https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Methanosphaera_stadtmanae&feed=atom&action=historyMethanosphaera stadtmanae - Revision history2024-03-28T09:35:29ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Methanosphaera_stadtmanae&diff=54828&oldid=prevBarichD at 18:52, 19 August 20102010-08-19T18:52:37Z<p></p>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Methanosphaera_stadtmanae&diff=19571&oldid=prevGillenk at 19:09, 20 July 20072007-07-20T19:09:17Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and Significance==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and Significance==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Methanosphaera stadtmanae strain DSZM 3091 was isolated by the Deutsche Sammlung von Zellkulturen und Mikroorganismen (DSMZ), located in Braunschweig, Germany. It is important to isolate and sequence the genome of this archaeon as it is the first human archaeal commensal; therefore, it can help researchers gain a better understanding of the role of archael commensals in humans. It was found that M. stadtmanae inhabits the human intestine. These archaea thrive there because methanol is present as a by product of “pectin degradation by Bacteroides species and other anaerobic bacteria”</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Methanosphaera stadtmanae strain DSZM 3091<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>was isolated by the Deutsche Sammlung von Zellkulturen und Mikroorganismen (DSMZ), located in Braunschweig, Germany. It is important to isolate and sequence the genome of this archaeon as it is the first human archaeal commensal; therefore, it can help researchers gain a better understanding of the role of archael commensals in humans. It was found that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>inhabits the human intestine. These archaea thrive there because methanol is present as a by product of “pectin degradation by Bacteroides species and other anaerobic bacteria”</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It was found that the M. stadtmanae can be grown on a medium that contains 0.5 g/liter sodium formate and 10% rumen fluid. The process of sequencing M. stadtmanae included extracting and shearing “its total genomic DNA to obtain various shotgun data using 3 kb to 5 kb fractions.” Next, the fragments were cloned into vectors produced by the Invitrogen Co., pCR4-TOPO. Then, the ends of the recombinant plasmids were sequenced using dye terminator chemistry. Also, in order to edit the sequence, part of the Staden software package, GAP4, was used. In fact, about 8.7-fold coverage of the genome was achieved after reconstructing 21,555 sequences.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It was found that the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>can be grown on a medium that contains 0.5 g/liter sodium formate and 10% rumen fluid. The process of sequencing <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>included extracting and shearing “its total genomic DNA to obtain various shotgun data using 3 kb to 5 kb fractions.” Next, the fragments were cloned into vectors produced by the Invitrogen Co., pCR4-TOPO. Then, the ends of the recombinant plasmids were sequenced using dye terminator chemistry. Also, in order to edit the sequence, part of the Staden software package, GAP4, was used. In fact, about 8.7-fold coverage of the genome was achieved after reconstructing 21,555 sequences.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The M. stadtmanae genome consists of one circular chromosome that contains 1,767,403 basepairs but no plasmids. Also, of all sequenced archaeal genomes, M. stadtmanae has the lowest Guanine+Cytosine (G+C) content 28%. Also, within all the methanogens, the M. stadtmanae has the lowest number of protein-encoding sequences with 1,534 CDS. It is found that the M. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">stadtmanae’s </del>genome has 40 tRNAs and four rRNA operons, which is the highest number of rRNA operons found in a single genome within the Archaea domain. In fact, “its genome consists of four 1,528-bp insertion elements, which all include either one of three highly homologous CDS, Msp0017, Msp0233, and Msp0471, or a pseudogene, Msp1439.”</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>genome consists of one circular chromosome that contains 1,767,403 basepairs but no plasmids. Also, of all sequenced archaeal genomes, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>has the lowest Guanine+Cytosine (G+C) content <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">at </ins>28%. Also, within all the methanogens, the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>has the lowest number of protein-encoding sequences with 1,534 CDS. It is found that the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">stadtmanae''’s </ins>genome has 40 tRNAs and four rRNA operons, which is the highest number of rRNA operons found in a single genome within the Archaea domain. In fact, “its genome consists of four 1,528-bp insertion elements, which all include either one of three highly homologous CDS, Msp0017, Msp0233, and Msp0471, or a pseudogene, Msp1439.”</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>M. stadtmanae needs acetate for growth. This is because the M. stadtmanae lacks the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase and acetyl-coenzyme A synthase that is responsible for synthesizing the acetyl-coenzyme that is needed in the Krebs cycle to produce ATP, which is essential for cell growth. In addition, as demonstrated by Gerhard Gottschalk et al., the sequenced genome of M. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">stadtmanae’s </del> is found to also lack “37 protein-coding sequences present in all other methanogens, which are involved in synthesis of a compound required for catalyzing the first step of methanogenesis from CO2 and H2.” For that reason, M. stadtmanae lacks the ability to perform methanogenesis and is unable to produce methane like other methanogens. Therefore, as an alternative, M. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">stadtmanae’s </del>genome has a protein-encoding sequences (CDS) for the enzymes that aid in the reduction of methane and ATP synthesis. As it turned out, this is a very efficient process in terms of conserving energy for the M. stadtmanae because they only have five enzyme complexes that are involved <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in“methanol </del>reduction to methane with H2, a reaction that is coupled to the buildup of an electrochemical proton potential which drives the phosphorylation of ADP,” which is found when analyzing the growth of the methanogen on H2 and methanol as the only energy source. Equally interesting, it is found that there were 3,300 amino acids sequenced in the genome of M. stadtmanae that are not present in any other methanogens or Archaea It is believed that these amino acids have attachment features that allow M. stadtmanae to colonize in the human intestine<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>needs acetate for growth. This is because the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>lacks the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase and acetyl-coenzyme A synthase that is responsible for synthesizing the acetyl-coenzyme that is needed in the Krebs cycle to produce ATP, which is essential for cell growth. In addition, as demonstrated by Gerhard Gottschalk et al., the sequenced genome of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">stadtmanae''’s </ins> is found to also lack “37 protein-coding sequences present in all other methanogens, which are involved in synthesis of a compound required for catalyzing the first step of methanogenesis from CO2 and H2.” For that reason, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>lacks the ability to perform methanogenesis and is unable to produce methane like other methanogens. Therefore, as an alternative, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">stadtmanae''’s </ins>genome has a protein-encoding sequences (CDS) for the enzymes that aid in the reduction of methane and ATP synthesis. As it turned out, this is a very efficient process in terms of conserving energy for the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>because they only have five enzyme complexes that are involved <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in “methanol </ins>reduction to methane with H2, a reaction that is coupled to the buildup of an electrochemical proton potential which drives the phosphorylation of ADP,” which is found when analyzing the growth of the methanogen on H2 and methanol as the only energy source. Equally interesting, it is found that there were 3,300 amino acids sequenced in the genome of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>that are not present in any other methanogens or Archaea<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </ins>It is believed that these amino acids have attachment features that allow <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>to colonize in the human intestine.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Ecology==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc</del>.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </del>Methanosphaera stadtmanae is an organism that lives in the human intestine. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </del>M. stadtmanae is found to have the most restricted energy metabolism present in methanogenic Archaea. M. stadtmanae is restricted to methanol and H2 for methane formation and ATP synthesis as mentioned earlier. In fact, M. stadtmanae can “neither oxidize methanol to CO2 nor reduce CO2 to methane,” which also makes this bacteria lack the ability of autotrophic growth on CO2, making them dependent on acetate and CO2 as the main carbon sources that is needed for the biosynthesis of necessary cell components. Therefore, with this incompetent, it makes them helpful for their human host by conserving energy; this is the reason why the human intestine does not need much energy to make methane for producing essential cell components, which makes this organism a useful organism rather than a parasite. Also, unlike other commensals, M. stadtmanae are “able to survive in the human gastrointestinal tract, which is protected by a highly active immune system, but also stimulate the development of a healthy intestinal epithelium and immune system;” and therefore, can help prevent chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestine, but their specific role is still unknown to researchers.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Methanosphaera stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is an organism that lives in the human intestine. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is found to have the most restricted energy metabolism present in methanogenic Archaea. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is restricted to methanol and H2 for methane formation and ATP synthesis as mentioned earlier. In fact, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>can “neither oxidize methanol to CO2 nor reduce CO2 to methane,” which also makes this bacteria lack the ability of autotrophic growth on CO2, making them dependent on acetate and CO2 as the main carbon sources that is needed for the biosynthesis of necessary cell components. Therefore, with this incompetent, it makes them helpful for their human host by conserving energy; this is the reason why the human intestine does not need much energy to make methane for producing essential cell components, which makes this organism a useful organism rather than a parasite. Also, unlike other commensals, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>are “able to survive in the human gastrointestinal tract, which is protected by a highly active immune system, but also stimulate the development of a healthy intestinal epithelium and immune system;” and therefore, can help prevent chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestine, but their specific role is still unknown to researchers.