Nitrospira moscoviensis: Difference between revisions

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== Classification ==
== Classification ==


Domain: '''Bacteria'''; Phylum: '''Nitrospirae'''; Class: '''Nitrospira'''; Order: '''Nitrospirales'''; Family: '''Nitrospiraceae'''
Domain: '''Bacteria'''; Phylum: '''''Nitrospirae'''''; Class: '''''Nitrospira'''''; Order: '''''Nitrospirales'''''; Family: '''''Nitrospiraceae'''
''


'''Species'''
'''Species'''


NCBI: '''Nitrospira moscoviensis''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=42253&lvl=3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock&lin=s&log_op=lineage_toggle]
NCBI: '''''Nitrospira moscoviensis''''' [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=42253&lvl=3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock&lin=s&log_op=lineage_toggle]


''Nitrospira moscoviensis''
''Nitrospira moscoviensis''
[[File:Bakterien-nitrospira_ti_n_title.jpg]]


== Description ==
== Description ==


''Nitrospira moscoviensis'' is a gram-negative, non-motile, facultative aerobe. It is helical- and vibroid-shaped, but it often forms spirals. Cells are 0.9–2.2 µm × 0.2–0.4 µm in size and tend to form biofilms. They grow optimally at 39°C and require a pH between 7.6-8.0 [1]. ''N. moscoviensis'' is a member of the phylum ''Nitrospira'', which is the largest known class of nitrogen-oxidizing bacteria [2]. It is the primary nitrite-oxidizer in soils, water treatment plants, and activated-sludge. ''N. moscoviensis'' also plays a significant role in the nitrogen cycle [1].
''Nitrospira moscoviensis'' is a Gram-negative, non-motile, facultative aerobe. It is helical- and vibroid-shaped, but it often forms spirals. Cells are 0.9–2.2 µm × 0.2–0.4 µm in size and tend to form biofilms. They grow optimally at 39°C and require a pH between 7.6-8.0 [1]. ''N. moscoviensis'' is a member of the phylum ''Nitrospira'', which is the largest known class of nitrogen-oxidizing bacteria [2]. It is the primary nitrite-oxidizer in soils, water treatment plants, and activated-sludge [1].
 
[[File:Bakterien-nitrospira_ti_n_title.jpg]]
 
Source: [http://sciencev2.orf.at/stories/1745190/index.html]


== Genome Structure ==
== Genome Structure ==


''N. moscoviensis'' has a circular chromosome [3], and its genome is 4.59 Mb in length. Its G+C content is 62% and it codes for approximately 4500 genes [4]. ''N. moscoviensis'' is hard to isolate in culture, and therefore research on its genome structure has been slow [2]. It has no molecular functional marker, and detection methods have only recently been developed. Currently, the best available method is to track the gene encoding beta subunit of nitrite oxidoreductase or ''nxrB'' [5].
''N. moscoviensis'' has a circular chromosome [3], and its genome is 4.59 Mb in length. Its G+C content is 62% and it codes for approximately 4500 genes [4]. ''N. moscoviensis'' is hard to isolate in culture, and therefore research on its genome structure has been slow [2]. Its genome has been sequenced. However due to a lack molecular functional markers, detection methods have only recently been developed. Currently, the best available method is to track the gene encoding beta subunit of nitrite oxidoreductase or ''nxrB'' [5].
 
