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<div style="text-align: center;"> '''''Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis''''' </div>
{{Uncurated}}


<div style="text-align: center;"> Taxonomy:  ''Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Methanomicrobia;'' unclassified ''Methanomicrobia; Methanomassiliicoccus'' </div>
==Classification==
 
===Higher order taxa===
 
Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Methanomicrobia; unclassified Methanomicrobia
 
===Species===
 
''Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis''  
 
{|
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1080712&lvl=3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome '''
|}
 
 
==Description and significance==


''Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis'' is a methanogen, which is a group of ''Archaea'' that produce methane gas. Methanogens are known to inhabit humans and other animals. Methanogens interact with other ''Archaea'' and ''Bacteria'' in the human gut. The balance of methanogens and other microbes within the human gut plays a role in the health and disease of the animal they inhabit (Conway de Macario and Macario 104–105).  
''Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis'' is a methanogen, which is a group of ''Archaea'' that produce methane gas. Methanogens are known to inhabit humans and other animals. Methanogens interact with other ''Archaea'' and ''Bacteria'' in the human gut. The balance of methanogens and other microbes within the human gut plays a role in the health and disease of the animal they inhabit (Conway de Macario and Macario 104–105).  


''Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis'' is a recently cultivated ''Archaea'' species that produces methane by reducing methanol and oxidizing hydrogen. ''M. luminyensis'' is one of the microbes in the human system that helps prevent the over abundance of hydrogen to maintain proper pH (Gorlas et al. 4745). ''M. luminyensis'' grows as single cell cocci measuring between 0.7 and 1 nanometers and grows optimally at 37°C, 7.6 pH, and 10 g/L NaCl concentration. When being cultivated in the lab, ''M. luminyensis'' requires tungsten to grow (Dridi 826–827).
==Genome structure==
 
A strain of ''Archaea'', B10<sup>T</sup>, was isolated from human feces and was identified as ''M. luminyensis'' through 16S rRNA and mcrA gene sequences. Further characterization shows that B10<sup>T</sup> is non-motile and stains Gram-negative. ''M. luminyensis'' also exhibits auto fluorescence at 420nm, and a genome size of 2.05 Mb. The cell wall has been identified as having two layers, one thick and translucent, and the other thin and impermeable to electron beams. One distinguishing characteristic of B10<sup>T</sup> is the production of methane through the reduction of methanol, as an H<sub>2</sub> obligate (B. Dridi et al. 1902–1905). ''M. luminyensis'' is unique from other ''Archaea'' found in humans as it has the largest genome and shows evidence of nonarchaeal proteins. It is speculated that these proteins originated from gene transfer with bacteria also found in the human gut (Gorlas et al. 4745). ''M. luminyensis'' has circular DNA with a 59.93% G+C DNA content (Dridi 826).
 
==Cell structure and metabolism==
 
''Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis'' is a recently cultivated ''Archaea'' species that produces methane by reducing methanol and oxidizing hydrogen. ''M. luminyensis'' is one of the microbes in the human system that helps prevent the overabundance of hydrogen to maintain proper pH (Gorlas et al. 4745). Growing as a single cell cocci, measuring between 0.7 and 1 nanometers, ''M. luminyensis'' grows optimally at 37°C, 7.6 pH, and 10 g/L NaCl concentration. When being cultivated in the lab, ''M. luminyensis'' requires tungsten to grow (Dridi 826–827).
 
[[Image:Vign_methanomassiliicoccus-luminyensis_img.jpg‎ |thumb|''M. luminyensis'' [http://en.mediterranee-infection.com/article.php?laref=134&titre=methanomassiliicoccus-luminyensis Méditerranée Infection]]]


[[Image:Vign_methanomassiliicoccus-luminyensis_img.jpg‎ |thumb|''M. luminyensis'' http://en.mediterranee-infection.com/article.php?laref=134&titre=methanomassiliicoccus-luminyensis]]


