Kashmir Bee Virus: Difference between revisions
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Kashmir bee virus (KBV) infects many types of bees including Apis mellifera, the European honey bee [5]. The virus effects both brood and adult bees. Infected adults die within a few days of exposure to the virus but infected larvae may survive and develop into seemingly unaffected adults [2]. While Kashmir bee virus infection alone may not be of much significance, it has been implicated as part of a much larger agricultural issue. | Kashmir bee virus (KBV) infects many types of bees including Apis mellifera, the European honey bee [5]. The virus effects both brood and adult bees. Infected adults die within a few days of exposure to the virus but infected larvae may survive and develop into seemingly unaffected adults [2]. While Kashmir bee virus infection alone may not be of much significance, it has been implicated as part of a much larger agricultural issue. | ||
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A. mellifera is the species of bee used in the US for crop pollination and commercial honey production. In 2000, an estimated $14.6 of US crops were pollinated by A. mellifera [7]. However, recently, many A. mellifera colonies have been disappearing due to a phenomenon known as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) [1]. In the spring of 2007, beekeepers across the US reported loss of up to 80-100% of their bee colonies. Although it is unclear exactly what causes CCD, a group of related bee viruses including KBV have been implicated [7]. It seems as if these viruses interact with parasitic mite infestations and other environmental factors to cause CCD. A better understanding of KBV and other bee viruses could aid in the control and prevention of CCD, rescuing the US from a potential agricultural crisis. | |||
==Genome Structure== | ==Genome Structure== | ||
Revision as of 19:57, 14 September 2008
A Viral Biorealm page on the family Kashmir Bee Virus
Baltimore Classification
Group IV: (+) sense single-stranded RNA viruses
Higher order categories
Order: Picornavirales
Family: Dicistroviridae
Genus: Cripavirus
Description and Significance
Kashmir bee virus (KBV) infects many types of bees including Apis mellifera, the European honey bee [5]. The virus effects both brood and adult bees. Infected adults die within a few days of exposure to the virus but infected larvae may survive and develop into seemingly unaffected adults [2]. While Kashmir bee virus infection alone may not be of much significance, it has been implicated as part of a much larger agricultural issue.
A. mellifera is the species of bee used in the US for crop pollination and commercial honey production. In 2000, an estimated $14.6 of US crops were pollinated by A. mellifera [7]. However, recently, many A. mellifera colonies have been disappearing due to a phenomenon known as Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) [1]. In the spring of 2007, beekeepers across the US reported loss of up to 80-100% of their bee colonies. Although it is unclear exactly what causes CCD, a group of related bee viruses including KBV have been implicated [7]. It seems as if these viruses interact with parasitic mite infestations and other environmental factors to cause CCD. A better understanding of KBV and other bee viruses could aid in the control and prevention of CCD, rescuing the US from a potential agricultural crisis.
Genome Structure
The KBV genome is composed of (+) sense ssRNA and is 9506 nt in length. The genome contains two open reading frames each coding for a polyprotein. These ORFs are separated by and intergenic region and flanked with short non coding regions.
The 5’ ORF codes the non-structural polyprotein which includes three helicase domains, a 3C-protease domain, and 8 RNA polymerase domains (including and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase). The 3’ ORF codes for the structural polyprotein which contains two picornavirus-like capsid protein domains.
Virion Structure of Kashmir bee virus
The KBV virion consists of a non-enveloped, icosohedral capsid. The capsid is constructed from 3 structural proteins. The capsid appears round and is approximately 30 nm in width.
Reproductive Cycle of a ______virus in a Host Cell
Viral Ecology & Pathology
References
[1] Arduengo, Michele. “A Stinging Decline: Declining Pollinator Populations.” Promega Corporation <www.promega.com/enotes/features/fe0029.htm>
[2] Berenyi, O., T. Bakonyi, I. Derakhshifar, H. Koglberger, N. Nowotny. “Occurrence of Six Honeybee Viruses in Diseased Australian Apiaries.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72.4 (2006): 2412-2420.
[3] Chen, Y.P., J.S. Pettis, A. Collins, M.F. Feldaufer. “Prevalence and Transmission of Honeybee Viruses.” Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72.1 (2006): 606-611.
[4] “Cripavirus.” ICTVdB Descriptions <www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.101.0.01.htm>
[5] de Miranda, J.R., M. Drebot, S. Tyler, M. Shen, C.E. Cameron, D.B. Stoltz, S.M. Camazine. “Complete nucleotide sequence of Kashmir bee virus and comparison with acute bee paralysis.” Journal of General Virology 85 (2004): 2263-2270.
[6] “Kashmir bee virus.” NCBI Taxonomy browser <www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser>
[7] Oldroyd, Benjamin P. “Unsolved Mystery: What’s Killing American Honey Bees?” PLoS Biology 5.6 (2007).
[7] Shen, M., L. Cui, N. Ostiguy, D. Cox-Foster. “Intricate transmission routes and interactions between picorna-like viruses (Kashmir bee virus and sacbrood virus) with the honeybee host and the parasitic varroa mite.” Journal of General Virology 86 (2005): 2281-2289.
[8] Slonczewski, J.L., J.W. Foster. “Chapter 6: Virus Structure and Function.” Microbiology: An Evolving Science (2009): 181-217.
Page authored for BIOL 375 Virology, September 2008
