https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Leptospirosis:_A_Worldwide_Zoonotic_Disease&feed=atom&action=historyLeptospirosis: A Worldwide Zoonotic Disease - Revision history2024-03-29T05:05:04ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Leptospirosis:_A_Worldwide_Zoonotic_Disease&diff=64997&oldid=prevBarichD at 15:28, 8 July 20112011-07-08T15:28:45Z<p></p>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Leptospirosis:_A_Worldwide_Zoonotic_Disease&diff=64396&oldid=prevVeitchI: /* Prevalence */2011-05-12T01:03:25Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Prevalence</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tropical, developing countries are constantly battling outbreaks of leptospirosis. In developing countries, many cases of leptospirosis in humans come about from activities of daily life, such as walking barefoot in damp conditions or by drinking contaminated water (9). Furthermore, there are many stray dogs in most developing countries and they have been classified as a significant reservoir for human infection (10). Another obstacle developing countries face is the spread of contaminated water during flooding. Many studies have documented instances where numbers of leptospirosis infected individuals increased soon after flooding (9). This phenomenon is likely due to the increased exposure to contaminated water <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with </del>flooded regions.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tropical, developing countries are constantly battling outbreaks of leptospirosis. In developing countries, many cases of leptospirosis in humans come about from activities of daily life, such as walking barefoot in damp conditions or by drinking contaminated water (9). Furthermore, there are many stray dogs in most developing countries and they have been classified as a significant reservoir for human infection (10). Another obstacle developing countries face is the spread of contaminated water during flooding. Many studies have documented instances where numbers of leptospirosis infected individuals increased soon after flooding (9). This phenomenon is likely due to the increased exposure to contaminated water <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </ins>flooded regions.</div></td></tr>
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</table>VeitchIhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Leptospirosis:_A_Worldwide_Zoonotic_Disease&diff=64393&oldid=prevVeitchI: /* Introduction */2011-05-12T01:00:44Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Introduction ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Leptospires are Gram-negative spirochetes that all share a distinctive cell structure consisting of a long, tight spiral that hooks at both ends (1, figure 1). [[ Image : Leptospirabacterium.png |thumb| |300px| |right| Figure 1. Leptospira bacterium viewed with colored transmission electron microscopy. http://www.sciencephoto.co.uk/images/imagePopUpDetails.html?pop=1&id=662201540&pviewid=&country=67&search=leptospirosis&matchtype=EXACT. ]] Leptospires are a well-known spirochete mainly because they cause leptospirosis, the most widespread zoonotic disease in the world that has been found in almost all species of mammals examined (2). Chronic carriers of leptospirosis are usually wild or domestic animals, such as rats, dogs, cattle, and pigs (3). Humans can contract the disease; however, leptospirosis in humans is always acquired from an animal source. Pathogenic leptospires reside in the proximal renal tubules of the kidneys of carriers and are subsequently excreted in urine. Urine tainted with leptospires then <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">can </del>contaminate soils, surface water, streams, and rivers (3). It is pertinent to note that not all leptospira species are pathogenic. There are twenty documented species in the genus <i> Leptospira </i> (figure 2). These twenty species are classified as pathogenic, non-pathogenic, or intermediate/opportunistic. While only nine of twenty species are labeled as pathogenic, more than 500,000 cases of severe leptospirosis are reported each year, with mortality rates exceeding 10% (4). Furthermore, the incidence of leptospirosis is higher in the tropics than in temperate regions because of longer survival of leptospires due to warm and humid conditions (5). Preventing and diagnosing leptospirosis can be a complicated process, partly due to the sheer diversity of bacteria within the genus <i> Leptospira </i>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Leptospires are Gram-negative spirochetes that all share a distinctive cell structure consisting of a long, tight spiral that hooks at both ends (1, figure 1). [[ Image : Leptospirabacterium.png |thumb| |300px| |right| Figure 1. Leptospira bacterium viewed with colored transmission electron microscopy. http://www.sciencephoto.co.uk/images/imagePopUpDetails.html?pop=1&id=662201540&pviewid=&country=67&search=leptospirosis&matchtype=EXACT. ]] Leptospires are a well-known spirochete mainly because they cause leptospirosis, the most widespread zoonotic disease in the world that has been found in almost all species of mammals examined (2). Chronic carriers of leptospirosis are usually wild or domestic animals, such as rats, dogs, cattle, and pigs (3). Humans can contract the disease; however, leptospirosis in humans is always acquired from an animal source. Pathogenic leptospires reside in the proximal renal tubules of the kidneys of carriers