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Application to Biotechnology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Application to Biotechnology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>M. stadtmanae does produce some useful compounds such as molybdopterin, which helps the organism be able to grow without being dependent on acetate to biosynthesize cell components. This organism also produces serine from the pyruvate that was synthesized from glycolysis(2). Being able to produce serine is useful since it is a good carbon source and is one of the most common amino acids found in animal proteins. Also, like all other methanogens, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </del>M. stadtmanae <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">also </del>has the ability to synthesize the coenzyme F430, which is found to be useful in redox reactions. By producing and using the F430, which has a low energy conformation, M. stadtmanae is able to conserve energy in redox reactions. More specifically, the F430 can be used as a catalyst for the reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated carbon one hydrocarbons(1).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>does produce some useful compounds such as molybdopterin, which helps the organism be able to grow without being dependent on acetate to biosynthesize cell components. This organism also produces serine from the pyruvate that was synthesized from glycolysis(2). Being able to produce serine is useful since it is a good carbon source and is one of the most common amino acids found in animal proteins. Also, like all other methanogens, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>has the ability to synthesize the coenzyme F430, which is found to be useful in redox reactions. By producing and using the F430, which has a low energy conformation, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is able to conserve energy in redox reactions. More specifically, the F430 can be used as a catalyst for the reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated carbon one hydrocarbons(1).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. “The Genome Sequence of Methanosphaera stadtmanae Reveals Why This Human Intestinal Archaeon Is Restricted to Methanol and H2 for Methane Formation and ATP Synthesis”[1](2005)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. “The Genome Sequence of Methanosphaera stadtmanae Reveals Why This Human Intestinal Archaeon Is Restricted to Methanol and H2 for Methane Formation and ATP Synthesis”[1](2005)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> This current research was an attempt to find some general features about the M. stadtmanae and understand how it behaves as it inhabits in the human intestine. It was found that while living in the human intestine, M. stadtmanae was able to generate methane by reduction of methanol with hydrogen gas.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> This current research was an attempt to find some general features about the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>and understand how it behaves as it inhabits in the human intestine. It was found that while living in the human intestine, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>M. stadtmanae<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>was able to generate methane by reduction of methanol with hydrogen gas.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[4] Lovley RD, Greening RC, Ferry JG: “Rapidly Growing Rumen Methanogenic Organisms That Synthesizes Cooenzyme M and Has a High Affinity for Formate”.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[4] Lovley RD, Greening RC, Ferry JG: “Rapidly Growing Rumen Methanogenic Organisms That Synthesizes Cooenzyme M and Has a High Affinity for Formate”.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Applied Environmental Microbiology. 1984. Volume 48. p.81-87.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Applied Environmental Microbiology. 1984. Volume 48. p.81-87.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">KMG</ins></div></td></tr>
</table>Gillenkhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Methanosphaera_stadtmanae&diff=16086&oldid=prevAmt001: /* References */2007-06-05T06:02:02Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 06:02, 5 June 2007</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l53">Line 53:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[2] Gerhard Dongowski, Angelika Lorenz, and Horst Anger. “Degradation of Pectins with Different Degrees of Esterification by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Isolated from Human gut Flora”. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. April 2000. Volume 66. p. 1321-1327.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[2] Gerhard Dongowski, Angelika Lorenz, and Horst Anger. “Degradation of Pectins with Different Degrees of Esterification by Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Isolated from Human gut Flora”. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. April 2000. Volume 66. p. 1321-1327.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[3] Marc F Whitford, Ronald M Teather, and Robert J Forster. “Phylogenetic analysis of methanogens from the bovine rumen”. BMC Microbiology. 2001. Volume 1. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Online Journal </del>article.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[3] Marc F Whitford, Ronald M Teather, and Robert J Forster. “Phylogenetic analysis of methanogens from the bovine rumen”. BMC Microbiology. 