https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_plantarum&feed=atom&action=historyLactobacillus plantarum - Revision history2024-03-29T05:04:06ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_plantarum&diff=55126&oldid=prevBarichD at 18:59, 25 August 20102010-08-25T18:59:13Z<p></p>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_plantarum&diff=52935&oldid=prevLahayest at 21:39, 25 April 20102010-04-25T21:39:17Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Genus''' : Lactobacillus</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Genus''' : Lactobacillus</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Species''' : plantarum</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Species''' : plantarum <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1590&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock (10)]</ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Lahayesthttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_plantarum&diff=52934&oldid=prevLahayest: /* Classification */2010-04-25T21:38:49Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Classification</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Lactobacillus plantarum'' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1590&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock (10)]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Lactobacillus plantarum'' [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1590&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock (10)]</div></td></tr>
</table>Lahayesthttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_plantarum&diff=52926&oldid=prevLahayest: /* Description and Significance */2010-04-25T21:31:31Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Description and Significance</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:picture101.gif|thumb|right|Phylogenetic Tree of Partial 16S rDNA Sequences. This tree shows the phylogenetic relationship of ''L. plantarum'' to a set of Lactic Acid Bacteria.[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T7C-4J14P1Y-4&_user=1111158&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1309861100&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000051676&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1111158&md5=a9d8a4574f033a9b588512a584088cc5 (5)]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:picture101.gif|thumb|right|Phylogenetic Tree of Partial 16S rDNA Sequences. This tree shows the phylogenetic relationship of ''L. plantarum'' to a set of Lactic Acid Bacteria.[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T7C-4J14P1Y-4&_user=1111158&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1309861100&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000051676&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1111158&md5=a9d8a4574f033a9b588512a584088cc5 (5)]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''L. plantarum'' is a gram positive <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacteria </del>that is found in a variety of niches. These niches include dairy, meat, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">many </del>vegetable fermentations, it is also found in the human gastrointestinal tract. It is a facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacterium that utilizes an extensive range of fermentatable carbon sources. Lactic acid bacteria are Gram-positive and they are non-spore forming, fermentative bacteria that grow anaerobically. The main function of these bacteria is the fermentative conversion of sugars present in raw materials into lactic acid. ''L. plantarum'' also produces anti-microbial peptides and exopolysaccharides. It has the ability to maintain a pH gradient between the inside and outside of the cell in the presence of large amounts of acetate or lactate. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T7C-4J14P1Y-4&_user=1111158&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1309861100&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000051676&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1111158&md5=a9d8a4574f033a9b588512a584088cc5 (5)] ''L. plantarum'' is one of the most common microbes used as a silage <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">innocculant</del>. Silage is a fermented fodder that can be fed to ruminants or used as a biofuel feedstock for anaerobic digesters. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC201987/ (6) ] </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''L. plantarum'' is a gram positive <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacterium </ins>that is found in a variety of niches. These niches include dairy, meat, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">much </ins>vegetable fermentations, it is also found in the human gastrointestinal tract. It is a facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacterium that utilizes an extensive range of fermentatable carbon sources. Lactic acid bacteria are Gram-positive and they are non-spore forming, fermentative bacteria that grow anaerobically. The main function of these bacteria is the fermentative conversion of sugars present in raw materials into lactic acid. ''L. plantarum'' also produces anti-microbial peptides and exopolysaccharides. It has the ability to maintain a pH gradient between the inside and outside of the cell in the presence of large amounts of acetate or lactate. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T7C-4J14P1Y-4&_user=1111158&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1309861100&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000051676&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1111158&md5=a9d8a4574f033a9b588512a584088cc5 (5)] ''L. plantarum'' is one of the most common microbes used as a silage <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">inoculant</ins>. Silage is a fermented fodder that can be fed to ruminants or used as a biofuel feedstock for anaerobic digesters. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC201987/ (6) ] </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''L. plantarum''is currently being explored to convert lignocellulosic biomass to biofuel and bioproducts. Current research into this idea <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are </del>looking at a strain of ''L. plantarum'' which has certain genes inactivated to eliminate undesirable fermentation products. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18563659 (9)]''L. plantarum'' is also able to degrade cassava raw starch. Its ability to degrade raw starch is useful because it could potentially be used as a starter in certain traditional fermentation processes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC201987/ (6) ] There are also potential uses for ''L. plantarum'' to be used in treatments of certain wastewater due to its ability to degrade phenolic compounds, such as those in olive mill wastewaters. [http://www.actahort.org/books/791/791_97.htm (2)]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''L. plantarum'' is currently being explored to convert lignocellulosic biomass to biofuel and bioproducts. Current research into this idea <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </ins>looking at a strain of ''L. plantarum'' which has certain genes inactivated to eliminate undesirable fermentation products. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18563659 (9)]''L. plantarum'' is also able to degrade cassava raw starch. Its ability to degrade raw starch is useful because it could potentially be used as a starter in certain traditional fermentation processes. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC201987/ (6) ] There are also potential uses for ''L. plantarum'' to be used in treatments of certain wastewater due to its ability to degrade phenolic compounds, such as those in olive mill wastewaters. [http://www.actahort.org/books/791/791_97.htm (2)]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Lahayesthttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_plantarum&diff=52921&oldid=prevLahayest: /* Genome Structure */2010-04-25T21:30:11Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Genome Structure</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''L. plantarum''has three plasmids, pWCFS101, pWCFS102, and pWCFS103. The plasmid sizes are as follows: pWCFS101 contains 1,917 bp, pWCFS102 contains 2,365 bp, and pWCFS103 contains 36,069 bp. Plasmid pWCFS101 is believed to contain replication proteins. Plasmid pWCFS102 is believed to contain replication proteins as well as proteins that function as copy number controls. Plasmid pWCFS103 contains genes that are predicted to be involved in arsenate and/or <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">aresenite </del>resistance as well as cadmium resistance; it also has genes that are believed to encode replication proteins, resolvases, DNA-damage-inducible proteins, and oxidases. ''L. plantarum'' contains two apparently complete prophage genomes, as well as some prophage remnants. [http://aem.highwire.org/cgi/content/abstract/71/3/1223 (8)]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''L. plantarum''has three plasmids, pWCFS101, pWCFS102, and pWCFS103. The plasmid sizes are as follows: pWCFS101 contains 1,917 bp, pWCFS102 contains 2,365 bp, and pWCFS103 contains 36,069 bp. Plasmid pWCFS101 is believed to contain replication proteins. Plasmid pWCFS102 is believed to contain replication proteins as well as proteins that function as copy number controls. Plasmid pWCFS103 contains genes that are predicted to be involved in arsenate and/or <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">arsenite </ins>resistance as well as cadmium resistance; it also has genes that are believed to encode replication proteins, resolvases, DNA-damage-inducible proteins, and oxidases. ''L. plantarum'' contains two apparently complete prophage genomes, as well as some prophage remnants. [http://aem.highwire.org/cgi/content/abstract/71/3/1223 (8)]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Lahayesthttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_plantarum&diff=52920&oldid=prevLahayest: /* Ecology and Pathogenesis */2010-04-25T21:29:39Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology and Pathogenesis</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Recently ''L. plantarum'' has been identified as a probiotic. Probiotics are non-pathogenic microorganisms that can have a positive impact on human health when they are digested. They are becoming a very popular dietary supplement to many people, especially those who have gastrointestinal problems. [http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=pjbs.2008.613.617&org=11 (1) ] In this case, ''L. plantarum'' can be considered a human symbiont. When the probiotics are <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">injested </del>regularly it is possible that the composition of microflora in the intestinal tract can be manipulated. This manipulation may allow an improvement of microbe balance, stabilization of digestive enzyme patterns, and immunomodulation by activating and regulating mucosa-associated and systemic immune system responses. The microflora found in the intestinal tract are thought to provide protection from pathogens. Some companies currently sell bottles containing ''L. plantarum'' as a probiotic to help with intestinal problems including IBS and IBD, stating that these bacteria help to "Balance the Intestinal Ecosystem." [http://www.customprobiotics.com/about_probiotics.htm (4) ]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Recently ''L. plantarum'' has been identified as a probiotic. Probiotics are non-pathogenic microorganisms that can have a positive impact on human health when they are digested. They are becoming a very popular dietary supplement to many people, especially those who have gastrointestinal problems. [http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=pjbs.2008.613.617&org=11 (1) ] In this case, ''L. plantarum'' can be considered a human symbiont. When the probiotics are <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ingested </ins>regularly it is possible that the composition of microflora in the intestinal tract can be manipulated. This manipulation may allow an improvement of microbe balance, stabilization of digestive enzyme patterns, and immunomodulation by activating and regulating mucosa-associated and systemic immune system responses. The microflora found in the intestinal tract are thought to provide protection from pathogens. Some companies currently sell bottles containing ''L. plantarum'' as a probiotic to help with intestinal problems including IBS and IBD, stating that these bacteria help to "Balance the Intestinal Ecosystem." [http://www.customprobiotics.com/about_probiotics.htm (4) ]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Along with its possible use as a probiotic, there is another very important use for ''L. plantarum.'' Gram positive bacteria have been researched for a long time for their possible ability to convert lignocellulosic biomass to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">biofuel </del>and bioproducts. A current goal with this research is to genetically manipulate certain lactic acid bacteria to convert agricultural biomass into ethanol as well as other value-added products. ''L. plantarum'' is a widely studied species and has now become a model for genetic manipulations of lactic acid bacteria. Current studies are looking at the induction of different mutations into the chromosome to eliminate undesired products that come with fermentation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18563659 (9)]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Along with its possible use as a probiotic, there is another very important use for ''L. plantarum.'' Gram positive bacteria have been researched for a long time for their possible ability to convert lignocellulosic biomass to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">biofuels </ins>and bioproducts. A current goal with this research is to genetically manipulate certain lactic acid bacteria to convert agricultural biomass into ethanol as well as other value-added products. ''L. plantarum'' is a widely studied species and has now become a model for genetic manipulations of lactic acid bacteria. Current studies are looking at the induction of different mutations into the chromosome to eliminate undesired products that come with fermentation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18563659 (9)]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Lahayesthttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_plantarum&diff=52916&oldid=prevLahayest: /* Ecology and Pathogenesis */2010-04-25T21:26:09Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology and Pathogenesis</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Lplantarum.jpg|thumb|''Lactobacillus plantarum'' sold as a probiotic supplement. [http://www.customprobiotics.com/about_probiotics.htm (4) ] ]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Lplantarum.jpg|thumb|''Lactobacillus plantarum'' sold as a probiotic supplement. [http://www.customprobiotics.com/about_probiotics.htm (4) ] ]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''L. plantarum'' can be found in many different environments, most commonly it is isolated from plant material and the human gastrointestinal tract. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T7C-4J14P1Y-4&_user=1111158&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1309861100&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000051676&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1111158&md5=a9d8a4574f033a9b588512a584088cc5 (5)] Researchers believe that the sequence of the ''L. plantarum'' genome has certain features that allow this microbe to be versatile and adaptive to different environments. [http://www.pnas.org/content/100/4/1990.full (7) ] This versatility allows ''L. plantarum'' isolates to be found in human saliva, fermenting dairy products, plant material, silage, and even certain waste waters. It gains its energy through the fermentative conversion of sugars to lactic acid, as long as is able to go through this process, most environments will allow the growth of this microbe. Experts believe that the high number of regulatory genes causes this microorganism to be so adaptable. The most common habitat is in a protein enriched environment such as dairy because of its primary protein-degradation which produces peptides. A study showed that there are 144 N-terminals which can be used for peptidase cleavage. Another key part to describe the adaptability of this microorganism is its ability to perform horizontal gene transfer. This process is accomplished though natural competition, bacteriophage infection and more. Lactobacillus plantarum can perform these transformations because it can bind DNA and uptake that DNA. [http://www.pnas.org/content/100/4/1990.full (7)]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''L. plantarum'' can be found in many different environments, most commonly it is isolated from plant material and the human gastrointestinal tract. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T7C-4J14P1Y-4&_user=1111158&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1309861100&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000051676&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1111158&md5=a9d8a4574f033a9b588512a584088cc5 (5)] Researchers believe that the sequence of the ''L. plantarum'' genome has certain features that allow this microbe to be versatile and adaptive to different environments. [http://www.pnas.org/content/100/4/1990.full (7) ] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It can grow in-between 15-45 °C and can grow at pH levels of 3.2 and greater. </ins>This versatility allows ''L. plantarum'' isolates to be found in human saliva, fermenting dairy products, plant material, silage, and even certain waste waters. It gains its energy through the fermentative conversion of sugars to lactic acid, as long as is able to go through this process, most environments will allow the growth of this microbe. Experts believe that the high number of regulatory genes causes this microorganism to be so adaptable. The most common habitat is in a protein enriched environment such as dairy because of its primary protein-degradation which produces peptides. A study showed that there are 144 N-terminals which can be used for peptidase cleavage. Another key part to describe the adaptability of this microorganism is its ability to perform horizontal gene transfer. This process is accomplished though natural competition, bacteriophage infection and more. Lactobacillus plantarum can perform these transformations because it can bind DNA and uptake that DNA. [http://www.pnas.org/content/100/4/1990.full (7)]. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Lahayesthttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_plantarum&diff=52915&oldid=prevLahayest: /* Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle */2010-04-25T21:20:50Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle</span></span></p>