and are subsequently excreted in urine. Urine tainted with leptospires <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">can </ins>then contaminate soils, surface water, streams, and rivers (3). It is pertinent to note that not all leptospira species are pathogenic. There are twenty documented species in the genus <i> Leptospira </i> (figure 2). These twenty species are classified as pathogenic, non-pathogenic, or intermediate/opportunistic. While only nine of twenty species are labeled as pathogenic, more than 500,000 cases of severe leptospirosis are reported each year, with mortality rates exceeding 10% (4). Furthermore, the incidence of leptospirosis is higher in the tropics than in temperate regions because of longer survival of leptospires due to warm and humid conditions (5). Preventing and diagnosing leptospirosis can be a complicated process, partly due to the sheer diversity of bacteria within the genus <i> Leptospira </i>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <i> Leptospira </i> Classification Systems ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== <i> Leptospira </i> Classification Systems ==</div></td></tr>
</table>VeitchIhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Leptospirosis:_A_Worldwide_Zoonotic_Disease&diff=64100&oldid=prevVeitchI: /* Conclusion */2011-05-10T18:23:13Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Conclusion</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Conclusion == </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Conclusion == </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Infection caused by pathogenic leptospires is an important zoonotic disease worldwide that infects a multitude of mammals, ranging from rats to humans. The complexity of leptospirosis is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">because </del>there <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are </del>over 200 serovars, with multiple serovars in individual leptospira species. Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease that can infect nearly every mammal on earth. The strains of pathogenic leptospires humans are most at risk for contracting are dependent on geographic location and which reservoir species humans are most likely to be exposed to (e.g. rats are typically reservoir species for L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae). For this reason there are serological, as well as molecular diagnostic tests that are often used to determine which particular strain caused the disease. Serological tests are extremely important in the field of epidemiology because current vaccinations rely on knowing which serovars a population is most likely to be exposed to. Current studies have goals to determine alternative vaccines that can produce cross-protective immunity against a number of serovars to further heighten protection against leptospirosis. Unfortunately, the symptoms of leptospirosis are often multisystemic and can be difficult to differentiate between other illnesses, such as the influenza virus. Many methods used to successfully diagnose leptospirosis involve very costly equipment, are very time consuming, and require a relatively high microbiological skill set. This can be problematic because high incidences of leptospirosis often occur in developing countries that experience more contact with contaminated drinking water and infected animals. Certain alternative methods for diagnosing leptospirosis, such as the Check-Point method, are being developed to bring simpler and less expensive methods to scientists and doctors working in developing countries.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Infection caused by pathogenic leptospires is an important zoonotic disease worldwide that infects a multitude of mammals, ranging from rats to humans. The complexity of leptospirosis is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">due to </ins>there <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">being </ins>over 200 serovars, with multiple serovars in individual leptospira species. Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease that can infect nearly every mammal on earth. The strains of pathogenic leptospires humans are most at risk for contracting are dependent on geographic location and which reservoir species humans are most likely to be exposed to (e.g. rats are typically reservoir species for L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae). For this reason there are serological, as well as molecular diagnostic tests that are often used to determine which particular strain caused the disease. Serological tests are extremely important in the field of epidemiology because current vaccinations rely on knowing which serovars a population is most likely to be exposed to. Current studies have goals to determine alternative vaccines that can produce cross-protective immunity against a number of serovars to further heighten protection against leptospirosis. Unfortunately, the symptoms of leptospirosis are often multisystemic and can be difficult to differentiate between other illnesses, such as the influenza virus. Many methods used to successfully diagnose leptospirosis involve very costly equipment, are very time consuming, and require a relatively high microbiological skill set. This can be problematic because high incidences of leptospirosis often occur in developing countries that experience more contact with contaminated drinking water and infected animals. Certain alternative methods for diagnosing leptospirosis, such as the Check-Point method, are being developed to bring simpler and less expensive methods to scientists and doctors working in developing countries.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== References ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== References ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(1) Slonczewski, J.L. and J.W. Foster. 2011. <i> Microbiology: An Evolving Science </i>. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 1097 pp.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(1) Slonczewski, J.L. and J.W. Foster. 2011. <i> Microbiology: An Evolving Science </i>. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., New York, 1097 pp.</div></td></tr>