2001. Volume 1. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Open access online journal </ins>article<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. < http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2180/1/5></ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[4] Lovley RD, Greening RC, Ferry JG: “Rapidly Growing Rumen Methanogenic Organisms That Synthesizes Cooenzyme M and Has a High Affinity for Formate”.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[4] Lovley RD, Greening RC, Ferry JG: “Rapidly Growing Rumen Methanogenic Organisms That Synthesizes Cooenzyme M and Has a High Affinity for Formate”.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Applied Environmental Microbiology. 1984. Volume 48. p.81-87.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Applied Environmental Microbiology. 1984. Volume 48. p.81-87.</div></td></tr>
</table>Amt001https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Methanosphaera_stadtmanae&diff=16047&oldid=prevAmt001: /* Current Research */2007-06-05T05:52:31Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Current Research</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 05:52, 5 June 2007</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. “The Genome Sequence of Methanosphaera stadtmanae Reveals Why This Human Intestinal Archaeon Is Restricted to Methanol and H2 for Methane Formation and ATP Synthesis”[1]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. “The Genome Sequence of Methanosphaera stadtmanae Reveals Why This Human Intestinal Archaeon Is Restricted to Methanol and H2 for Methane Formation and ATP Synthesis”[1](2005)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>(2005)</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> This current research was an attempt to find some general features about the M. stadtmanae and understand how it behaves as it inhabits in the human intestine. It was found that while living in the human intestine, M. stadtmanae was able to generate methane by reduction of methanol with hydrogen gas.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> This current research was an attempt to find some general features about the M. stadtmanae and understand how it behaves as it inhabits in the human intestine. It was found that while living in the human intestine, M. stadtmanae was able to generate methane by reduction of methanol with hydrogen gas.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>Amt001https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Methanosphaera_stadtmanae&diff=16044&oldid=prevAmt001: /* Current Research */2007-06-05T05:52:06Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Current Research</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Enter summaries </del>of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">most recent research here--at least three required</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1. “The Genome Sequence </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Methanosphaera stadtmanae Reveals Why This Human Intestinal Archaeon Is Restricted to Methanol and H2 for Methane Formation and ATP Synthesis”[1]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> (2005)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> This current research was an attempt to find some general features about </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">M. stadtmanae and understand how it behaves as it inhabits in the human intestine. It was found that while living in the human intestine, M. stadtmanae was able to generate methane by reduction of methanol with hydrogen gas.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Amt001https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Methanosphaera_stadtmanae&diff=14577&oldid=prevAmt001: /* References */2007-06-04T21:33:05Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sample reference</del>] <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://ijs</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">K.</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sugai</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A.</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Itoh</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">T.</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Horikoshi, </del>K. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nov</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International </del>Journal of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2000</del>. Volume <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">50</del>. p. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">489</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">500</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1</ins>] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Wolfgang F</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Fricke, Henning Seedorf</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Anke Henne</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Markus Krüer</ins>,<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Heiko Liesegang</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Reiner Hedderich</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Gerhard Gottschalk</ins>, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rudolf </ins>K. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thauer</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“The Genome Sequence of Methanosphaera stadmanae Reveals Why This Human Intestinal Archaeon Is Restricted to Methanol and H2 for Methane Formation and ATP Synthesis”</ins>. Journal of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bacteriology</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">January 2006</ins>. Volume <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">188</ins>. p. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">642</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">658</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Edited </del>by <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">student </del>of [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mailto</del>:<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ralarsen@ucsd</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">edu Rachel Larsen] and Kit Pogliano</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[2] Gerhard Dongowski, Angelika Lorenz, and Horst Anger. “Degradation of Pectins with Different Degrees of Esterification </ins>by <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Isolated from Human gut Flora”. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. April 2000. Volume 66. p. 1321-1327.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[3] Marc F Whitford, Ronald M Teather, and Robert J Forster. “Phylogenetic analysis </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">methanogens from the bovine rumen”. BMC Microbiology. 2001. Volume 1. Online Journal article.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4] Lovley RD, Greening RC, Ferry JG</ins>: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Rapidly Growing Rumen Methanogenic Organisms That Synthesizes Cooenzyme M and Has a High Affinity for Formate”.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Applied Environmental Microbiology. 1984. Volume 48. p.81-87</ins>.</div></td></tr>
</table>Amt001https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Methanosphaera_stadtmanae&diff=14529&oldid=prevAmt001: /* Application to Biotechnology */2007-06-04T20:33:07Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Application to Biotechnology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Application to Biotechnology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Application to Biotechnology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Does this </del>organism produce <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">any </del>useful <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">compounds or enzymes? </del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">What are they </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">how are they </del>used<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">?</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">M. stadtmanae does produce some useful compounds such as molybdopterin, which helps the organism be able to grow without being dependent on acetate to biosynthesize cell components. This </ins>organism <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">also produces serine from the pyruvate that was synthesized from glycolysis(2). Being able to </ins>produce <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">serine is </ins>useful <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">since it is a good carbon source and is one of the most common amino acids found in animal proteins. Also, like all other methanogens, the M. stadtmanae also has the ability to synthesize the coenzyme F430, which is found to be useful in redox reactions. </ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">By producing </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">using the F430, which has a low energy conformation, M. stadtmanae is able to conserve energy in redox reactions. More specifically, the F430 can be </ins>used <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as a catalyst for the reductive dehalogenation of chlorinated carbon one hydrocarbons(1).</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td></tr>
</table>Amt001https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Methanosphaera_stadtmanae&diff=14528&oldid=prevAmt001: /* Pathology */2007-06-04T20:32:46Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Pathology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">How </del>does this organism <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cause disease? </del> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Human</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">animal</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">plant hosts? Virulence factors</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as well as patient symptoms</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Methanosphaera stadtmanae is an organism that lives in the human intestine. The M. stadtmanae is found to have the most restricted energy metabolism present in methanogenic Archaea. M. stadtmanae is restricted to methanol and H2 for methane formation and ATP synthesis as mentioned earlier. In fact, M. stadtmanae can “neither oxidize methanol to CO2 nor reduce CO2 to methane,” which also makes this bacteria lack the ability of autotrophic growth on CO2, making them dependent on acetate and CO2 as the main carbon sources that is needed for the biosynthesis of necessary cell components. Therefore, with this incompetent, it makes them helpful for their human host by conserving energy; this is the reason why the human intestine </ins>does <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">not need much energy to make methane for producing essential cell components, which makes </ins>this organism <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a useful organism rather than a parasite. </ins> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Also</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">unlike other commensals</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">M. stadtmanae are “able to survive in the human gastrointestinal tract, which is protected by a highly active immune system, but also stimulate the development of a healthy intestinal epithelium and immune system;” and therefore, can help prevent chronic inflammatory diseases of the intestine</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but their specific role is still unknown to researchers</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Application to Biotechnology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Application to Biotechnology==</div></td></tr>