A strain of ''Archaea'', B10<sup>T</sup>, was isolated from human feces and was identified as ''M. luminyensis'' through 16S rRNA and mcrA gene sequences. Further characterization shows that B10<sup>T</sup> is non-motile and stains Gram-negative. ''M. luminyensis'' also exhibits auto fluorescence at 420nm, and a genome size of 2.05 Mb. The cell wall has been identified as having two layers, one thick and translucent, and the other thin and impermeable to electron beams. One distinguishing characteristic of B10<sup>T</sup> is the production of methane through the reduction of methanol, as an H2 obligate (B. Dridi et al. 1902–1905). ''M. luminyensis'' is unique from other ''Archaea'' found in humans as it has the largest genome and shows evidence of nonarchaeal proteins. It is speculated that these proteins originated from gene transfer with bacteria also found in the human gut (Gorlas et al. 4745). ''M. luminyensis'' has circular DNA with a 59.93% G+C DNA content (Dridi 826).
==Ecology==


According to new research, there is no evidence of ''M. luminyensis'' or other methanogenics in children under 27 months, but a 60% presence in five year olds. This means these ''Archaea'' are likely to have arose from the environment. Genetics do not seem to play a role in the number of ''Archaea'' found in the gut (Dridi, Raoult, and Drancourt 63). Further evidence of ''M. luminyensis'' isolated in rice and groundwater suggest that the origin may be environmental. ''Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanosphaera stadtmanae, and M. luminyensis'' are methanogenic ''Archaea'' found in human stool samples. ''M. luminyensis'' was present in 95% of patients with an average age of 62, with increased age as a predictor for only ''M. luminyensis''. This positive correlation between increasing age and the presence of ''M. luminyensis'' was observed through statistical probability that showed 0.05 for patients under the age of 20 and an increase to 0.35 for those above the age of 60 (Bédis Dridi, Henry, et al. 774–776). This research indicates an increasing prevalence of ''M. luminyensis'' in older populations, with age but not gender as a determining factor of its presence.  
According to new research, there is no evidence of ''M. luminyensis'' or other methanogenics in children under 27 months, but a 60% presence in five year olds. This means these ''Archaea'' are likely to have arose from the environment. Genetics do not seem to play a role in the number of ''Archaea'' found in the gut (Dridi, Raoult, and Drancourt 63). Further evidence of ''M. luminyensis'' isolated in rice and groundwater suggest that the origin may be environmental. ''Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanosphaera stadtmanae, and M. luminyensis'' are methanogenic ''Archaea'' found in human stool samples. ''M. luminyensis'' was present in 95% of patients with an average age of 62, with increased age as a predictor for only ''M. luminyensis''. This positive correlation between increasing age and the presence of ''M. luminyensis'' was observed through statistical probability that showed 0.05 for patients under the age of 20 and an increase to 0.35 for those above the age of 60 (Bédis Dridi, Henry, et al. 774–776). This research indicates an increasing prevalence of ''M. luminyensis'' in older populations, with age but not gender as a determining factor of its presence.  
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When exposed to antibiotics, ''M. luminyensis'' demonstrated the same high resistance pattern that of ''Mb. Smithii''. Remarkably, the archaeons susceptibility and resistance to antibiotics was related to the patterns seen in bacteria and eukarya. ''M. luminyensis'' was sensitive to antibiotics that both bacteria and eukarya were also susceptible to. However, ''M. luminyensis'' was resistant to antibiotics effective against only bacteria or only eukarya. This data allows researchers to begin to understand and formulate antimicrobial methods to further prevent infection (Bédis Dridi, Fardeau, et al. 2041–2043).
When exposed to antibiotics, ''M. luminyensis'' demonstrated the same high resistance pattern that of ''Mb. Smithii''. Remarkably, the archaeons susceptibility and resistance to antibiotics was related to the patterns seen in bacteria and eukarya. ''M. luminyensis'' was sensitive to antibiotics that both bacteria and eukarya were also susceptible to. However, ''M. luminyensis'' was resistant to antibiotics effective against only bacteria or only eukarya. This data allows researchers to begin to understand and formulate antimicrobial methods to further prevent infection (Bédis Dridi, Fardeau, et al. 2041–2043).