</table>VeitchIhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Leptospirosis:_A_Worldwide_Zoonotic_Disease&diff=64099&oldid=prevVeitchI: /* References */2011-05-10T18:22:22Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(14). Bergval, I.L., R.N.Vijzelaar, E.R. Dalla Costa, A.R. Schuitema, L. Oskam, A.L. Kritski, P.R. Klatser, and R.M. Anthony. 2008. Development of multiplex assay for rapid characterization of <i> Mycobacterium tuberculosis </i>. <i> Journal of Clinical Microbiology </i>. 46:689-699.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(14). Bergval, I.L., R.N.Vijzelaar, E.R. Dalla Costa, A.R. Schuitema, L. Oskam, A.L. Kritski, P.R. Klatser, and R.M. Anthony. 2008. Development of multiplex assay for rapid characterization of <i> Mycobacterium tuberculosis </i>. <i> Journal of Clinical Microbiology </i>. 46:689-699.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(15). Hartwig, D.D., F.K Seixas, G.M. Cerqueira, A.J. McBride, and O.A. Dellagostin. 2011. Characterization of the immunogenic and antigenic potential of putative lipoproteins from <i> Leptospira interrogans </i>. <i> Current Microbiology </i>. 62:1337-1341.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(16). WebMD. 2011. "Immunoglobulins." http://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/immunoglobulins. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by Ian Veitch, student of [mailto:slonczewski@kenyon.edu Joan Slonczewski] for [http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol238/biol238syl09.html BIOL 238 Microbiology], 2011, [http://www.kenyon.edu/index.xml Kenyon College].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by Ian Veitch, student of [mailto:slonczewski@kenyon.edu Joan Slonczewski] for [http://biology.kenyon.edu/courses/biol238/biol238syl09.html BIOL 238 Microbiology], 2011, [http://www.kenyon.edu/index.xml Kenyon College].</div></td></tr>
</table>VeitchIhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Leptospirosis:_A_Worldwide_Zoonotic_Disease&diff=64098&oldid=prevVeitchI: /* Case Study on Immunogenic and Antigenic Potential of Lipoproteins from Leptospira interrogans */2011-05-10T18:15:23Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Case Study on Immunogenic and Antigenic Potential of Lipoproteins from Leptospira interrogans</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Case Study on Immunogenic and Antigenic Potential of Lipoproteins from <i> Leptospira interrogans </i>====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Case Study on Immunogenic and Antigenic Potential of Lipoproteins from <i> Leptospira interrogans </i>====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In a recent study, Hartwig et al. (2011) identified potentially protective lipoproteins from <i> Leptospira interrogans </i> serovar Copenhageni and evaulated the immunological properties of these lipoproteins. Their rational for this study was that current available leptospirosis vaccines require annual booster shots and confer only servovar specific immunity (Hartwig et al., 2011). The following eight lipoproteins were selected and isolated from a patient with severe leptospirosis: LemA, RlpA, LIC10009, LIC10091, LIC11567, LIC13305, LIC13059, and LIC20172. The eight chosen lipoproteins were cloned and expressed in <i> Esherichia coli </i>, and then inoculated in mice to test their humoral immune response. Importantly, immunized mice produced a significant anti-leptospiral IgG response to all of the recombinant proteins except LIC13305 (15, Figure 6). IgG antibodies are the most common antibodies and are extremely important in fighting bacterial and viral infections (16). Hartwig et al. (2011) found that on average, the IgG response peaked on day 42 post-immunization, and was maintained throughout the study period of 105 days. Furthermore, all of the recombinant proteins were recognized by antibodies present in the sera from patients with severe leptospirosis (15). The importance of this study lies in the fact that Hartwig et al. (2011) found 7 potential lipoproteins (LIC13305 failed to produce an IgG response) that are potential vaccine candidates that would induce cross-serovar immunity.