'''Figure 1:'''Newly designed PCR primers targeting the ''nxrB'' genes of ''Nitrospira'' [6]:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 27: Line 34:
! Specificity
! Specificity
|-
|-
| nxrB14f
| ''nxrB''14f
| ATA ACT GGC AAC TGG GAC GG
| ATA ACT GGC AAC TGG GAC GG
| 14-33
| 14-33
| 1245
| 1245
| N. moscoviensis, N. defluvii, and N. bockiana
| ''N. moscoviensis'', ''N. defluvii'', and ''N. bockiana''
|-
|-
| nxrB 1239r
| ''nxrB'' 1239r
| TGT AGA TCG GCT CTT CGA CC
| TGT AGA TCG GCT CTT CGA CC
| 1239-1258
| 1239-1258
Line 39: Line 46:
|  
|  
|-
|-
| nxrB 19f
| ''nxrB'' 19f
| TGG CAA CTG GGA CGG AAG ATG
| TGG CAA CTG GGA CGG AAG ATG
| 19-39
| 19-39
|  
|  
| All Nitrospira lineages
| All ''Nitrospira'' lineages
|-
|-
| nxrB 1237r
| ''nxrB'' 1237r
| GTA GAT CGG CTC TTC GAC CTG
| GTA GAT CGG CTC TTC GAC CTG
| 1237-1257
| 1237-1257
Line 51: Line 58:
|  
|  
|-
|-
| nxrB 169f
| ''nxrB'' 169f
| TAC ATG TGG TGG AAC A
| TAC ATG TGG TGG AAC A
| 169-184   
| 169-184   
|  
|  
| All Nitrospira lineages
| All ''Nitrospira'' lineages
|-
|-
| nxrB 638r
| ''nxrB'' 638r
| CGG TTC TGG TCR ATC A
| CGG TTC TGG TCR ATC A
| 638-653
| 638-653
Line 64: Line 71:
|}
|}


In 2010, the first complete genome of a ''Nitrospira'' species, ''Nitrospira defluvii'', was sequenced. Currently, it remains the only ''Nitrospira'' species to be completely sequenced [4].
In 2010, the first complete genome of a ''Nitrospira'' species, ''Nitrospira defluvii'', was sequenced. ''Nitrospira defluvii'' was sequenced first because it was easier to culture and it has a smaller genome[4].


== Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle ==
== Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle ==


''N. moscoviensis'' is an exclusively terrestrial, gram negative, and non-motile bacteria. Unique features of species structure are an enlarged periplasmic space,  a lack of cytoplasmic membrane, and carboxysomes. It also excretes nondescript polymers to form biofilms[1][7].
''N. moscoviensis'' is an exclusively terrestrial, Gram negative, and non-motile bacteria. Unique features of species structure are an enlarged periplasmic space,  a lack of cytoplasmic membrane, and carboxysomes. It also excretes nondescript polymers to form biofilms[1][7]. Nondescript polymers lack distinctive features; in other words, it can be thought of as a "general slime".


When it is exposed to 7.5 mN nitrite within a mineral mixture, it takes 12 hrs to double in population size. ''N. moscoviensis'' undergoes binary fission to replicate[1].
When it is exposed to 7.5 mN nitrite within a mineral medium, it takes 12 hrs to double in population size. ''N. moscoviensis'' undergoes binary fission to replicate[1].
   
   
'''Figure 2:'''
Analysis of 16S rRNA places ''N. moscoviensis'' close to ''Nitrospira marina'' on a phylogenetic tree [1].
Analysis of 16S rRNA places ''N. moscoviensis'' close to ''Nitrospira marina'' on a phylogenetic tree [1].


[[File:Phylogenetic-tree-based-on-16S-rRNA-gene-sequences-showing-the-phylogenetic-position-of.jpg]]
[[File:Phylogenetic-tree-based-on-16S-rRNA-gene-sequences-showing-the-phylogenetic-position-of.jpg]]
Source: [[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Phylogenetic-tree-based-on-16S-rRNA-gene-sequences-showing-the-phylogenetic-position-of_fig2_43099798]]


''N. moscoviensis'' has high metabolic versatility. It is a chemolithoautotroph and a facultative aerobe. Under oxygenic conditions, it uses nitrite as its sole energy source and carbon dioxide as its sole carbon source. Organic matter does not induce mixotrophic or heterotrophic growth [1].
''N. moscoviensis'' has high metabolic versatility. It is a chemolithoautotroph and a facultative aerobe. Under oxygenic conditions, it uses nitrite as its sole energy source and carbon dioxide as its sole carbon source. Organic matter does not induce mixotrophic or heterotrophic growth [1].
However, under anoxic conditions, ''N. moscoviensis'' uses hydrogen as an electron donor and nitrate as an electron acceptor. A solution containing soluble formate dehydrogenase allows it to use formate (CHOO-) as an electron acceptor as well. Furthermore, ''N. moscoviensis'' possesses the enzyme urease, which allows it to cleave urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide [7]. This is important for reciprocal feeding and other symbiotic relationships.
However, under anoxic conditions, ''N. moscoviensis'' uses hydrogen as an electron donor and nitrate as an electron acceptor, but the mechanism remains unclear. A solution containing soluble formate dehydrogenase allows it to use formate (CHOO<sup>-</sup>) as an electron acceptor as well. Furthermore, ''N. moscoviensis'' possesses the enzyme urease, which allows it to cleave urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide [7].