An interesting argument for a seventh order of methanogens has arisen in recent literature. An existing six orders of phylogenetically related methanogens has been previously established. "''Candidatus'' Methanomethylophilus alvus" and ''M. luminyensis'' are a proposed seventh order of methanogens, differentiated from the previous six orders based on being obligate H2-dependent methylotrophic methanogens. ''M. luminyensis'' and "''Ca.'' M. alvus" show an 87% similarity in their 16S rRNA gene sequences and their monophyletic lineage does not have a phylogenetic relationship with the existing six orders of methanogens. An analysis of the five markers for methanogenesis, in which all methanogens share, show evidence for vertical inheritance of genes (Borrel et al. 1771–1773). However, ''M. luminyensis'' and "''Ca.'' M. alvus" do not have the genes for the first six steps of methanogenesis from H2/CO2, even though all other genomes of methanogens possess these genes (Borrel et al. 1778–1779).  This further supports the argument that ''M. luminyensis'' and "''Ca.'' M. alvus" constitute a seventh order of methanogens.
An interesting argument for a seventh order of methanogens has arisen in recent literature. An existing six orders of phylogenetically related methanogens has been previously established. "''Candidatus'' Methanomethylophilus alvus" and ''M. luminyensis'' are a proposed seventh order of methanogens, differentiated from the previous six orders based on being obligate H<sub>2</sub>-dependent methylotrophic methanogens. ''M. luminyensis'' and "''Ca.'' M. alvus" show an 87% similarity in their 16S rRNA gene sequences and their monophyletic lineage does not have a phylogenetic relationship with the existing six orders of methanogens. An analysis of the five markers for methanogenesis, in which all methanogens share, show evidence for vertical inheritance of genes (Borrel et al. 1771–1773). However, ''M. luminyensis'' and "''Ca.'' M. alvus" do not have the genes for the first six steps of methanogenesis from H<sub>2</sub>/CO<sub>2</sub>, even though all other genomes of methanogens possess these genes (Borrel et al. 1778–1779).  This further supports the argument that ''M. luminyensis'' and "''Ca.'' M. alvus" constitute a seventh order of methanogens.




<div style="text-align: center;"> References </div>
==References==


Borrel, Guillaume et al. “Phylogenomic Data Support a Seventh Order of Methylotrophic Methanogens and Provide Insights into the Evolution of Methanogenesis.” Genome Biology and Evolution 5.10 (2013): 1769–1780. gbe.oxfordjournals.org. Web. 16 Oct. 2013 . <http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/10/1769>.
[http://gbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/5/10/1769 Borrel, Guillaume et al. “Phylogenomic Data Support a Seventh Order of Methylotrophic Methanogens and Provide Insights into the Evolution of Methanogenesis.” Genome Biology and Evolution 5.10 (2013): 1769–1780. gbe.oxfordjournals.org. Web. 16 Oct. 2013.]


Conway de Macario, Everly, and Alberto J. L. Macario. “Methanogenic Archaea in Health and Disease: A Novel Paradigm of Microbial Pathogenesis.” International Journal of Medical Microbiology 299.2 (2009): 99–108. ScienceDirect. Web. 16 Dec. 2013 . <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438422108001045>.
[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1438422108001045 Conway de Macario, Everly, and Alberto J. L. Macario. “Methanogenic Archaea in Health and Disease: A Novel Paradigm of Microbial Pathogenesis.” International Journal of Medical Microbiology 299.2 (2009): 99–108. ScienceDirect. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.]


Dridi, B. “Laboratory Tools for Detection of Archaea in Humans.” Clinical Microbiology and Infection 18.9 (2012): 825–833. Wiley Online Library. Web. 16 Dec. 2013 . <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03952.x/abstract>.
[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03952.x/abstract Dridi, B. “Laboratory Tools for Detection of Archaea in Humans.” Clinical Microbiology and Infection 18.9 (2012): 825–833. Wiley Online Library. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.]


B. Dridi, et al. “Methanomassiliicoccus Luminyensis Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov., a Methanogenic Archaeon Isolated from Human Faeces.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY 62.Pt 8 (2012): 1902–1907. CrossRef. Web. 16 Dec. 2013 . <http://ijsb.sgmjournals.org/content/62/Pt_8/1902.short>.
[http://ijsb.sgmjournals.org/content/62/Pt_8/1902.short B. Dridi, et al. “Methanomassiliicoccus Luminyensis Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov., a Methanogenic Archaeon Isolated from Human Faeces.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY 62.Pt 8 (2012): 1902–1907. CrossRef. Web. 16 Dec. 2013]


Dridi, Bédis, Mireille Henry, et al. “Age-related Prevalence of Methanomassiliicoccus Luminyensis in the Human Gut Microbiome.” APMIS 120.10 (2012): 773–777. Wiley Online Library. Web. 16 Oct. 2013 . <http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02899.x/abstract>.
[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02899.x/abstract Dridi, Bédis, Mireille Henry, et al. “Age-related Prevalence of Methanomassiliicoccus Luminyensis in the Human Gut Microbiome.” APMIS 120.10 (2012): 773–777. Wiley Online Library. Web. 16 Oct. 2013.]


