https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_johnsonii&feed=atom&action=historyLactobacillus johnsonii - Revision history2024-03-29T13:38:25ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_johnsonii&diff=61365&oldid=prevBarichD at 18:43, 22 April 20112011-04-22T18:43:27Z<p></p>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_johnsonii&diff=54810&oldid=prevBarichD at 20:16, 18 August 20102010-08-18T20:16:30Z<p></p>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_johnsonii&diff=19536&oldid=prevGillenk at 18:48, 19 July 20072007-07-19T18:48:08Z<p></p>
<a href="https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_johnsonii&diff=19536&oldid=15295">Show changes</a>Gillenkhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_johnsonii&diff=15295&oldid=prevRsawaya: /* References */2007-06-05T02:37:11Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>14. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Genome. Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC 533, complete genome.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>14. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Genome. Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC 533, complete genome.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by Richard Sawaya, student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by Richard Sawaya, student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div></td></tr>
</table>Rsawayahttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_johnsonii&diff=15293&oldid=prevRsawaya: /* References */2007-06-05T02:36:42Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>14. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Genome. Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC 533, complete genome.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>14. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) Genome. Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC 533, complete genome.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by Richard Sawaya, student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by Richard Sawaya, student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</div></td></tr>
</table>Rsawayahttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_johnsonii&diff=15292&oldid=prevRsawaya: /* Current Research */2007-06-05T02:35:43Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Current Research</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As a probiotic <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacteria </del>with many potential benefits for human health, Lactobacillus johnsonii has recently been the subject of various research investigations, many of which show the potential of L. johnsonii as a treatment option for various human diseases. For example, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">One </del>study by Kaburagi et al (2007) examined the effect of ingested Lactobacillus johnsonii in the diet of aged mice with Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM). PEM is an immune deficiency commonly seen in the human elderly population due to nutritional problems. In experiments done on aged mice through experiment-induced protein-energy malnutrition, the researchers were able to identify several immune system benefits associated with the inclusion of L. johnsonii La1 in the diet. Specifically, L. johnsonii was able to positively influence both the intestinal and systemic immune system by partially restoring the number of serum IgA and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">IgG </del>cells, formation of splenocytes<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, and CD8+ cells that </del>had decreased as a result of a low protein diet leading to PEM (7). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As a probiotic <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacterium </ins>with many potential benefits for human health, Lactobacillus johnsonii has recently been the subject of various research investigations, many of which show the potential of L. johnsonii as a treatment option for various human diseases. For example, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">one </ins>study by Kaburagi et al (2007) examined the effect of ingested Lactobacillus johnsonii in the diet of aged mice with Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM). PEM is an immune deficiency commonly seen in the human elderly population due to nutritional problems. In experiments done on aged mice through experiment-induced protein-energy malnutrition, the researchers were able to identify several immune system benefits associated with the inclusion of L. johnsonii La1 in the diet. Specifically, L. johnsonii was able to positively influence both the intestinal and systemic immune system by partially restoring the number of serum IgA<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, IgG, </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CD8+ </ins>cells, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and enhancing the </ins>formation of splenocytes<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">; all of which </ins>had decreased as a result of a low protein diet leading to PEM (7). </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another study by Inoue et al (2007) investigated L. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">johnsonii’s influence </del>on immune system responses associated with Atopic Dermatitis, an inflammatory dermatological disease. In a comparison of the expression of genes involved in Atopic Dermatitis, the investigators found that while a control group of mice showed increased cytokine and CD86 levels following induction of a skin lesion, mice which had been orally administered L. johnsonii showed no elevation in cytokine or CD86 levels (8). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another study by Inoue et al (2007) investigated <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the influence of </ins>L. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">johnsonii </ins>on immune system responses associated with Atopic Dermatitis, an inflammatory dermatological disease. In a comparison of the expression of genes involved in Atopic Dermatitis, the investigators found that while a control group of mice showed increased cytokine and CD86 levels following induction of a skin lesion, mice which had been orally administered L. johnsonii showed no elevation in cytokine or CD86 levels (8). </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Furthermore, L. johnsonii may even have a potential treatment role in the management diabetes. One study by Yamano et al (2006) found that the oral administration of L. johnsonii reduced glucose and glucagon levels in diabetic rats <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">intracranially injected with </del>2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG). The investigators also <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">postulate </del>a possible mechanism by which L. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">johnsonni </del>affects the autonomic nervous system and thus modulates an anti-diabetic response (9).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Furthermore, L. johnsonii may even have a potential treatment role in the management <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of </ins>diabetes. One study by Yamano et al (2006) found that the oral administration of L. johnsonii reduced glucose and glucagon levels in diabetic rats <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which had been subject to intracranial injection of </ins>2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG). The investigators also <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">present </ins>a possible mechanism by which L. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">johnsonii </ins>affects the autonomic nervous system and thus modulates an anti-diabetic response (9).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Rsawayahttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_johnsonii&diff=15290&oldid=prevRsawaya: /* Application to Biotechnology */2007-06-05T02:35:15Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Application to Biotechnology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition, a study conducted by La Ragione et al (2004) addressed the beneficial use of L. johnsonii in the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">poulty </del>industry. This study found that administration of L. johnsonii in chickens helped control diseases caused by Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. Thus, L. johnsonii has the potential to be directly used in the poultry industry as an alternative to antimicrobials (10).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition, a study conducted by La Ragione et al (2004) addressed the beneficial use of L. johnsonii in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">poultry </ins>industry. This study found that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </ins>administration of L. johnsonii in chickens helped control diseases caused by Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens. Thus, L. johnsonii has the potential to be directly used in the poultry industry as an alternative to antimicrobials (10).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td></tr>
</table>Rsawayahttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_johnsonii&diff=15289&oldid=prevRsawaya: /* Pathology */2007-06-05T02:34:46Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Pathology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>L. johnsonii is not known to be pathogenic to humans. On the contrary, it is shown to be a beneficial microorganism which resides in the human intestine and is characterized by various probiotic properties (1, 2, 3). Other species in the Lactobacillus genus are also known to be non-pathogenic. There have, however, been a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">few </del>incidents where Lactobacillus has been a pathogen, but these few cases have involved people with previous diseases (1).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>L. johnsonii is not known to be pathogenic to humans. On the contrary, it is shown to be a beneficial microorganism which resides in the human intestine and is characterized by various probiotic properties (1, 2, 3). Other species in the Lactobacillus genus are also known to be non-pathogenic. There have, however, been a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">small number of </ins>incidents where Lactobacillus has been a pathogen, but these few cases have involved people with previous diseases (1).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Application to Biotechnology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Application to Biotechnology==</div></td></tr>
</table>Rsawayahttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_johnsonii&diff=15287&oldid=prevRsawaya: /* Ecology */2007-06-05T02:34:25Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Due to its metabolic limitations and reliance on exogenous sources of nutrients, L. johnsonii is typically found in human and animal gastrointestinal <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tracts</del>. As an auxotrophic <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacteria </del>that lacks certain enzymes needed for the digestion of complex carbohydrates, it is unable to compete with other GI tract bacteria such as Bifidobacteria, which inhabit the colon. Therefore L. johnsonii resides in the upper GI tract, which is rich in amino acids and peptides. Specifically, it is one of the dominant microorganisms found at the junction between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the colon (2). Other species within the Lactobacillus genus can be found in food, vegetation, sewage, and other areas of the human body. In humans, Lactobacillus species can be found in the intestine, oral cavity, and the vagina (1). L. johnsonii, in particular, has many genes and transporters that allow it to release bile salt hydrolase, an important enzyme that is characteristic of microorganisms that live in the GI tract. Since L. johnsonii devotes many genes for the encoding of bile salt hydrolase, its importance and ability to compete and survive in its ecosystem can be correlated with its ability to produce such large amounts of this essential enzyme. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Due to its metabolic limitations and reliance on exogenous sources of nutrients, L. johnsonii is typically found in human and animal gastrointestinal <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tract where it can obtain nutrients from its host</ins>. As an auxotrophic <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacterium </ins>that lacks certain enzymes needed for the digestion of complex carbohydrates, it is unable to compete with other GI tract bacteria such as Bifidobacteria, which inhabit the colon. Therefore L. johnsonii resides in the upper GI tract, which is rich in amino acids and peptides. Specifically, it is one of the dominant microorganisms found at the junction between the ileum of the small intestine and the cecum of the colon (2). Other species within the Lactobacillus genus can be found in food, vegetation, sewage, and other areas of the human body. In humans, Lactobacillus species can be found in the intestine, oral cavity, and the vagina (1). L. johnsonii, in particular, has many genes and transporters that allow it to release bile salt hydrolase, an important enzyme that is characteristic of microorganisms that live in the GI tract. Since L. johnsonii devotes many genes for the encoding of bile salt hydrolase, its importance and ability to compete and survive in its ecosystem can be correlated with its ability to produce such large amounts of this essential enzyme. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition, Lactic acid bacteria, such as L. johnsonii are able to produce bacteriocins which have antibacterial properties <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which act </del>against other microorganisms, thus providing them with ways to survive in their ecosystem. For example, L. johnsonii is able to produce Lactacin F, a bacteriocin which can kill other Lactobacillus species as well as Enterococcus species in the GI tract. Thus, this microbe is thought to use this bacteriocin as a way to compete in the microbe-rich environment in which it lives (2, 5). Some lactic acid bacteria have been shown to use quorum sensing as a regulator for the expression of genes involved in the production of bacteriocins. For example, some species of the Lactobacillus genus such as Lactobacillus sake have been shown to utilize quorum sensing as a means of regulating bacteriocin gene expression (6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In addition, Lactic acid bacteria, such as L. johnsonii are able to produce bacteriocins which have antibacterial properties <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that lactic acid bacteria can use </ins>against other microorganisms, thus providing them with ways to survive in their ecosystem. For example, L. johnsonii is able to produce Lactacin F, a bacteriocin which can kill other Lactobacillus species as well as Enterococcus species in the GI tract. Thus, this microbe is thought to use this bacteriocin as a way to compete in the microbe-rich environment in which it lives (2, 5). Some lactic acid bacteria have been shown to use quorum sensing as a regulator for the expression of genes involved in the production of bacteriocins. For example, some species of the Lactobacillus genus such as Lactobacillus sake have been shown to utilize quorum sensing as a means of regulating bacteriocin gene expression (6).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td></tr>
</table>Rsawayahttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_johnsonii&diff=15286&oldid=prevRsawaya: /* Cell structure and metabolism */2007-06-05T02:33:53Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell structure and metabolism</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cell surface of L. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">johnsonni </del>contains various types of cell-surface proteins which are important in helping the microorganism attach to the mucosal surfaces of the GI tract. In addition, these cell-surface proteins can play a role in stimulating immune cells and can thus be one of the mechanistic explanations underlying <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L. johnsonii’s </del>probiotic property of immunomodulation. Examples of these cell-surface proteins include mucus-binding proteins, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">glyosylated </del>fimbriae, and an IgA protease (2).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The cell surface of L. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">johnsonii </ins>contains various types of cell-surface proteins which are important in helping the microorganism attach to the mucosal surfaces of the GI tract. In addition, these cell-surface proteins can play a role in stimulating immune cells and can thus be one of the mechanistic explanations underlying <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </ins>probiotic property of immunomodulation <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">often attributed to L. johnsonii</ins>. Examples of these cell-surface proteins include mucus-binding proteins, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">glycosylated </ins>fimbriae, and an IgA protease (2).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As an anaerobic, lactic acid producing <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacteria</del>, L. johnsonii obtains its energy by fermenting disaccharides and hexoses to lactic acid. Specifically, the sugars it uses as substrates include galactose, maltose, sorbose/sorbitol, gentiobiose, isoprimerevose, isomaltose, and panose (2). L. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">johnosnii’s </del>ability to undergo fermentation and thus produce lactic acid makes it a widely used microorganism in the industrial fermentation of dairy, meat, and vegetable products (3). However, as mentioned above, L. johnsonii lacks the biosynthetic pathways necessary for the generation of essential nutrients such as amino acids, purine nucleotides, and cofactors. Because of this, the genes which code for transporters in this microorganism are highly expressed and thus L. johnsonii contains a great number of certain transporters that are less frequent in other microorganisms. Specifically, it contains an abundance of AA-permease transporters and phosphotransferase (PTS)-type transporters. In addition, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">this microorganism </del>has numerous various proteinases, peptide <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tranporters </del>and peptidases in order to acquire nutrients from exogenous sources (2).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As an anaerobic, lactic acid producing <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacterium</ins>, L. johnsonii obtains its energy by fermenting disaccharides and hexoses to lactic acid. Specifically, the sugars it uses as substrates include galactose, maltose, sorbose/sorbitol, gentiobiose, isoprimerevose, isomaltose, and panose (2). L. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">johnsonii’s </ins>ability to undergo fermentation and thus produce lactic acid makes it a widely used microorganism in the industrial fermentation of dairy, meat, and vegetable products (3). However, as mentioned above, L. johnsonii lacks the biosynthetic pathways necessary for the generation of essential nutrients such as amino acids, purine nucleotides, and cofactors. Because of this, the genes which code for transporters in this microorganism are highly expressed and thus L. johnsonii contains a great number of certain transporters that are less frequent in other microorganisms. Specifically, it contains an abundance of AA-permease transporters and phosphotransferase (PTS)-type transporters. In addition, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">L. johnsonii </ins>has numerous various proteinases, peptide <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">transporters </ins>and peptidases in order to acquire nutrients from exogenous sources (2).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td></tr>
</table>Rsawaya