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In a recent study, Hartwig et al. (2011) identified potentially protective lipoproteins from <i> Leptospira interrogans </i> serovar Copenhageni and evaulated the immunological properties of these lipoproteins. Their rational for this study was that current available leptospirosis vaccines require annual booster shots and confer only servovar specific immunity (Hartwig et al., 2011). The following eight lipoproteins were selected and isolated from a patient with severe leptospirosis: LemA, RlpA, LIC10009, LIC10091, LIC11567, LIC13305, LIC13059, and LIC20172. The eight chosen lipoproteins were cloned and expressed in <i> Esherichia coli </i>, and then inoculated in mice to test their humoral immune response. Importantly, immunized mice produced a significant anti-leptospiral IgG response to all of the recombinant proteins except LIC13305 (15, Figure 6). IgG antibodies are the most common antibodies and are extremely important in fighting bacterial and viral infections (16). Hartwig et al. (2011) found that on average, the IgG response peaked on day 42 post-immunization, and was maintained throughout the study period of 105 days. Furthermore, all of the recombinant proteins were recognized by antibodies present in the sera from patients with severe leptospirosis (15). The importance of this study lies in the fact that Hartwig et al. (2011) found 7 potential lipoproteins (LIC13305 failed to produce an IgG response) that are potential vaccine candidates that would induce cross-serovar immunity. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[ Image : IgGresponse.png |thumb| |300 px| |left| Figure 6. Specific IgG response stimulated by recombinant proteins. Response values determined by ELISA. http://journals.ohiolink.edu/ejc/pdf.cgi/Hartwig_Daiane_D.pdf?issn=03438651&issue=v62i0004&article=1337_cotiaaoplfli. ]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Pathology of Leptospirosis and Diagnostic Methods ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Pathology of Leptospirosis and Diagnostic Methods ==</div></td></tr>
</table>VeitchIhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Leptospirosis:_A_Worldwide_Zoonotic_Disease&diff=64096&oldid=prevVeitchI: /* Prevention */2011-05-10T18:07:54Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Prevention</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another candidate for a recombinant protein vaccine involves leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (Lig) proteins that belong to a family of surface-exposed determinants (4). Lig proteins are expressed during host infection and can bind to a variety of extracellular matrix components, therefore creating adhesion between leptospiral cells and host cells (4). Recent experimental studies on the effectiveness of a Lig protein vaccine have shown promise. Immunization in various studies did not grant sterilizing immunity; however, the C-terminal portion of LigA is still the most promising candidate to date for a cross-protection vaccine (4).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another candidate for a recombinant protein vaccine involves leptospiral immunoglobulin-like (Lig) proteins that belong to a family of surface-exposed determinants (4). Lig proteins are expressed during host infection and can bind to a variety of extracellular matrix components, therefore creating adhesion between leptospiral cells and host cells (4). Recent experimental studies on the effectiveness of a Lig protein vaccine have shown promise. Immunization in various studies did not grant sterilizing immunity; however, the C-terminal portion of LigA is still the most promising candidate to date for a cross-protection vaccine (4).</div></td></tr>
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</table>VeitchIhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Leptospirosis:_A_Worldwide_Zoonotic_Disease&diff=64095&oldid=prevVeitchI: /* Case Study on Immunogenic and Antigenic Potential of Lipoproteins from Leptospira interrogans */2011-05-10T18:06:46Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Case Study on Immunogenic and Antigenic Potential of Lipoproteins from Leptospira interrogans</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In a recent study, Hartwig et al. (2011) identified potentially protective lipoproteins from <i> Leptospira interrogans </i> serovar Copenhageni and evaulated the immunological properties of these lipoproteins. Their rational for this study was that current available leptospirosis vaccines require annual booster shots and confer only servovar specific immunity (Hartwig et al., 2011). The following eight lipoproteins were selected and isolated from a patient with severe leptospirosis: LemA, RlpA, LIC10009, LIC10091, LIC11567, LIC13305, LIC13059, and LIC20172. The eight chosen lipoproteins were cloned and expressed in <i> Esherichia coli </i>, and then inoculated in mice to test their humoral immune response. Importantly, immunized mice produced a significant anti-leptospiral IgG response to all of the recombinant proteins except LIC13305 (Figure 6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In a recent study, Hartwig et al. (2011) identified potentially protective lipoproteins from <i> Leptospira interrogans </i> serovar Copenhageni and evaulated the immunological properties of these lipoproteins. Their rational for this study was that current available leptospirosis vaccines require annual booster shots and confer only servovar specific immunity (Hartwig et al., 2011). The following eight lipoproteins were selected and isolated from a patient with severe leptospirosis: LemA, RlpA, LIC10009, LIC10091, LIC11567, LIC13305, LIC13059, and LIC20172. The eight chosen lipoproteins were cloned and expressed in <i> Esherichia coli </i>, and then inoculated in mice to test their humoral immune response. Importantly, immunized mice produced a significant anti-leptospiral IgG response to all of the recombinant proteins except LIC13305 (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">15, </ins>Figure 6)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. IgG antibodies are the most common antibodies and are extremely