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</table>Lahayesthttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_plantarum&diff=52914&oldid=prevLahayest: /* Ecology and Pathogenesis */2010-04-25T21:20:24Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Ecology and Pathogenesis</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Lplantarum.jpg|thumb|''Lactobacillus plantarum'' sold as a probiotic supplement. [http://www.customprobiotics.com/about_probiotics.htm (4) ] ]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Lplantarum.jpg|thumb|''Lactobacillus plantarum'' sold as a probiotic supplement. [http://www.customprobiotics.com/about_probiotics.htm (4) ] ]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''L. plantarum'' can be found in many different environments, most commonly it is isolated from plant material and the human gastrointestinal tract. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T7C-4J14P1Y-4&_user=1111158&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1309861100&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000051676&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1111158&md5=a9d8a4574f033a9b588512a584088cc5 (5)] Researchers believe that the sequence of the ''L. plantarum'' genome has certain features that allow this microbe to be versatile and adaptive to different environments. [http://www.pnas.org/content/100/4/1990.full (7) ] This versatility allows ''L. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">platarum</del>'' isolates to be found in human saliva, fermenting dairy products, plant material, silage, and even certain waste waters. It gains its energy through the fermentative conversion of sugars to lactic acid, as long as is able to go through this process, most environments will allow the growth of this microbe. Experts believe that the high number of regulatory genes causes this microorganism to be so adaptable. The most common habitat is in a protein enriched environment such as dairy because of its primary protein-degradation which produces peptides. A study showed that there are 144 N-terminals which can be used for peptidase cleavage. Another key part to describe the adaptability of this microorganism is its ability to perform horizontal gene transfer. This process is accomplished though natural competition, bacteriophage infection and more. Lactobacillus plantarum can perform these transformations because it can bind DNA and uptake that DNA. [http://www.pnas.org/content/100/4/1990.full (7)]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''L. plantarum'' can be found in many different environments, most commonly it is isolated from plant material and the human gastrointestinal tract. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6T7C-4J14P1Y-4&_user=1111158&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1309861100&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000051676&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=1111158&md5=a9d8a4574f033a9b588512a584088cc5 (5)] Researchers believe that the sequence of the ''L. plantarum'' genome has certain features that allow this microbe to be versatile and adaptive to different environments. [http://www.pnas.org/content/100/4/1990.full (7) ] This versatility allows ''L. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">plantarum</ins>'' isolates to be found in human saliva, fermenting dairy products, plant material, silage, and even certain waste waters. It gains its energy through the fermentative conversion of sugars to lactic acid, as long as is able to go through this process, most environments will allow the growth of this microbe. Experts believe that the high number of regulatory genes causes this microorganism to be so adaptable. The most common habitat is in a protein enriched environment such as dairy because of its primary protein-degradation which produces peptides. A study showed that there are 144 N-terminals which can be used for peptidase cleavage. Another key part to describe the adaptability of this microorganism is its ability to perform horizontal gene transfer. This process is accomplished though natural competition, bacteriophage infection and more. Lactobacillus plantarum can perform these transformations because it can bind DNA and uptake that DNA. [http://www.pnas.org/content/100/4/1990.full (7)]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Recently ''L. plantarum'' has been identified as a probiotic. Probiotics are non-pathogenic microorganisms that can have a positive impact on human health when they are digested. They are becoming a very popular dietary supplement to many people, especially those who have gastrointestinal problems. [http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=pjbs.2008.613.617&org=11 (1) ] In this case, ''L. plantarum'' can be considered a human symbiont. When the probiotics are injested regularly it is possible that the composition of microflora in the intestinal tract can be manipulated. This manipulation may allow an improvement of microbe balance, stabilization of digestive enzyme patterns, and immunomodulation by activating and regulating mucosa-associated and systemic immune system responses. The microflora <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">foudn </del>in the intestinal tract are thought to provide protection from pathogens. Some companies currently sell bottles containing ''L. plantarum'' as a probiotic to help with intestinal problems including IBS and IBD, stating that these bacteria help to "Balance the Intestinal Ecosystem." [http://www.customprobiotics.com/about_probiotics.htm (4) ]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Recently ''L. plantarum'' has been identified as a probiotic. Probiotics are non-pathogenic microorganisms that can have a positive impact on human health when they are digested. They are becoming a very popular dietary supplement to many people, especially those who have gastrointestinal problems. [http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=pjbs.2008.613.617&org=11 (1) ] In