Necrotizing fasciitis induced by Vibrio vulnificus: Difference between revisions

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[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Necrotizing_Fasciitis_(flesh_eating_bacteria_) Necrotizing fasciitis] (NF) is a soft-tissue infection that is most commonly caused by bacteria that infect open wounds and results in tissue damage and death. For this reason the bacteria that induce this infection are termed “flesh-eating bacteria”.  Different variations of Necrotizing fasciitis exist and they are separated into three general groups based on the types of bacteria that cause the infection [1]. The first and most common are the  [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Streptococcus <i>Streptococcus</i>] and [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Staphylococcus <i>Staphylococcus</i>] bacteria, which are of growing concern because of the emergence of [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Methicillin_Resistant_Staphylococcus_Aureus_(MRSA) MRSA’s]. The second group involves polymicrobial-induced infection or infection by [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Vibrio_vulnificus <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i>]. [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] bacteria cause the third variation of Necrotizing fasciitis.  
[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Necrotizing_Fasciitis_(flesh_eating_bacteria_) Necrotizing fasciitis] (NF) is a soft-tissue infection that is most commonly caused by bacteria that infect open wounds and results in tissue damage and death. For this reason the bacteria that induce this infection are termed “flesh-eating bacteria”.  Different variations of Necrotizing fasciitis exist and they are separated into three general groups based on the types of bacteria that cause the infection [1]. The first and most common are the  [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Streptococcus <i>Streptococcus</i>] and [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Staphylococcus <i>Staphylococcus</i>] bacteria, which are of growing concern because of the emergence of [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Methicillin_Resistant_Staphylococcus_Aureus_(MRSA) MRSA’s]. The second group involves polymicrobial-induced infection or infection by [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Vibrio_vulnificus <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i>]. [https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Clostridium <i>Clostridium</i>] bacteria cause the third variation of Necrotizing fasciitis.  


[[Image:EGoldVibrio.png|thumb|300px|right|<b>Figure 1.</b> Colorized SEM of a flagellated <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> bacterium; Mag. 26367x. Image from CDC Public Health Image Library.]]
[[Image:EGoldVibrio.png|thumb|300px|right|<b>Figure 1.</b> Colorized SEM of a flagellated <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> bacterium; Mag. 26367x. Image from CDC Public Health Image Library.
http://phil.cdc.gov/Phil/details.asp]]


While <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> is one of the more infrequent causes of NF, it has a relatively high mortality rate of 26% [2] because it spreads quickly and it is hard to diagnose. <i>V. vulnificus</i> thrives in warm, medium salinity water and causes infections either through the ingestion of contaminated seafood or in this case, through open wounds that come in contact with <i>V. vulnificus</i> contaminated water[3]. There also appears to be increasing incidence of Vibrios infections, which could be the result of ocean warming due to global climate change [4].
While <i>Vibrio vulnificus</i> is one of the more infrequent causes of NF, it has a relatively high mortality rate of 26% [2] because it spreads quickly and it is hard to diagnose. <i>V. vulnificus</i> thrives in warm, medium salinity water and causes infections either through the ingestion of contaminated seafood or in this case, through open wounds that come in contact with <i>V. vulnificus</i> contaminated water[3]. There also appears to be increasing incidence of Vibrios infections, which could be the result of ocean warming due to global climate change [4].
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==Pathogenesis==
==Pathogenesis==
<b>Toxins involved</b>
The people most at risk for infection are those with immunodeficiencies, especially liver disease, hepatitis B or C or any disorder characterized by high iron levels [5]. Iron is believed to promote infection by enhancing growth of the bacteria and reducing immune response [6].<i>V. vulnificus</i> uses [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytotoxicity cytotoxins] i.e. compound that are toxic to cells, to cause the infection.  A few mechanisms of <i>V. vulnificus</i> cytotoxicity resulting in tissue damage have been studied in mice, including the toxins VvTtxA, hemolysin (Vvha), and VvpE.
::*VvRtxA appears to be the key toxin that contributes to the cytotoxicity of the bacteria. It is believed to trigger excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reactive_oxygen_species (ROS)] by the host, resulting in necrotic cell death and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosis apoptosis], which is programmed cell death [7].
::*Hemolysin (VvhA) is an [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotoxin exotoxin] encoded by the bacteria, which assists in iron release from hemoglobin. The toxin also causes cell death by pore formation in the cellular membrane [8]. 
::*VvpE is an extracellular [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metalloproteinase metalloprotease] and its purified form has been shown to cause tissue necrosis and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulla_(dermatology) bullous lesions], which are characteristic of NF caused by <i>V. vulnificus</i>. VvpE degrades  [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_IV_collagen type IV collagen], which is a structural component of basement membranes, and it also activates [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspase procaspase 3], which is a protein involved in cellular apoptosis [8].


