Microbes in Skin Probiotics: Difference between revisions

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== Lactobacillus rhamnosus ==
== Lactobacillus rhamnosus ==
== Lactobacillus acidophilus ==
== Lactobacillus acidophilus ==
Lactobacillus acidophilus is a gram positive rod-shaped bacteria that is typically found in human and animal gastrointestinal tract and mouth (Badet and Thibauld, 2008). While more well known for its probiotic uses in dairy products such as yogurt, L. acidophilus has been recently receiving attention for its uses in skin care as an anti-wrinkle agent.
L. acidophilus was first noticed for potential skin treatments alongside the proposed gut-brain-skin theory by John H. Stokes and Donald M. Pillsbury around the 1930s. The theory proposed that gastrointestinal microbiome and function were tied to mental health disorders and skin conditions such as acne. Chronic emotional states alter the gastrointestinal tract, which disturb the intestinal microbial flora and increase the risk for intestinal permeability. The resulting impact is an increase in inflammation to the skin. The proposed solution was 'the direct introduction of acidophil organisms in cultures,' which could be distributed with tablets or drinks. Formal studies were conducted starting in the 1960s, often with oral probiotic tablets containing L. acidophilus in combination with other bacteria such as L. bulgaricus and B. bifidum. While flawed, these studies indicated a strong correlation between the intake of bacteria and the reduction of inflammation acne and other skin lesions (Bowe WP et. al. 2011).
More recent studies have turned their focus on tyndalized L. acidophilus's effects on UV damaged skin as an anti-wrinkle agent. A study in 2016 focused on UVB radiation on the skin of hairless mice and the potential effects from orally administered tyndalized L. acidophilus tablets. Tyndallization is an outdated sterilization process that heats a solution at or just below boiling temperatures, and is used today to kill bacteria as well as any endospores possibly contained inside. The mice exposed to UVB rays experienced significant skin dehydration and transepidermal water loss, however thanks to frequent ingesting L. acidophilus beforehand, some of the hydration and water retention was retained in the skin and the overall damage was not as severe. Skin samples also revealed a more even collagen distribution among mice that received the L. acidophilus tablets, resulting in a lower level of wrinkling as a result of UV irradiation. A western blot has revealed that the MMPs, specifically MMP-1 and MMP-9, alongside signaling parts involved in the p38 MAPK pathway, have a reduced expression. These enzymes are strongly expressed as a result of UV irradiation, so further investigation on how  L. acidophilus reduces the expression could be explored (Im AR et al. 2016).
Further studies have explored L. acidophilus effects on human cells alongside mice cells. Human keratinocytes and human dermal fibroblast cells were exposed to UVB irradiation to observe the skin's biological response to tyndallized L. acidophilus, specifically L. acidophilus-KCCM12625P. The cell viability of HaCaT and HDF cells saw a recovery from ROS generation due to UVB irradiation after exposure to L. acidophilus, indicating antioxidant effects. ROS induced wrinkles as a result of induction of MMPs and elastase enzymes were also inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. The melanogenesis of B16F10 mice cells through UVB irradiation was also observed, and indicated that L. acidophilus does not directly affect tyrosinase activity but has anti-melanogenesis effects through regulation of cAMP signaling pathways (Lim HY et. al. 2020).
The overarching conclusion is that L. acidophilus does have potential positive benefits to skin care, with a particular emphasis on skin protection from UVB irradiation damages. L. acidophilus has been found to aid in the reduction of dehydration, water retention, and inhibiting ROS induced wrinkles from mice models. This is achieved through impacting the p38 MAPK and cAMP pathways. Human cell culture models also saw a recovery from ROS induced wrinkles through the known molecular "aging" markers. However, studies using human subjects are either lacking or flawed. The early studies often either did not have a control for comparison, or were difficult to evaluate due to different language or accessibility. Nevertheless, these findings provide a solid basis for future analysis on L. acidophilus's role in skin care.
== Lactobacillus paracasei ==
== Lactobacillus paracasei ==
= Conclusion =
= Conclusion =
= References =
= References =

Revision as of 02:11, 13 May 2022

Introduction

Review of Research on Skin Probiotic Microorganisms

Nitrosomonas eutropha

Bifidobacterium lactis

Lactobacillus rhamnosus

Lactobacillus acidophilus

Lactobacillus paracasei

Conclusion

References