Natural Killer Cell: Difference between revisions

From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource
Line 3: Line 3:


Natural killer cells (NK cells) are a type of granular cytotoxic lymphocytes that are non-adherent and non-phagocytic. NK cells were originally defined as a subset of lymphocytes that have natural cytotoxic activity against certain types of tumorous cells and endogenous type-C viruses in mice. Natural cytotoxicity refers to the fact that they can rapidly cause tumor cells’ lyses in the absence of any previous stimulation <ref>Herberman, R. B., Nunn, M. E., Holden, H. T. and Lavrin, D. H. (1975), Natural cytotoxic rectivity of mouse lymphoid cells against syngeneic and allogeneic tumors. II. Characterization of effector cells. Int. J. Cancer, 16: 230-239. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910160205</ref>,<ref>Herberman, R. B., Nunn, M. E. and Lavrin, D. H. (1975), Natural cytotoxic reactivity of mouse lymphoid cells against syngeneic and allogeneic tumors. I. Distribution of reactivity and specificity. Int. J. Cancer, 16: 216-229. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910160204</ref>. They were first named in an article in 1976 <ref>WOLFE, S., TRACEY, D. & HENNEY, C. Induction of “natural killer” cells by BCG. Nature 262, 584–586 (1976) doi:10.1038/262584a0</ref> and later categorized as part of the innate immune system due to their morphology, origin (bone marrow), and lack of antigen-specific receptors (such as those on T and B-cells’ surfaces) and their respective genes.<ref>Eidenschenk, C., Dunne, J., Jouanguy, E., Fourlinnie, C., Gineau, L., Bacq, D., … Feighery, C. (2006). A Novel Primary Immunodeficiency with Specific Natural-Killer Cell Deficiency Maps to the Centromeric Region of Chromosome 8. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 78(4), 721–727. doi: 10.1086/503269</ref>,<ref>Trinchieri, G. Biology of natural keller cells. Adv. Immunology. Volume 47, 187-376 (1989). doi: 10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60664-1</ref>
Natural killer cells (NK cells) are a type of granular cytotoxic lymphocytes that are non-adherent and non-phagocytic. NK cells were originally defined as a subset of lymphocytes that have natural cytotoxic activity against certain types of tumorous cells and endogenous type-C viruses in mice. Natural cytotoxicity refers to the fact that they can rapidly cause tumor cells’ lyses in the absence of any previous stimulation <ref>Herberman, R. B., Nunn, M. E., Holden, H. T. and Lavrin, D. H. (1975), Natural cytotoxic rectivity of mouse lymphoid cells against syngeneic and allogeneic tumors. II. Characterization of effector cells. Int. J. Cancer, 16: 230-239. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910160205</ref>,<ref>Herberman, R. B., Nunn, M. E. and Lavrin, D. H. (1975), Natural cytotoxic reactivity of mouse lymphoid cells against syngeneic and allogeneic tumors. I. Distribution of reactivity and specificity. Int. J. Cancer, 16: 216-229. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910160204</ref>. They were first named in an article in 1976 <ref>WOLFE, S., TRACEY, D. & HENNEY, C. Induction of “natural killer” cells by BCG. Nature 262, 584–586 (1976) doi:10.1038/262584a0</ref> and later categorized as part of the innate immune system due to their morphology, origin (bone marrow), and lack of antigen-specific receptors (such as those on T and B-cells’ surfaces) and their respective genes.<ref>Eidenschenk, C., Dunne, J., Jouanguy, E., Fourlinnie, C., Gineau, L., Bacq, D., … Feighery, C. (2006). A Novel Primary Immunodeficiency with Specific Natural-Killer Cell Deficiency Maps to the Centromeric Region of Chromosome 8. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 78(4), 721–727. doi: 10.1086/503269</ref>,<ref>Trinchieri, G. Biology of natural keller cells. Adv. Immunology. Volume 47, 187-376 (1989). doi: 10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60664-1</ref>


[[Image:NK.cell.effector.function.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Cytotoxic function of NK cells. In <i>Innate or Adaptive Immunity? The Example of Natural Killer Cells (Vivier et al. 2011)</i>. Link:https://science.sciencemag.org/content/331/6013/44/F3]]
[[Image:NK.cell.effector.function.jpg|thumb|300px|left|Cytotoxic function of NK cells. In <i>Innate or Adaptive Immunity? The Example of Natural Killer Cells (Vivier et al. 2011)</i>. Link:https://science.sciencemag.org/content/331/6013/44/F3]]

Revision as of 04:34, 2 December 2019

Overview

Natural killer cells (NK cells) under light microscopy (A) and electron microscopy (B). In Characterization of a Novel Human Natural Killer-Cell Line (NK-YS) Established From Natural Killer Cell Lymphoma/Leukemia Associated With Epstein-Barr Virus Infection (Tsuchiyama J. et al. 1998). Link:https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/92/4/1374/247309/Characterization-of-a-Novel-Human-Natural-Killer

