression in the wild type strain infected mice closely resembled that of the sham injected mice, while mice infected with the lab attenuated strain showed significantly lower expression levels. This suggested a correlation between the loss of TJPs in brains of mice infected with the attenuated RABV and the increased permeability of the BBB in these mice. However, this loss of TJ expression is not due directly to attenuated RABV infection as neither the attenuated nor the wild type strains are able to infect brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) <i>in vitro</i> [13]</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:RabiesFig4.jpeg|thumb|400px|left|Figure 4. Ingenuity pathway analysis of the immune response, regulatory networks, and pathways mediated by infection with CVS-B2c or DRV-Mexico. Data generated by the Luminex assay were analyzed with IPA software. One network of genes expressed in the brains of mice infected with CVS-B2c (A) and one network of genes expressed in the CNSs of mice infected with DRV-Mexico (B) were established. Nodes represent genes; their shapes represent the functional classes of the gene products (C); and arrows indicate the biological relationships between the nodes. The intensity of the node color indicates the degree of upregulation (red) in mice inoculated with either RABV. White (noncolored) nodes are nonfocus genes that are biologically relevant to the pathways but were not identified as differentially expressed by our Luminex analysis (Chai et al 2014)]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:RabiesFig4.jpeg|thumb|400px|left|Figure 4. Ingenuity pathway analysis of the immune response, regulatory networks, and pathways mediated by infection with CVS-B2c or DRV-Mexico. Data generated by the Luminex assay were analyzed with IPA software. One network of genes expressed in the brains of mice infected with CVS-B2c (A) and one network of genes expressed in the CNSs of mice infected with DRV-Mexico (B) were established. Nodes represent genes; their shapes represent the functional classes of the gene products (C); and arrows indicate the biological relationships between the nodes. The intensity of the node color indicates the degree of upregulation (red) in mice inoculated with either RABV. White (noncolored) nodes are nonfocus genes that are biologically relevant to the pathways but were not identified as differentially expressed by our Luminex analysis (Chai et al 2014)]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Chai et al. were only able to change the expression pattern of TJPs after exposing cultured BMECs to extracts taken from brains of mice infected with the attenuated RABV strain [13]. This suggested that it was a response triggered by the virus rather than the virus itself that caused the downregulation of TJPs. This lead to the use of a mouse cytokine/chemokine magnetic bead panel to determine if there were differences in the cytokine/chemokine levels in brains of mice infected with either the wild type or attenuated strain. The brains of mice infected with the attenuated strain had higher levels of cytokines/chemokines and a genetic network map was created for each strain (Figure 4) [13]. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The network induced by attenuated strain (Fig4 A) contains 26 focus molecules while the wild type strain network (Fig 4B) only has 12. IFN-γ is at the center of the network, which corresponds to the findings of Laothamatas et al. and their non-classical strain induction of higher levels of INF-γ[12][13]. Upon further investigation of INF-gamma’s role in BBB permeability, Chai et al. found that silencing INF-γ causes a decrease in TJ and an increased permeability of the BBB suggesting that the attenuated strain interferes with normal INF-γ signaling [13]. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The permeability </del>of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">BBB in rabies infection is important as permeability relates </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">host cell survival</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A more permeable membrane leads to an increased chance </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">host survival as it allows for passage of more immune cells into the NS. It has been shown that BBB permeability is increased </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">laboratory </del>attenuated strains <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of RABV but until Chai </del>et al <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(2014) the underlying mechanisms were a mystery</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">By comparing expression of tight junction proteins </del>in the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">brain microvascular tissue </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mice infected with either wild type or lab attenuated RABV, Chai et al (2014) were able to determine that </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">enhancement of BBB permeability was associated more with the differences in chemokine/cytokine expression rather than the virus itself</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Figure 4 shows the network of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines triggered by each strain. The network induced by attenuated strain (Fig4 A) contains 26 focus molecules while the wild type strain network (Fig 4B) only has 12. IFN-gamma is at the center of the network, which corresponds to the findings of Laothamatas et al (2008) and their non-classical strain induction of INF-gamma</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Upon further </del>investigation of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">INF-gamma’s role in BBB permiability, Chai et al. (2014) found that INF-gamma silencing causes a decrease in TJ </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an increased permeability of the BBB</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This is another example </ins>of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">balance RABV has </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">strike</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The higher levels </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">INF-γ </ins>in attenuated strains <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">could come from changes in protein binding like Prehaud </ins>et al. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">found </ins>in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">PDZBS </ins>of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">G protein [10]</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Or it could be something completely different</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Further </ins>investigation of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">this issue is important for understanding RABV </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">how to stop RABV infection</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