important in fighting bacterial and viral infections (16). Hartwig et al. (2011) found that on average, the IgG response peaked on day 42 post-immunization, and was maintained throughout the study period of 105 days. Furthermore, all of the recombinant proteins were recognized by antibodies present in the sera from patients with severe leptospirosis (15). The importance of this study lies in the fact that Hartwig et al. (2011) found 7 potential lipoproteins (LIC13305 failed to produce an IgG response) that are potential vaccine candidates that would induce cross-serovar immunity</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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</table>VeitchIhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Leptospirosis:_A_Worldwide_Zoonotic_Disease&diff=64094&oldid=prevVeitchI: /* Case Study on Immunogenic and Antigenic Potential of Lipoproteins from Leptospira interrogans */2011-05-10T17:59:03Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Case Study on Immunogenic and Antigenic Potential of Lipoproteins from Leptospira interrogans</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Case Study on Immunogenic and Antigenic Potential of Lipoproteins from <i> Leptospira interrogans </i>====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Case Study on Immunogenic and Antigenic Potential of Lipoproteins from <i> Leptospira interrogans </i>====</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In a recent study, Hartwig et al. (2011) identified potentially protective lipoproteins from <i> Leptospira interrogans </i> serovar Copenhageni and evaulated the immunological properties of these lipoproteins. Their rational for this study was that current available leptospirosis vaccines require annual booster shots and confer only servovar specific immunity (Hartwig et al., 2011). The following eight lipoproteins were selected and isolated from a patient with severe leptospirosis: LemA, RlpA, LIC10009, LIC10091, LIC11567, LIC13305, LIC13059, and LIC20172. The eight chosen lipoproteins were cloned and expressed in <i> Esherichia coli </i>, and then inoculated in mice to test their humoral immune response. Importantly, immunized mice produced a significant anti-leptospiral IgG response to all of the recombinant proteins except LIC13305 (Figure</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In a recent study, Hartwig et al. (2011) identified potentially protective lipoproteins from <i> Leptospira interrogans </i> serovar Copenhageni and evaulated the immunological properties of these lipoproteins. Their rational for this study was that current available leptospirosis vaccines require annual booster shots and confer only servovar specific immunity (Hartwig et al., 2011). The following eight lipoproteins were selected and isolated from a patient with severe leptospirosis: LemA, RlpA, LIC10009, LIC10091, LIC11567, LIC13305, LIC13059, and LIC20172. The eight chosen lipoproteins were cloned and expressed in <i> Esherichia coli </i>, and then inoculated in mice to test their humoral immune response. Importantly, immunized mice produced a significant anti-leptospiral IgG response to all of the recombinant proteins except LIC13305 (Figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6).</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Pathology of Leptospirosis and Diagnostic Methods ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Pathology of Leptospirosis and Diagnostic Methods ==</div></td></tr>
</table>VeitchIhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Leptospirosis:_A_Worldwide_Zoonotic_Disease&diff=64093&oldid=prevVeitchI: /* Diagnosis of Leptospirosis */2011-05-10T17:58:42Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Diagnosis of Leptospirosis</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another method often used during differential diagnostics is an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA is used to detect the presence of leptospiral antigens (figure 6). To conduct an ELISA, an unknown amount of antigen is fixed to the bottom of a well plate and a specific antibody is applied over the surface so that it can bind to the antigen (12). The antibody is linked to an enzyme, which can produce a visible change (e.g. color change) that can be quantified in terms of optical density (12). [[ Image : ELISAcartoon.png.gif |thumb| |300px| |left| Figure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">6</del>. Cartoon rendering of the ELISA method for detection of leptospiral antigens. http://www.standardia.com/files/cs_product_en/04_02/Leptospira-IgM-ELISA_procedure.gif. ]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another method often used during differential diagnostics is an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). ELISA is used to detect the presence of leptospiral antigens (figure 6). To conduct an ELISA, an unknown amount of antigen is fixed to the bottom of a well plate and a specific antibody is applied over the surface so that it can bind to the antigen (12). The antibody is linked to an enzyme, which can produce a visible change (e.g. color change) that can be quantified in terms of optical density (12). [[ Image : ELISAcartoon.png.gif |thumb| |300px| |left| Figure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7</ins>. Cartoon rendering of the ELISA method for detection of leptospiral antigens. http://www.standardia.com/files/cs_product_en/04_02/Leptospira-IgM-ELISA_procedure.gif. ]]</div></td></tr>
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