== Ecology ==
== Ecology ==


''N. moscoviensis'' is involved the second phase of the nitrogen cycle where it turns nitrite into nitrate. With its ability to use urea to oxidize nitrite makes it incredibly useful in wastewater treatment plants to break down urea. ''N. moscoviensis'' is usually present in the activated sludge in wastewater treatment plants. When in the presence of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria it forms a symbiotic relationship with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, which occurs when it is used in wastewater treatment. The symbiosis is best described as reciprocal feeding. Where the ''N. moscoviensis'' provides ammonia as a product of oxidizing nitrite and the ammonia oxidizing bacteria provide the nitrite as a product in return. In aquatic environments other species of ''Nitrospira'' show evidence that this relationship has been present for a long time between the two types of bacteria [7].
''N. moscoviensis'' is involved the second phase of the nitrogen cycle, in which it converts nitrite into nitrate. It also has the ability to cleave urea, this makes it incredibly useful in wastewater treatment plants. In these plants, ''N. moscoviensis'' is usually present in the activated sludge. In the presence of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, it forms a symbiotic relationship known as reciprocal feeding. ''N. moscoviensis'' cleaves urea to form ammonia and carbon dioxide, and in return, the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria convert ammonia into nitrite, the preferred energy source of ''N. moscoviensis'' [7].


== References ==
== References ==

Latest revision as of 18:01, 2 August 2018


Classification

Domain: Bacteria; Phylum: Nitrospirae; Class: Nitrospira; Order: Nitrospirales; Family: Nitrospiraceae

Species

NCBI: Nitrospira moscoviensis [1]

Nitrospira moscoviensis

Description

Nitrospira moscoviensis is a Gram-negative, non-motile, facultative aerobe. It is helical- and vibroid-shaped, but it often forms spirals. Cells are 0.9–2.2 µm × 0.2–0.4 µm in size and tend to form biofilms. They grow optimally at 39°C and require a pH between 7.6-8.0 [1]. N. moscoviensis is a member of the phylum Nitrospira, which is the largest known class of nitrogen-oxidizing bacteria [2]. It is the primary nitrite-oxidizer in soils, water treatment plants, and activated-sludge [1].

Bakterien-nitrospira ti n title.jpg

Source: [2]

Genome Structure

N. moscoviensis has a circular chromosome [3], and its genome is 4.59 Mb in length. Its G+C content is 62% and it codes for approximately 4500 genes [4]. N. moscoviensis is hard to isolate in culture, and therefore research on its genome structure has been slow [2]. Its genome has been sequenced. However due to a lack molecular functional markers, detection methods have only recently been developed. Currently, the best available method is to track the gene encoding beta subunit of nitrite oxidoreductase or nxrB [5].

Figure 1:Newly designed PCR primers targeting the nxrB genes of Nitrospira [6]:

Primer Sequence (5’ - 3’) Target Site Amplicon size (bp) Specificity
nxrB14f ATA ACT GGC AAC TGG GAC GG 14-33 1245 N. moscoviensis, N. defluvii, and N. bockiana
nxrB 1239r TGT AGA TCG GCT CTT CGA CC 1239-1258
nxrB 19f TGG CAA CTG GGA CGG AAG ATG 19-39 All Nitrospira lineages
nxrB 1237r GTA GAT CGG CTC TTC GAC CTG 1237-1257 1239
nxrB 169f TAC ATG TGG TGG AAC A 169-184 All Nitrospira lineages
nxrB 638r CGG TTC TGG TCR ATC A 638-653 485

In 2010, the first complete genome of a Nitrospira species, Nitrospira defluvii, was sequenced. Nitrospira defluvii was sequenced first because it was easier to culture and it has a smaller genome[4].

Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle

N. moscoviensis is an exclusively terrestrial, Gram negative, and non-motile bacteria. Unique features of species structure are an enlarged periplasmic space, a lack of cytoplasmic membrane, and carboxysomes. It also excretes nondescript polymers to form biofilms[1][7]. Nondescript polymers lack distinctive features; in other words, it can be thought of as a "general slime".

When it is exposed to 7.5 mN nitrite within a mineral medium, it takes 12 hrs to double in population size. N. moscoviensis undergoes binary fission to replicate[1].

Figure 2: Analysis of 16S rRNA places N. moscoviensis close to Nitrospira marina on a phylogenetic tree [1].


Phylogenetic-tree-based-on-16S-rRNA-gene-sequences-showing-the-phylogenetic-position-of.jpg

Source: [[3]]


N. moscoviensis has high metabolic versatility. It is a chemolithoautotroph and a facultative aerobe. Under oxygenic conditions, it uses nitrite as its sole energy source and carbon dioxide as its sole carbon source. Organic matter does not induce mixotrophic or heterotrophic growth [1]. However, under anoxic conditions, N. moscoviensis uses hydrogen as an electron donor and nitrate as an electron acceptor, but the mechanism remains unclear. A solution containing soluble formate dehydrogenase allows it to use formate (CHOO-) as an electron acceptor as well. Furthermore, N. moscoviensis possesses the enzyme urease, which allows it to cleave urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide [7].

Ecology

N. moscoviensis is involved the second phase of the nitrogen cycle, in which it converts nitrite into nitrate. It also has the ability to cleave urea, this makes it incredibly useful in wastewater treatment plants. In these plants, N. moscoviensis is usually present in the activated sludge. In the presence of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, it forms a symbiotic relationship known as reciprocal feeding. N. moscoviensis cleaves urea to form ammonia and carbon dioxide, and in return, the ammonia-oxidizing bacteria convert ammonia into nitrite, the preferred energy source of N. moscoviensis [7].

References

[1] Ehrich, S., Behrens, D., Lebedeva, E., Ludwig, W., & Bock, E. (1995). A new obligately chemolithoautotrophic, nitrite-oxidizing bacterium, Nitrospira moscoviensis sp. nov. and its phylogenetic relationship. Archives of Microbiology,164(1), 16-23. [doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02568729]

[2] Daims, H., Nielsen, J. L., & Schleifer, P. H. (2001). In situ characterization of Nitrospira-like nitrite-oxidizing bacteria active in wastewater treatment plants. Applied and Environmental Microbiology,67(11), 5273-5284. [4]

[3] KEGG Genome: Nitrospira moscoviensis. (n.d.). Retrieved from [5]

[4] Nitrospira moscoviensis (ID 39992). (n.d.). Retrieved from [Organism:noexp]

[5] Lücker, S., Wagner, M., Maixner, F., Pelletier, E., Koch, H., Vacherie, B., . . . Daims, H. (2010). A Nitrospira metagenome illuminates the physiology and evolution of globally important nitrite-oxidizing bacteria. PNAS,107(30), 13479-13484. [6]

[6] Maixner, F., Berry, D., Rattei, T., Koch, H., Lücker, S., Nowka, B., . . . Daims, H. (2013). NxrB encoding the beta subunit of nitrite oxidoreductase as functional and phylogenetic marker for nitrite‐oxidizing Nitrospira. Environmental Microbiology,16(10), 3055-3071. [7]

[7] Koch, H., Lücker, S., Albertsen, M., Kitzinger, K., Herbold, C., Spieck, E., . . . Daims, H. (2015). Expanded metabolic versatility of ubiquitous nitrite-oxidizing bacteria from the genus Nitrospira. PNAS,112(36), 11371-11376. [doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1506533112]

Author

Page authored by Casey DeCaro and Ashley DeRidder, students of Prof. Jay Lennon at Indiana University.