Natural killer cells (NK cells) are a type of granular cytotoxic lymphocytes that are non-adherent and non-phagocytic. NK cells were originally defined as a subset of lymphocytes that have natural cytotoxic activity against certain types of tumorous cells and endogenous type-C viruses in mice. Natural cytotoxicity refers to the fact that they can rapidly cause tumor cells’ lyses in the absence of any previous stimulation [1],[2]. They were first named in an article in 1976 [3] and later categorized as part of the innate immune system due to their morphology, origin (bone marrow), and lack of antigen-specific receptors (such as those on T and B-cells’ surfaces) and their respective genes.[4],[5]





Cytotoxic function of NK cells. In Innate or Adaptive Immunity? The Example of Natural Killer Cells (Vivier et al. 2011). Link:https://science.sciencemag.org/content/331/6013/44/F3

NK cells share many features with leukocytes of the innate immune system, such as: granular cytoplasm, spontaneous activity, and susceptibility to positive regulation by immune stimuli (dendritic cells’ cytokinin).[6] However, research has shown that NK cells can retain antigen-specific immunological memory [7], characteristics common to T and B-cells of the adaptive immune system, and interact with T-cells and macrophages to control immune response [8],[9], a role which is usually associated with regulatory T-cells. Furthermore, studies into the immunological reactions against cytomegalovirus in mice and human has generated evidences that certain subsets of NK cells can be activated and stimulated to multiply in response to specific pathogens.[10],[11] Thus, NK cells are now considered to be a conjunction point of both the innate and adaptive immune systems.

Regulation of immune responses by NK cells. In Functions of Natural Killer cells (Vivier et al. 2008). Link: https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Functions-of-natural-killer-cells-Vivier-Tomasello/25da9b199edde64037499489383fe4f4199460f3


At right is a sample image insertion. It works for any image uploaded anywhere to MicrobeWiki. The insertion code consists of:
Double brackets: [[
Filename: PHIL_1181_lores.jpg
Thumbnail status: |thumb|
Pixel size: |300px|
Placement on page: |right|
Legend/credit: Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the CDC.
Closed double brackets: ]]

Other examples:
Bold
Italic
Subscript: H2O
Superscript: Fe3+




Section 1 Genetics

Include some current research, with at least one image.

Sample citations: [12] [13]

A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.

Section 2 Microbiome

Include some current research, with a second image.

Conclusion

Overall text length should be at least 1,000 words (before counting references), with at least 2 images. Include at least 5 references under Reference section.


References

  1. Herberman, R. B., Nunn, M. E., Holden, H. T. and Lavrin, D. H. (1975), Natural cytotoxic rectivity of mouse lymphoid cells against syngeneic and allogeneic tumors. II. Characterization of effector cells. Int. J. Cancer, 16: 230-239. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910160205
  2. Herberman, R. B., Nunn, M. E. and Lavrin, D. H. (1975), Natural cytotoxic reactivity of mouse lymphoid cells against syngeneic and allogeneic tumors. I. Distribution of reactivity and specificity. Int. J. Cancer, 16: 216-229. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910160204
  3. WOLFE, S., TRACEY, D. & HENNEY, C. Induction of “natural killer” cells by BCG. Nature 262, 584–586 (1976) doi:10.1038/262584a0
  4. Eidenschenk, C., Dunne, J., Jouanguy, E., Fourlinnie, C., Gineau, L., Bacq, D., … Feighery, C. (2006). A Novel Primary Immunodeficiency with Specific Natural-Killer Cell Deficiency Maps to the Centromeric Region of Chromosome 8. The American Journal of Human Genetics, 78(4), 721–727. doi: 10.1086/503269
  5. Trinchieri, G. Biology of natural keller cells. Adv. Immunology. Volume 47, 187-376 (1989). doi: 10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60664-1
  6. Trinchieri, G. Biology of natural keller cells. Adv. Immunology. Volume 47, 187-376 (1989). doi: 10.1016/S0065-2776(08)60664-1
  7. Sun, J., Beilke, J. & Lanier, L. Adaptive immune features of natural killer cells. Nature 457, 557–561 (2009) doi:10.1038/nature07665
  8. Raulet, D. Interplay of natural killer cells and their receptors with the adaptive immune response. Nat Immunol 5, 996–1002 (2004) doi:10.1038/ni1114
  9. Dommelen, S. L. V., Sumaria, N., Schreiber, R. D., Scalzo, A. A., Smyth, M. J., & Degli-Esposti, M. A. (2006). Perforin and Granzymes Have Distinct Roles in Defensive Immunity and Immunopathology. Immunity, 25(5), 835–848. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.09.010
  10. Dokun, A. O., Kim, S., Smith, H. R., Kang, H.-S. P., Chu, D. T., & Yokoyama, W. M. (2001). Specific and nonspecific NK cell activation during virus infection. Nature Immunology, 2(10), 951–956. doi: 10.1038/ni714
  11. Walter, L. (2011). Faculty of 1000 evaluation for Expansion of a unique CD57⁺NKG2Chi natural killer cell subset during acute human cytomegalovirus infection. F1000 - Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature. doi: 10.3410/f.12631956.13874054
  12. Hodgkin, J. and Partridge, F.A. "Caenorhabditis elegans meets microsporidia: the nematode killers from Paris." 2008. PLoS Biology 6:2634-2637.
  13. Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.


Edited by [Minh Pham], student of Joan Slonczewski for BIOL 116 Information in Living Systems, 2019, Kenyon College.