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Edited by (your name here), a student of [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/faculty/profile.asp?FacultyID=254 Nora Sullivan] in BIOL168L (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2014.
Edited by (Elana Goldstein), a student of [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/faculty/profile.asp?FacultyID=254 Nora Sullivan] in BIOL168L (Microbiology) in [http://www.jsd.claremont.edu/ The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges] Spring 2014.


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Revision as of 05:18, 15 April 2014

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Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is a soft-tissue infection that is most commonly caused by bacteria that infect open wounds and results in tissue damage and death. For this reason the bacteria that induce this infection are termed “flesh-eating bacteria”. Different variations of Necrotizing fasciitis exist and they are separated into three general groups based on the types of bacteria that cause the infection [1]. The first and most common are the Streptococcus and Staphylococcus bacteria, which are of growing concern because of the emergence of MRSA’s. The second group involves polymicrobial-induced infection or infection by Vibrio vulnificus. Clostridium bacteria cause the third variation of Necrotizing fasciitis.

Figure 1. Colorized SEM of a flagellated Vibrio vulnificus bacterium; Mag. 26367x. Image from CDC Public Health Image Library. http://phil.cdc.gov/Phil/details.asp

While Vibrio vulnificus is one of the more infrequent causes of NF, it has a relatively high mortality rate of 26% [2] because it spreads quickly and it is hard to diagnose. V. vulnificus thrives in warm, medium salinity water and causes infections either through the ingestion of contaminated seafood or in this case, through open wounds that come in contact with V. vulnificus contaminated water[3]. There also appears to be increasing incidence of Vibrios infections, which could be the result of ocean warming due to global climate change [4].


Pathogenesis

Toxins involved

The people most at risk for infection are those with immunodeficiencies, especially liver disease, hepatitis B or C or any disorder characterized by high iron levels [5]. Iron is believed to promote infection by enhancing growth of the bacteria and reducing immune response [6].V. vulnificus uses cytotoxins i.e. compound that are toxic to cells, to cause the infection. A few mechanisms of V. vulnificus cytotoxicity resulting in tissue damage have been studied in mice, including the toxins VvTtxA, hemolysin (Vvha), and VvpE.

  • VvRtxA appears to be the key toxin that contributes to the cytotoxicity of the bacteria. It is believed to trigger excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (ROS) by the host, resulting in necrotic cell death and apoptosis, which is programmed cell death [7].
  • Hemolysin (VvhA) is an exotoxin encoded by the bacteria, which assists in iron release from hemoglobin. The toxin also causes cell death by pore formation in the cellular membrane [8].
  • VvpE is an extracellular metalloprotease and its purified form has been shown to cause tissue necrosis and bullous lesions, which are characteristic of NF caused by V. vulnificus. VvpE degrades type IV collagen, which is a structural component of basement membranes, and it also activates procaspase 3, which is a protein involved in cellular apoptosis [8].



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References

[1] Davis C. 2012. Necrotizing Fasciitis (Flesh-Eating Disease) Symptoms, Treatment, Causes, Pictures, Diagnosis. MedicineNet [Internet]. Available from: http://www.medicinenet.com/necrotizing_fasciitis/article.htm

[2] Oliver J.D. 2005. Wound infections caused by Vibrio vulnificus and other marine bacteria . Epidemiol. Infect. 133: 383–391.

[3] Vibrio vulnificus | Vibrio Illness (Vibriosis) | CDC. CDC [Internet]. 2013. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/vibrio/vibriov.html

[4] Vezzulli, L. et al. 2013. Ocean warming and spread of pathogenic vibrios in the aquatic environment. Microb Ecol. 65: 817-825.

[5] Horseman M, Surani S. 2011. A comprehensive review of Vibrio vulnificus: an important cause of severe sepsis and skin and soft-tissue infection. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 15:e157–e166.

[6]Hor L., et al. 2000. Mechanism of high susceptibility of iron-overloaded mouse to Vibrio vulnificus infection. Microbiol Immunol 44:871–8.

[7]Lee J.H., et al. 2007. Identification and characterization of the Vibrio vulnificus rtxA essential for cytotoxicity in vitro and virulence in mice. J Microbiol 45:146–52.

[8] Jones MK, Oliver JD. 2009. Vibrio vulnificus: disease and pathogenesis. Infect Immun 77:1723–33.

[9] Kim, S. Y., et al. 2003. Regulation of Vibrio vulnificus virulence by the LuxS quorum-sensing system. Mol. Microbiol. 48:1647-1664.

[10]Matsuoka Y, et al. 2013. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of Vibrio vulnificus infection: a retrospective study of 12 cases. Braz J Infect Dis 17:7–12.

[11] Hong G-L, et al. 2012. Surgical treatment of 19 cases with Vibrio necrotising fasciitis. Burns 38:290–295.

Edited by (Elana Goldstein), a student of Nora Sullivan in BIOL168L (Microbiology) in The Keck Science Department of the Claremont Colleges Spring 2014.