Lactococcus lactis: Difference between revisions

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==Genome structure==
==Genome structure==
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes?  Circular or linear?  Other interesting features?  What is known about its sequence?
The genome of L. lactis is a circular chromosome with 2,365,589 base pair, where 86% of the genome code for protein, 1.4% for RNA, and 12.6% for noncoding region. The whole genome encodes 2310 proteins, which include 293 protein-coding genes and 43 insertion sequence (IS) elements. There are 64.2% of the genes encodes for known functional proteins and 20.1% of the genes for known protein with unknown function. The remaining 15.7% of the genes are unidentified proteins that may be unique to the Lactococcus. The genome codes for DNA replication initiation genes in L. lactis includes dnaB, dnaD, and dnaI; in addition, there are two DNA polymerase III encoded by the polC and dnaE genome. Furthermore, there are around 30 genes consisted for transcription and only 3 sigma factor involved in reading the DNA. Translation is more intricate including 119 genes while 27 genes are utilized for protein fixation after translation. (1)
Does it have any plasmids?  Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?


==Cell structure and metabolism==
==Cell structure and metabolism==

Revision as of 18:54, 5 June 2007

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Lactococcus lactis

Classification

Higher order taxa

Bacteria, Firmicutes, Bacilli, Lactobacillales, Streptococcacaeae, Lactococcus

Species

NCBI: Taxonomy

Lactococcus lactis

Description and significance

Lactococcus lactis is a rod shaped, Gram-positive bacteria used widely for industrial production of fermented dairy products like milk, cheese, and yogurt. These are important food supply for many people, so extensive research has been done on the microorganism’s metabolic pathway to increase its efficiency for dairy production. Due to its important application, simple metabolism and limited biosynthetic capabilities, its genome is sequenced to help researchers understand genes that are responsible for its fermentation pathway. Furthermore, scientists study DNA recombination to improve its survival and resistance to antibiotics and to manipulate its metabolic pathways to be better used for industrial production. (10)

Aside from its high use in industrial application, it can also be found in the wild on plants and some body parts of cows. It is believed that in nature, L. lactis stays dormant on plant surface awaiting to be ingested along with the plant into animal gastrointestinal tract, where it becomes active and multiplies intensely (1). Not only it is important in dairy production, it also has potential of use as oral vaccine, foreign protein production and metabolite through genetic engineering to manipulate L. lactis in researchers’ favor (2).

Lactococcus lactis has two subspecies with few phenotype and genotype difference, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and subsp. cremoris, where subsp lactis is preferred for making soft cheese while subsp. cremoris is for hard cheese (1). These organisms were originally classified under the genus Streptococcus, but in 1985, it was assigned to the current genus (3). Recently, one method of distinguishing between the two subspecies was announced. Observation of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) can be found in the subspecie lactis, but not in subspecie cremoris. “GAD catalyzes the irreversible decarboxylation of glutamate to -aminobutyric acid” with the glutamate-GABA antiporter (GABA) (4). The gene that encodes GAD in L. lactis subsp. cremoris is inactivated by a frameshift mutation resulting in a nonfunctioning protein.

Genome structure

The genome of L. lactis is a circular chromosome with 2,365,589 base pair, where 86% of the genome code for protein, 1.4% for RNA, and 12.6% for noncoding region. The whole genome encodes 2310 proteins, which include 293 protein-coding genes and 43 insertion sequence (IS) elements. There are 64.2% of the genes encodes for known functional proteins and 20.1% of the genes for known protein with unknown function. The remaining 15.7% of the genes are unidentified proteins that may be unique to the Lactococcus. The genome codes for DNA replication initiation genes in L. lactis includes dnaB, dnaD, and dnaI; in addition, there are two DNA polymerase III encoded by the polC and dnaE genome. Furthermore, there are around 30 genes consisted for transcription and only 3 sigma factor involved in reading the DNA. Translation is more intricate including 119 genes while 27 genes are utilized for protein fixation after translation. (1)

Cell structure and metabolism

Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.

Ecology

Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.

Pathology

How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.

Application to Biotechnology

Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?

Current Research

Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required

References

[Sample reference] Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "Palaeococcus ferrophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.

Edited by student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano