Lawsonia intracellularis: Difference between revisions

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{{Biorealm Genus}}


==Classification==
==Classification==
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Strain: PHE/MN1-00.
Strain: PHE/MN1-00.
(there may be additional subcategories included as well.  You can just copy this information from the NCBI taxonomy page)




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==Description and significance==
==Description and significance==
Lawsonia Intracellularis is a bacterial pathogen which causes disease in a wide range of animals, mainly pigs. The bacterial pathogen invades the intestinal epithelial cells which causes hyperplasia of the infected cells which leads to the process of disease pathogenesis. Lawsonia intracelluaris is an intracellular enterophathogen that is the cause of intestinal hyperplasia which include proliferative enteropathy, intestinal adenomatosis, and ileitis. Lawsonia intracellularis though primarily recognized in pigs, is spreading to a wide range of mammals. With a 16SrRNA gene sequence, Lawsonia intracellularis is related to Desulfovibio, a sulfate-reducing bacteria and Bilophila wadsworthia.
''Lawsonia intracellularis'' is a bacterial pathogen which causes disease in a wide range of animals, mainly pigs. The bacterial pathogen invades the intestinal epithelial cells which causes hyperplasia of the infected cells and leads to the process of disease pathogenesis. ''Lawsonia intracelluaris'' is an intracellular enterophathogen that is the cause of intestinal hyperplasia which is an abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or a tissue with consequent enlargement (2).
"The disease has two clinical manifestations in pigs: an acute hemorrhagic form often called porcine hemorrhagic enteropathy, and a more chronic proliferative form often referred as porcine intestinal adenomatosis" (3). ''Lawsonia intracellularis'' though primarily recognized in pigs, is spreading to a wide range of mammals. Based on 16SrRNA gene sequence, ''Lawsonia intracellularis'' is related to ''Desulfovibio'', a sulfate-reducing bacteria and ''Bilophila wadsworthia''.




==Genome structure==
==Genome structure==
Lawsonia intracellularis is made up of a circular chromosome and the length is 1,457,619 nucleotides. The genomic content includes 1,719,014 nucleotides. It had 1, 337 protein genes and 49 RNA genes.
''Lawsonia intracellularis'' has a circular chromosome and of 1,457,619 nucleotides. The genomic content includes 1,719,014 nucleotides. It had 1,337 protein genes and 49 RNA genes.




==Cell structure and metabolism==
==Cell structure and metabolism==
The structure of Lawsonia intracellularis reveals non-spore-forming curved rods. It contains gram-negative cells that are able to retain carbol-fushsin when stained using the Ziehl-Neelsen method. It is nonpifmented and nonflagellated. Through the Ziehl-Neelsen method the cell wall of a gram-negative is shown as well as the protoplasmic structure of a prokaryote. The cells replicate within the cytplasm and are not enclosed by membrane-bound vacuoles. This occurs in epitheilial cells of pigs.
The structure of ''Lawsonia intracellularis'' reveals non-spore-forming curved rods. It contains gram-negative cells that are able to retain carbol-fushsin when stained using the Ziehl-Neelsen method. It is non-pigmented and non-flagellated. Through the Ziehl-Neelsen method the cell wall of a gram-negative is shown as well as the protoplasmic structure of a prokaryote. The cells replicate within pig epithelial cell cytoplasm and are not enclosed by membrane-bound vacuoles(1).




==Ecology==
==Ecology==
Natural infection has not been detected in either wild or laboratory mice however, the former represent a potential reservoir; hence, our findings have further implications for the ecology and epidemiology of PE, particularly in pigs, where the environment is likely to be cohabited by rodents.
Natural infection has not been detected in either wild or laboratory mice.  However, lab mice studies represent a potential reservoir, therefore studies have further implications for the ecology and epidemiology of proliferative enteropathy, also referred to as proliferative ileitis, which is caused by infection with ''Lawsonia intracellularis'', particularly in pigs. Though the major animal that is most susceptible are pigs, ''Lawsonia intracellularis'' has been detected laboratory animals such as "primates pig, horse, dog, rat, guinea pig, rabbit and hamster" (2). Though there is evidence of infection in primates, there is currently no direct evidence that ''Lawsonia intracellularis'' can infect humans.  
Although pigs have been considered the major susceptible animal, it is becoming increasingly apparent that L. intracellularis has a broad host range which is potentially wider than currently known. Despite evidence of infection in primates, there is currently no direct evidence that L. intracellularis can infect humans, although one report has suggested a link with human disease. In view of the known broad host range of L. intracellularis and the wide spectrum in clinical presentation we should remain alert to the possibility that the range of susceptible species may broaden further and may incorporate humans.
 
   
An important pathway of transmission of ''Lawsonia intracellularis'' is environmental contamination with feces that are from infected animals. The period of time that ''Lawsonia intracellularis'' can remain infectious outside of the infected animal is not certain.   


==Pathology==
==Pathology==
Lawsonia intracellularis is an intracellular bacterial pathogen which cause intestinal hyperplasia in a wide range of mammalian and avian species.
''Lawsonia intracellularis'' is an intracellular bacterial pathogen which cause intestinal hyperplasia in a wide range of mammalian and avian species. As the bacteria is ingested it is able to "infect intestinal proliferating crypt epithelial cells and multiply within the apical cytoplasm" (2).  




==Application to Biotechnology==
==Application to Biotechnology==
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes?  What are they and how are they used?
Information not found.


==Current Research==
==Current Research==
"Single-chain antibodies (scFv) exhibiting specific binding to Lawsonia intracellularis were isolated from a phagemid library expressing scFvs molecules on the surface of filamentous bacteriophages. For scFv selection whole bacterial cells were used and individual clones were tested in ELISA test. The total of seven unique clones with different fingerprint profiles was isolated. All clones were able to bind specifically in immunofluorescence assay. This is the first report of species specific recombinant antibodies against L. intracellularis".


"An in situ hybridization (ISH) procedure with a digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probe for detection of Lawsonia intracellularis in paraffin-embedded tissue is described. This technique recognized 71% of PCR-positive cases and was thus superior to Warthin-Starry silver stain, which only detected 41%. The presented ISH is of comparable sensitivity to previously published immunohistochemical assays and is recommended for laboratories wishing to diagnose L. intracellularis infections in tissue sections but without access to antibodies".


==References==
1) Mcorist, S., Gebhart, C.J., Boid, R., Barns, S.M. “Characterization of Lawsonia intracellularis gen. nov., sp. nov., the Obligately Intracellular Bacterium of Porcine
Proliferative Enteropathy.” 1995. Volume 45. p. 820-825.


==References==
2) Smith, DG.E., Mitchell, S.C., Nash, T., Rhind, S. “Gamma Interferon Influences Intestinal Epithelial Hyperplasia Caused by Lawsonia intracellularis Infection in Mice.” 2000. Volume 68. p. 6737–6743.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/botrender.fcgi?blobtype=html&artid=97774
 
http://www.genome.jp/kegg-bin/show_organism?org=lip
3) Jones, G. F., Ward, G.E., Murtaugh, M.P., Lin, G. and Gebhart, C.J. “Qualitative detection of Lawsonia intracellularis bacteria by PCR.” 2007.
http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/45/4/820.pdf
 
http://rice.tigr.org/tigr-scripts/CMR2/GenomePage3.spl?database=ntli04
4) NCBI Taxonomy Genome Project, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=363253&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock.
 
5) PubMed search site, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez
 
 
KMG

Latest revision as of 15:19, 2 June 2011

This is a curated page. Report corrections to Microbewiki.

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Lawsonia intracellularis

Classification

Gram-negative

Higher order taxa

Phylum: Bacteria

Bacteria; Proteobacteria; Deltaproteobacteria; Desulfovibrionales; Desulfovibrionaceae; Lawsonia.

Strain: PHE/MN1-00.


Genus

Genus species: Lawsonia intracellularis


Description and significance

Lawsonia intracellularis is a bacterial pathogen which causes disease in a wide range of animals, mainly pigs. The bacterial pathogen invades the intestinal epithelial cells which causes hyperplasia of the infected cells and leads to the process of disease pathogenesis. Lawsonia intracelluaris is an intracellular enterophathogen that is the cause of intestinal hyperplasia which is an abnormal increase in the number of cells in an organ or a tissue with consequent enlargement (2). "The disease has two clinical manifestations in pigs: an acute hemorrhagic form often called porcine hemorrhagic enteropathy, and a more chronic proliferative form often referred as porcine intestinal adenomatosis" (3). Lawsonia intracellularis though primarily recognized in pigs, is spreading to a wide range of mammals. Based on 16SrRNA gene sequence, Lawsonia intracellularis is related to Desulfovibio, a sulfate-reducing bacteria and Bilophila wadsworthia.


Genome structure

Lawsonia intracellularis has a circular chromosome and of 1,457,619 nucleotides. The genomic content includes 1,719,014 nucleotides. It had 1,337 protein genes and 49 RNA genes.


Cell structure and metabolism

The structure of Lawsonia intracellularis reveals non-spore-forming curved rods. It contains gram-negative cells that are able to retain carbol-fushsin when stained using the Ziehl-Neelsen method. It is non-pigmented and non-flagellated. Through the Ziehl-Neelsen method the cell wall of a gram-negative is shown as well as the protoplasmic structure of a prokaryote. The cells replicate within pig epithelial cell cytoplasm and are not enclosed by membrane-bound vacuoles(1).


Ecology

Natural infection has not been detected in either wild or laboratory mice. However, lab mice studies represent a potential reservoir, therefore studies have further implications for the ecology and epidemiology of proliferative enteropathy, also referred to as proliferative ileitis, which is caused by infection with Lawsonia intracellularis, particularly in pigs. Though the major animal that is most susceptible are pigs, Lawsonia intracellularis has been detected laboratory animals such as "primates pig, horse, dog, rat, guinea pig, rabbit and hamster" (2). Though there is evidence of infection in primates, there is currently no direct evidence that Lawsonia intracellularis can infect humans.

An important pathway of transmission of Lawsonia intracellularis is environmental contamination with feces that are from infected animals. The period of time that Lawsonia intracellularis can remain infectious outside of the infected animal is not certain.

Pathology

Lawsonia intracellularis is an intracellular bacterial pathogen which cause intestinal hyperplasia in a wide range of mammalian and avian species. As the bacteria is ingested it is able to "infect intestinal proliferating crypt epithelial cells and multiply within the apical cytoplasm" (2).


Application to Biotechnology

Information not found.

Current Research

"Single-chain antibodies (scFv) exhibiting specific binding to Lawsonia intracellularis were isolated from a phagemid library expressing scFvs molecules on the surface of filamentous bacteriophages. For scFv selection whole bacterial cells were used and individual clones were tested in ELISA test. The total of seven unique clones with different fingerprint profiles was isolated. All clones were able to bind specifically in immunofluorescence assay. This is the first report of species specific recombinant antibodies against L. intracellularis".

"An in situ hybridization (ISH) procedure with a digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probe for detection of Lawsonia intracellularis in paraffin-embedded tissue is described. This technique recognized 71% of PCR-positive cases and was thus superior to Warthin-Starry silver stain, which only detected 41%. The presented ISH is of comparable sensitivity to previously published immunohistochemical assays and is recommended for laboratories wishing to diagnose L. intracellularis infections in tissue sections but without access to antibodies".

References

1) Mcorist, S., Gebhart, C.J., Boid, R., Barns, S.M. “Characterization of Lawsonia intracellularis gen. nov., sp. nov., the Obligately Intracellular Bacterium of Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy.” 1995. Volume 45. p. 820-825.

2) Smith, DG.E., Mitchell, S.C., Nash, T., Rhind, S. “Gamma Interferon Influences Intestinal Epithelial Hyperplasia Caused by Lawsonia intracellularis Infection in Mice.” 2000. Volume 68. p. 6737–6743.

3) Jones, G. F., Ward, G.E., Murtaugh, M.P., Lin, G. and Gebhart, C.J. “Qualitative detection of Lawsonia intracellularis bacteria by PCR.” 2007.

4) NCBI Taxonomy Genome Project, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=363253&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock.

5) PubMed search site, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez


KMG