</table>Amt001https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Methanosphaera_stadtmanae&diff=14525&oldid=prevAmt001: /* Cell structure and metabolism */2007-06-04T20:32:12Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell structure and metabolism</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Describe any interesting features </del>and<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/or </del>cell <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">structures; how </del>it <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gains </del>energy<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">; what important molecules </del>it <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">produces</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">M. stadtmanae needs acetate for growth. This is because the M. stadtmanae lacks the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">acetyl-coenzyme A synthase that is responsible for synthesizing the acetyl-coenzyme that is needed in the Krebs cycle to produce ATP, which is essential for </ins>cell <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">growth. In addition, as demonstrated by Gerhard Gottschalk et al., the sequenced genome of M. stadtmanae’s is found to also lack “37 protein-coding sequences present in all other methanogens, which are involved in synthesis of a compound required for catalyzing the first step of methanogenesis from CO2 and H2.” For that reason, M. stadtmanae lacks the ability to perform methanogenesis and is unable to produce methane like other methanogens. Therefore, as an alternative, M. stadtmanae’s genome has a protein-encoding sequences (CDS) for the enzymes that aid in the reduction of methane and ATP synthesis. As </ins>it <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">turned out, this is a very efficient process in terms of conserving </ins>energy <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for the M. stadtmanae because they only have five enzyme complexes that are involved in“methanol reduction to methane with H2, a reaction that is coupled to the buildup of an electrochemical proton potential which drives the phosphorylation of ADP,” which is found when analyzing the growth of the methanogen on H2 and methanol as the only energy source. Equally interesting, </ins>it <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is found that there were 3,300 amino acids sequenced in the genome of M. stadtmanae that are not present in any other methanogens or Archaea It is believed that these amino acids have attachment features that allow M. stadtmanae to colonize in the human intestine</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Amt001https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Methanosphaera_stadtmanae&diff=14522&oldid=prevAmt001 at 20:31, 4 June 20072007-06-04T20:31:36Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:31, 4 June 2007</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Description and Significance==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Methanosphaera stadtmanae strain DSZM 3091 was isolated by the Deutsche Sammlung von Zellkulturen und Mikroorganismen (DSMZ), located in Braunschweig, Germany. It is important to isolate and sequence the genome of this archaeon as it is the first human archaeal commensal; therefore, it can help researchers gain a better understanding of the role of archael commensals in humans. It was found that M. stadtmanae inhabits the human intestine. These archaea thrive there because methanol is present as a by product of “pectin degradation by Bacteroides species and other anaerobic bacteria”</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Methanosphaera stadtmanae strain DSZM 3091 was isolated by the Deutsche Sammlung von Zellkulturen und Mikroorganismen (DSMZ), located in Braunschweig, Germany. It is important to isolate and sequence the genome of this archaeon as it is the first human archaeal commensal; therefore, it can help researchers gain a better understanding of the role of archael commensals in humans. It was found that M. stadtmanae inhabits the human intestine. These archaea thrive there because methanol is present as a by product of “pectin degradation by Bacteroides species and other anaerobic bacteria”</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It was found that the M. stadtmanae can be grown on a medium that contains 0.5 g/liter sodium formate and 10% rumen fluid. The process of sequencing M. stadtmanae included extracting and shearing “its total genomic DNA to obtain various shotgun data using 3 kb to 5 kb fractions.” Next, the fragments were cloned into vectors produced by the Invitrogen Co., pCR4-TOPO. Then, the ends of the recombinant plasmids were sequenced using dye terminator chemistry. Also, in order to edit the sequence, part of the Staden software package, GAP4, was used. In fact, about 8.7-fold coverage of the genome was achieved after reconstructing 21,555 sequences.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It was found that the M. stadtmanae can be grown on a medium that contains 0.5 g/liter sodium formate and 10% rumen fluid. The process of sequencing M. stadtmanae included extracting and shearing “its total genomic DNA to obtain various shotgun data using 3 kb to 5 kb fractions.” Next, the fragments were cloned into vectors produced by the Invitrogen Co., pCR4-TOPO. Then, the ends of the recombinant plasmids were sequenced using dye terminator chemistry. Also, in order to edit the sequence, part of the Staden software package, GAP4, was used. In fact, about 8.7-fold coverage of the genome was achieved after reconstructing 21,555 sequences.</div></td></tr>
</table>Amt001