Dridi, Bédis, Marie-Laure Fardeau, et al. “The Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Cultured Human Methanogens Reflects the Unique Phylogenetic Position of Archaea.” Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 66.9 (2011): 2038–2044. jac.oxfordjournals.org. Web. 16 Dec. 2013 . <http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/9/2038>.
[http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/9/2038 Dridi, Bédis, Marie-Laure Fardeau, et al. “The Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Cultured Human Methanogens Reflects the Unique Phylogenetic Position of Archaea.” Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 66.9 (2011): 2038–2044. jac.oxfordjournals.org. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.]


Dridi, Bédis, Didier Raoult, and Michel Drancourt. “Archaea as Emerging Organisms in Complex Human Microbiomes.” Anaerobe 17.2 (2011): 56–63. ScienceDirect. Web. 16 Dec. 2013 . <http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996411000254>.
[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1075996411000254 Dridi, Bédis, Didier Raoult, and Michel Drancourt. “Archaea as Emerging Organisms in Complex Human Microbiomes.” Anaerobe 17.2 (2011): 56–63. ScienceDirect. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.]


Gorlas, A. et al. “Complete Genome Sequence of Methanomassiliicoccus Luminyensis, the Largest Genome of a Human-Associated Archaea Species.” Journal of Bacteriology 194.17 (2012): 4745–4745. CrossRef. Web. 5 Nov. 2013 . <http://jb.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/JB.00956-12>.
[http://jb.asm.org/cgi/doi/10.1128/JB.00956-12 Gorlas, A. et al. “Complete Genome Sequence of Methanomassiliicoccus Luminyensis, the Largest Genome of a Human-Associated Archaea Species.” Journal of Bacteriology 194.17 (2012): 4745–4745. CrossRef. Web. 5 Nov. 2013]

Latest revision as of 15:10, 1 October 2015

This student page has not been curated.

Classification

Higher order taxa

Archaea; Euryarchaeota; Methanomicrobia; unclassified Methanomicrobia

Species

Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis

NCBI: Taxonomy Genome


Description and significance

Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis is a methanogen, which is a group of Archaea that produce methane gas. Methanogens are known to inhabit humans and other animals. Methanogens interact with other Archaea and Bacteria in the human gut. The balance of methanogens and other microbes within the human gut plays a role in the health and disease of the animal they inhabit (Conway de Macario and Macario 104–105).

Genome structure

A strain of Archaea, B10T, was isolated from human feces and was identified as M. luminyensis through 16S rRNA and mcrA gene sequences. Further characterization shows that B10T is non-motile and stains Gram-negative. M. luminyensis also exhibits auto fluorescence at 420nm, and a genome size of 2.05 Mb. The cell wall has been identified as having two layers, one thick and translucent, and the other thin and impermeable to electron beams. One distinguishing characteristic of B10T is the production of methane through the reduction of methanol, as an H2 obligate (B. Dridi et al. 1902–1905). M. luminyensis is unique from other Archaea found in humans as it has the largest genome and shows evidence of nonarchaeal proteins. It is speculated that these proteins originated from gene transfer with bacteria also found in the human gut (Gorlas et al. 4745). M. luminyensis has circular DNA with a 59.93% G+C DNA content (Dridi 826).

Cell structure and metabolism

Methanomassiliicoccus luminyensis is a recently cultivated Archaea species that produces methane by reducing methanol and oxidizing hydrogen. M. luminyensis is one of the microbes in the human system that helps prevent the overabundance of hydrogen to maintain proper pH (Gorlas et al. 4745). Growing as a single cell cocci, measuring between 0.7 and 1 nanometers, M. luminyensis grows optimally at 37°C, 7.6 pH, and 10 g/L NaCl concentration. When being cultivated in the lab, M. luminyensis requires tungsten to grow (Dridi 826–827).


Ecology

According to new research, there is no evidence of M. luminyensis or other methanogenics in children under 27 months, but a 60% presence in five year olds. This means these Archaea are likely to have arose from the environment. Genetics do not seem to play a role in the number of Archaea found in the gut (Dridi, Raoult, and Drancourt 63). Further evidence of M. luminyensis isolated in rice and groundwater suggest that the origin may be environmental. Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanosphaera stadtmanae, and M. luminyensis are methanogenic Archaea found in human stool samples. M. luminyensis was present in 95% of patients with an average age of 62, with increased age as a predictor for only M. luminyensis. This positive correlation between increasing age and the presence of M. luminyensis was observed through statistical probability that showed 0.05 for patients under the age of 20 and an increase to 0.35 for those above the age of 60 (Bédis Dridi, Henry, et al. 774–776). This research indicates an increasing prevalence of M. luminyensis in older populations, with age but not gender as a determining factor of its presence.

When exposed to antibiotics, M. luminyensis demonstrated the same high resistance pattern that of Mb. Smithii. Remarkably, the archaeons susceptibility and resistance to antibiotics was related to the patterns seen in bacteria and eukarya. M. luminyensis was sensitive to antibiotics that both bacteria and eukarya were also susceptible to. However, M. luminyensis was resistant to antibiotics effective against only bacteria or only eukarya. This data allows researchers to begin to understand and formulate antimicrobial methods to further prevent infection (Bédis Dridi, Fardeau, et al. 2041–2043).

An interesting argument for a seventh order of methanogens has arisen in recent literature. An existing six orders of phylogenetically related methanogens has been previously established. "Candidatus Methanomethylophilus alvus" and M. luminyensis are a proposed seventh order of methanogens, differentiated from the previous six orders based on being obligate H2-dependent methylotrophic methanogens. M. luminyensis and "Ca. M. alvus" show an 87% similarity in their 16S rRNA gene sequences and their monophyletic lineage does not have a phylogenetic relationship with the existing six orders of methanogens. An analysis of the five markers for methanogenesis, in which all methanogens share, show evidence for vertical inheritance of genes (Borrel et al. 1771–1773). However, M. luminyensis and "Ca. M. alvus" do not have the genes for the first six steps of methanogenesis from H2/CO2, even though all other genomes of methanogens possess these genes (Borrel et al. 1778–1779). This further supports the argument that M. luminyensis and "Ca. M. alvus" constitute a seventh order of methanogens.


References

Borrel, Guillaume et al. “Phylogenomic Data Support a Seventh Order of Methylotrophic Methanogens and Provide Insights into the Evolution of Methanogenesis.” Genome Biology and Evolution 5.10 (2013): 1769–1780. gbe.oxfordjournals.org. Web. 16 Oct. 2013.

Conway de Macario, Everly, and Alberto J. L. Macario. “Methanogenic Archaea in Health and Disease: A Novel Paradigm of Microbial Pathogenesis.” International Journal of Medical Microbiology 299.2 (2009): 99–108. ScienceDirect. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.

Dridi, B. “Laboratory Tools for Detection of Archaea in Humans.” Clinical Microbiology and Infection 18.9 (2012): 825–833. Wiley Online Library. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.

B. Dridi, et al. “Methanomassiliicoccus Luminyensis Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov., a Methanogenic Archaeon Isolated from Human Faeces.” INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY 62.Pt 8 (2012): 1902–1907. CrossRef. Web. 16 Dec. 2013

Dridi, Bédis, Mireille Henry, et al. “Age-related Prevalence of Methanomassiliicoccus Luminyensis in the Human Gut Microbiome.” APMIS 120.10 (2012): 773–777. Wiley Online Library. Web. 16 Oct. 2013.

Dridi, Bédis, Marie-Laure Fardeau, et al. “The Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Cultured Human Methanogens Reflects the Unique Phylogenetic Position of Archaea.” Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 66.9 (2011): 2038–2044. jac.oxfordjournals.org. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.

Dridi, Bédis, Didier Raoult, and Michel Drancourt. “Archaea as Emerging Organisms in Complex Human Microbiomes.” Anaerobe 17.2 (2011): 56–63. ScienceDirect. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.

Gorlas, A. et al. “Complete Genome Sequence of Methanomassiliicoccus Luminyensis, the Largest Genome of a Human-Associated Archaea Species.” Journal of Bacteriology 194.17 (2012): 4745–4745. CrossRef. Web. 5 Nov. 2013