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</table>
Gonzalesa
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Host_Defense_Evasion_Mechanisms_of_Rabies_Virus&diff=106078&oldid=prev
Gonzalesa: /* References */
2014-12-14T23:16:16Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 23:16, 14 December 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[10] [http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20086240 Prehaud, C., Wolff, N., Terrien, E., Lafage, M., Megret, F., Babault, N., Cordier, F., Tan, G. S.,Maitrepierre, E., Menager, P., Chopy, D., Hoos, S., England P., Delepierre M., Schnell M.J, Buc H., Lafon M. (2010). Attenuation of rabies virulence: Takeover by the cytoplasmic domain of its envelope protein.<i> Sci. Signal.</i>3(105):ra5.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[10] [http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20086240 Prehaud, C., Wolff, N., Terrien, E., Lafage, M., Megret, F., Babault, N., Cordier, F., Tan, G. S.,Maitrepierre, E., Menager, P., Chopy, D., Hoos, S., England P., Delepierre M., Schnell M.J, Buc H., Lafon M. (2010). Attenuation of rabies virulence: Takeover by the cytoplasmic domain of its envelope protein.<i> Sci. Signal.</i>3(105):ra5.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[11] [http://<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jvi</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">asm</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">org</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cgi</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=24522913 Chai</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Q</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">He, W.Q., Zhou</del>, M<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">., Lu, H., Fu, Z.F</del>. (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2014</del>). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Enhancement of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Reduction of Tight Junction Protein Expression Are Modulated by Chemokines/Cytokines Induced by Rabies Virus Infection</del>. <i><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">JVI</del></i> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">88</del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</del>): <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4698-4710</del>.] </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[11] [http://<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">www</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sciencedirect</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">science</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">article/pii/S0300908403001378 Baloul</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and Lafon</ins>, M. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2003</ins>). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Apoptosis </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rabies virus neuroinvasion</ins>. <i><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Biochimie</ins></i> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">85</ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8</ins>):<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">777–788</ins>.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[12] [http://www.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sciencedirect</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">science</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">article/pii/S0300908403001378 Baloul</del>, L., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>Lafon, M. (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2003</del>). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Apoptosis </del>and rabies <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">virus neuroinvasion</del>. <i><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Biochimie</del></i> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">85</del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8</del>):<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">777–788</del>.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[12] [http://www.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ncbi</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nlm.nih.gov</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pubmed</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">18444083 Laothamatas, J., Wacharapluesadee, S., Lumlertdacha, B., Ampawong, S., Tepsumethanon, V., Shuangshoti, S., Phumesin, P., Asavaphatiboon, S., Worapruekjaru</ins>, L., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Avihingsanon, Y., Israsena, N., </ins>Lafon, M<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">., et al</ins>. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2008</ins>). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Furious </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">paralytic </ins>rabies <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of canine origin: Neuroimaging with virological and cytokine studies</ins>. <i><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">J. Neurovirol.</ins></i> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">14</ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2</ins>):<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">119–129</ins>.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[13] [http://<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">www</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ncbi</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nlm.nih.gov</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pubmed</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">18444083 Laothamatas, J., Wacharapluesadee</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">S</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lumlertdacha</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, Ampawong, S</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tepsumethanon</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">V., Shuangshoti, S., Phumesin, P</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Asavaphatiboon</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">S</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Worapruekjaru</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, Avihingsanon, Y., Israsena, N., Lafon, M., et al</del>. (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2008</del>). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Furious </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">paralytic rabies </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">canine origin: Neuroimaging with virological and cytokine studies</del>. <i><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">J. Neurovirol.</del></i> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">14</del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2</del>):<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">119–129</del>.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[13] [http://<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jvi</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">asm</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">org</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cgi</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=24522913 Chai</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Q</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">He</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">W</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Q</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Zhou</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">M</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lu</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">H</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fu</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Z</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">F</ins>. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2014</ins>). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Enhancement of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Reduction </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Tight Junction Protein Expression Are Modulated by Chemokines/Cytokines Induced by Rabies Virus Infection</ins>. <i><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">JVI</ins></i> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">88</ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</ins>): <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4698-4710</ins>.] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by Alexandra Gonzales, student of [mailto:slonczewski@kenyon.edu Joan Slonczewski] for [http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol375/biol375syl14.html BIOL 375 Microbiology], 2014, [http://www.kenyon.edu/index.xml Kenyon College].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by Alexandra Gonzales, student of [mailto:slonczewski@kenyon.edu Joan Slonczewski] for [http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol375/biol375syl14.html BIOL 375 Microbiology], 2014, [http://www.kenyon.edu/index.xml Kenyon College].</div></td></tr>
</table>
Gonzalesa
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Host_Defense_Evasion_Mechanisms_of_Rabies_Virus&diff=106077&oldid=prev
Gonzalesa: /* References */
2014-12-14T21:18:21Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:18, 14 December 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[11] [http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=24522913 Chai, Q., He, W.Q., Zhou, M., Lu, H., Fu, Z.F. (2014). Enhancement of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Reduction of Tight Junction Protein Expression Are Modulated by Chemokines/Cytokines Induced by Rabies Virus Infection. <i>JVI</i> 88(9): 4698-4710.] </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[11] [http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=24522913 Chai, Q., He, W.Q., Zhou, M., Lu, H., Fu, Z.F. (2014). Enhancement of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Reduction of Tight Junction Protein Expression Are Modulated by Chemokines/Cytokines Induced by Rabies Virus Infection. <i>JVI</i> 88(9): 4698-4710.] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Baloul, L., and Lafon, M. (2003). Apoptosis and rabies virus neuroinvasion. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Biochimie85</del>(8):777–788.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[12] [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0300908403001378 </ins>Baloul, L., and Lafon, M. (2003). Apoptosis and rabies virus neuroinvasion. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i>Biochimie</i> 85</ins>(8):777–788.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[13] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18444083 Laothamatas, J., Wacharapluesadee, S., Lumlertdacha, B., Ampawong, S., Tepsumethanon, V., Shuangshoti, S., Phumesin, P., Asavaphatiboon, S., Worapruekjaru, L., Avihingsanon, Y., Israsena, N., Lafon, M., et al. (2008). Furious and paralytic rabies of canine origin: Neuroimaging with virological and cytokine studies. <i>J. Neurovirol.</i> 14(2):119–129.]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by Alexandra Gonzales, student of [mailto:slonczewski@kenyon.edu Joan Slonczewski] for [http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol375/biol375syl14.html BIOL 375 Microbiology], 2014, [http://www.kenyon.edu/index.xml Kenyon College].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by Alexandra Gonzales, student of [mailto:slonczewski@kenyon.edu Joan Slonczewski] for [http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol375/biol375syl14.html BIOL 375 Microbiology], 2014, [http://www.kenyon.edu/index.xml Kenyon College].</div></td></tr>
</table>
Gonzalesa
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Host_Defense_Evasion_Mechanisms_of_Rabies_Virus&diff=106076&oldid=prev
Gonzalesa: /* References */
2014-12-14T21:11:38Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<col class="diff-marker" />