this case, ''L. plantarum'' can be considered a human symbiont. When the probiotics are injested regularly it is possible that the composition of microflora in the intestinal tract can be manipulated. This manipulation may allow an improvement of microbe balance, stabilization of digestive enzyme patterns, and immunomodulation by activating and regulating mucosa-associated and systemic immune system responses. The microflora <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">found </ins>in the intestinal tract are thought to provide protection from pathogens. Some companies currently sell bottles containing ''L. plantarum'' as a probiotic to help with intestinal problems including IBS and IBD, stating that these bacteria help to "Balance the Intestinal Ecosystem." [http://www.customprobiotics.com/about_probiotics.htm (4) ]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Along with its possible use as a probiotic, there is another very important use for ''L. plantarum.'' Gram positive bacteria have been researched for a long time for their possible ability to convert lignocellulosic biomass to biofuel and bioproducts. A current goal with this research is to genetically manipulate certain lactic acid bacteria to convert agricultural biomass into ethanol as well as other value-added products. ''L. plantarum'' is a widely studied <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">specieas </del>and has now become a model for genetic manipulations of lactic acid bacteria. Current studies are looking at the induction of different mutations into the chromosome to eliminate undesired products that come with fermentation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18563659 (9)]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Along with its possible use as a probiotic, there is another very important use for ''L. plantarum.'' Gram positive bacteria have been researched for a long time for their possible ability to convert lignocellulosic biomass to biofuel and bioproducts. A current goal with this research is to genetically manipulate certain lactic acid bacteria to convert agricultural biomass into ethanol as well as other value-added products. ''L. plantarum'' is a widely studied <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">species </ins>and has now become a model for genetic manipulations of lactic acid bacteria. Current studies are looking at the induction of different mutations into the chromosome to eliminate undesired products that come with fermentation. [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18563659 (9)]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Lahayesthttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Lactobacillus_plantarum&diff=52913&oldid=prevLahayest: /* Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle */2010-04-25T21:19:07Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:19, 25 April 2010</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''L. plantarum'' has a rod shaped structure with rounded ends. This microbe is a gram positive bacteria meaning there is a high concentration of peptidoglycan in the cell wall, and lack an outercellular membrane. The organism is also Auxotrophic meaning that it synthesizes few organic compounds, when it has the ability to break down sugars and pyruvate. ''L. plantarum'' is also a facultative heterofermentative lactobacilli microorganism, this means that the organism takes carbon from sugars and pyruvate and the byproduct is either alcohol or lactic acid. This process happens in an aerotolerant environment meaning that oxygen is not present. When oxygen is present it is released as hydrogen peroxide which can be used as a weapon that kills off other bacteria. Do to the inability to handle oxygen the organism uses a manganese dependent process. This process uses metal as a pseudo catalase and lowers oxygen concentration which is favorable to the aerotolerant environment. Sugar is a key source of energy for the microorganism to degrade. [http://www.springerlink.com/content/n38pj87507113608/ (3)]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''L. plantarum'' has a rod shaped structure with rounded ends. This microbe is a gram positive bacteria meaning there is a high concentration of peptidoglycan in the cell wall, and lack an outercellular membrane. The organism is also Auxotrophic meaning that it synthesizes few organic compounds, when it has the ability to break down sugars and pyruvate. ''L. plantarum'' is also a facultative heterofermentative lactobacilli microorganism, this means that the organism takes carbon from sugars and pyruvate and the byproduct is either alcohol or lactic acid. This process happens in an aerotolerant environment meaning that oxygen is not present. When oxygen is present it is released as hydrogen peroxide which can be used as a weapon that kills off other bacteria. Do to the inability to handle oxygen the organism uses a manganese dependent process. This process uses metal as a pseudo catalase and lowers oxygen concentration which is favorable to the aerotolerant environment. Sugar is a key source of energy for the microorganism to degrade. [http://www.springerlink.com/content/n38pj87507113608/ (3)]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During the degradation of sugar carbon is released and becomes a source of energy for the lactobacillus plantarum. When Lactobacillus plantarum is exhibiting a pyruvate metabolism it is similar to homolactic fermentation. This happens when growth occurs on glucose which is degraded to pyruvate though an EMP pathway. Once the pyruvate is formed it is converted to d and l-lactate though sterospecific lactate dehydrogenase enzymes [http://www.springerlink.com/content/n38pj87507113608/ (3)].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During the degradation of sugar carbon is released and becomes a source of energy for the lactobacillus plantarum. When Lactobacillus plantarum is exhibiting a pyruvate metabolism it is similar to homolactic fermentation. This happens when growth occurs on glucose which is degraded to pyruvate though an EMP pathway. Once the pyruvate is formed it is converted to d and l-lactate though sterospecific lactate dehydrogenase enzymes [http://www.springerlink.com/content/n38pj87507113608/ (3)].</div></td></tr>
</table>Lahayest