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<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:11, 14 December 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[10] [http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20086240 Prehaud, C., Wolff, N., Terrien, E., Lafage, M., Megret, F., Babault, N., Cordier, F., Tan, G. S.,Maitrepierre, E., Menager, P., Chopy, D., Hoos, S., England P., Delepierre M., Schnell M.J, Buc H., Lafon M. (2010). Attenuation of rabies virulence: Takeover by the cytoplasmic domain of its envelope protein.<i> Sci. Signal.</i>3(105):ra5.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[10] [http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20086240 Prehaud, C., Wolff, N., Terrien, E., Lafage, M., Megret, F., Babault, N., Cordier, F., Tan, G. S.,Maitrepierre, E., Menager, P., Chopy, D., Hoos, S., England P., Delepierre M., Schnell M.J, Buc H., Lafon M. (2010). Attenuation of rabies virulence: Takeover by the cytoplasmic domain of its envelope protein.<i> Sci. Signal.</i>3(105):ra5.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[11] [http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=24522913 Chai, Q., He, W.Q., Zhou, M., Lu, H., Fu, Z.F. (2014). Enhancement of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Reduction of Tight Junction Protein Expression Are Modulated by Chemokines/Cytokines Induced by Rabies Virus Infection. JVI 88(9): 4698-4710.] </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[11] [http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=24522913 Chai, Q., He, W.Q., Zhou, M., Lu, H., Fu, Z.F. (2014). Enhancement of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Reduction of Tight Junction Protein Expression Are Modulated by Chemokines/Cytokines Induced by Rabies Virus Infection. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>JVI<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>88(9): 4698-4710.] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Baloul, L., and Lafon, M. (2003). Apoptosis and rabies virus neuroinvasion. Biochimie85(8):777–788.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Baloul, L., and Lafon, M. (2003). Apoptosis and rabies virus neuroinvasion. Biochimie85(8):777–788.</div></td></tr>
</table>
Gonzalesa
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Host_Defense_Evasion_Mechanisms_of_Rabies_Virus&diff=106075&oldid=prev
Gonzalesa: /* References */
2014-12-14T21:11:13Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:11, 14 December 2014</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l83">Line 83:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[10] [http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20086240 Prehaud, C., Wolff, N., Terrien, E., Lafage, M., Megret, F., Babault, N., Cordier, F., Tan, G. S.,Maitrepierre, E., Menager, P., Chopy, D., Hoos, S., England P., Delepierre M., Schnell M.J, Buc H., Lafon M. (2010). Attenuation of rabies virulence: Takeover by the cytoplasmic domain of its envelope protein.<i> Sci. Signal.</i>3(105):ra5.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[10] [http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20086240 Prehaud, C., Wolff, N., Terrien, E., Lafage, M., Megret, F., Babault, N., Cordier, F., Tan, G. S.,Maitrepierre, E., Menager, P., Chopy, D., Hoos, S., England P., Delepierre M., Schnell M.J, Buc H., Lafon M. (2010). Attenuation of rabies virulence: Takeover by the cytoplasmic domain of its envelope protein.<i> Sci. Signal.</i>3(105):ra5.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[11] [http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=24522913 Chai, Q., He, W.Q., Zhou, M., Lu, H., Fu, Z.F. (2014). Enhancement of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Reduction of Tight Junction Protein Expression Are Modulated by Chemokines/Cytokines Induced by Rabies Virus Infection. JVI 88(9): 4698-4710.] </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Chai, Q., He, W.Q., Zhou, M., Lu, H., Fu, Z.F. (2014). Enhancement of Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability and Reduction of Tight Junction Protein Expression Are Modulated by Chemokines/Cytokines Induced by Rabies Virus Infection. JVI 88(9): 4698-4710. </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Baloul, L., and Lafon, M. (2003). Apoptosis and rabies virus neuroinvasion. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Biochimie85</ins>(8):777–788.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Baloul, L., and Lafon, M. (2003). Apoptosis and rabies virus neuroinvasion. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Biochimie</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">85</del>(8):777–788.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by Alexandra Gonzales, student of [mailto:slonczewski@kenyon.edu Joan Slonczewski] for [http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol375/biol375syl14.html BIOL 375 Microbiology], 2014, [http://www.kenyon.edu/index.xml Kenyon College].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by Alexandra Gonzales, student of [mailto:slonczewski@kenyon.edu Joan Slonczewski] for [http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol375/biol375syl14.html BIOL 375 Microbiology], 2014, [http://www.kenyon.edu/index.xml Kenyon College].</div></td></tr>
</table>
Gonzalesa
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Host_Defense_Evasion_Mechanisms_of_Rabies_Virus&diff=106074&oldid=prev
Gonzalesa: /* References */
2014-12-14T21:09:36Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:09, 14 December 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[9] [http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16188991 Prehaud, C., Megret, F., Lafage, M., and Lafon, M. (2005). Virus infection switches TLR-3-positive human neurons to become strong producers of beta interferon. <i>J. Virol.</i>79(20):12893–12904.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[9] [http://jvi.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=16188991 Prehaud, C., Megret, F., Lafage, M., and Lafon, M. (2005). Virus infection switches TLR-3-positive human neurons to become strong producers of beta interferon. <i>J. Virol.</i>79(20):12893–12904.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[10] [http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20086240 Prehaud, C., Wolff, N., Terrien, E., Lafage, M., Megret, F., Babault, N., Cordier, F., Tan, G. S.,Maitrepierre, E., Menager, P., Chopy, D., Hoos, S., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">et al</del>. (2010). Attenuation of rabies virulence: Takeover by the cytoplasmic domain of its envelope protein.<i> Sci. Signal.</i>3(105):ra5.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[10] [http://stke.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=20086240 Prehaud, C., Wolff, N., Terrien, E., Lafage, M., Megret, F., Babault, N., Cordier, F., Tan, G. S.,Maitrepierre, E., Menager, P., Chopy, D., Hoos, S., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">England P., Delepierre M., Schnell M.J, Buc H., Lafon M</ins>. (2010). Attenuation of rabies virulence: Takeover by the cytoplasmic domain of its envelope protein.<i> Sci. Signal.</i>3(105):ra5.]</div></td></tr>
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Gonzalesa