https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Origins_of_a_Homochiral_Microbial_World&feed=atom&action=historyOrigins of a Homochiral Microbial World - Revision history2024-03-29T05:37:25ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Origins_of_a_Homochiral_Microbial_World&diff=73784&oldid=prevSlonczewski: /* Introduction */2012-05-08T17:57:28Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1848, Louis Pasteur discovered a novel way that molecules and crystals can vary without changing their molecular weight or chemical make-up. Pasteur identified two types of crystals of a solution and determined that they were the same in every way except that they were mirror images of each other. He then separated these two crystals and made solutions of each, deeming one "+" and one "-". By shining polarized light through each solution, Pasteur then demonstrated that the two solutions had equal but opposite optical activity. In other words, the direction of polarized light passing through these molecules was in opposite directions, one spinning left (L, levo), and one spinning right (D, dextro). When the two solutions were combined, now known as a racemic mixture, the solution demonstrated no optical activity. The two types of crystals, mirror images of each other, are today known as enantiomers (2, Fig. 2).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1848, Louis Pasteur discovered a novel way that molecules and crystals can vary without changing their molecular weight or chemical make-up. Pasteur identified two types of crystals of a solution and determined that they were the same in every way except that they were mirror images of each other. He then separated these two crystals and made solutions of each, deeming one "+" and one "-". By shining polarized light through each solution, Pasteur then demonstrated that the two solutions had equal but opposite optical activity. In other words, the direction of polarized light passing through these molecules was in opposite directions, one spinning left (L, levo), and one spinning right (D, dextro). When the two solutions were combined, now known as a racemic mixture, the solution demonstrated no optical activity. The two types of crystals, mirror images of each other, are today known as enantiomers (2, Fig. 2).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Chirality.jpg|right|thumb|250x 350 px|Fig. 2. Enantiomers are molecules that are mirror-images of each other. Today, amino acids and sugars exist in only one enantiomeric form in most biological systems on earth. This homochirality remains one of the greatest unsolved mysteries to scientists. http://www.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">answersingenesis</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">org</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">images</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">chirality</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rgb</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jpg</del>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Chirality.jpg|right|thumb|250x 350 px|Fig. 2. Enantiomers are molecules that are mirror-images of each other. Today, amino acids and sugars exist in only one enantiomeric form in most biological systems on earth. This homochirality remains one of the greatest unsolved mysteries to scientists. http://www.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nasa</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gov</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">centers</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jpl/news/urey</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">20070209</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">html</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Slonczewskihttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Origins_of_a_Homochiral_Microbial_World&diff=54664&oldid=prevBarichD at 20:12, 10 August 20102010-08-10T20:12:30Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By: Maggie Taylor</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By: Maggie Taylor</div></td></tr>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Origins_of_a_Homochiral_Microbial_World&diff=44180&oldid=prevTaylorm: /* References */2009-05-01T15:38:35Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(5) Flores, Jose J., William A. Bonner, and Gail A. Massey. “Asymmetric Photolysis of (RS)-Leucine with Circularly Polarized Ultraviolet Light.” The Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1977. Volume 99, No 11. p. 3622-3624. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja00453a018?cookieSet=1.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(5) Flores, Jose J., William A. Bonner, and Gail A. Massey. “Asymmetric Photolysis of (RS)-Leucine with Circularly Polarized Ultraviolet Light.” The Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1977. Volume 99, No 11. p. 3622-3624. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja00453a018?cookieSet=1.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(6)Cronin, John R., and Sandra Pizzarello. “Enantiomeric Excesses in Meteoritic Amino Acids.” Science. 1997. Volume 275, No 91. 951-955. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/275/5302/951.pdf</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(6) Cronin, John R., and Sandra Pizzarello. “Enantiomeric Excesses in Meteoritic Amino Acids.” Science. 1997. Volume 275, No 91. 951-955. http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/275/5302/951.pdf</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(7) Levine, Mindy, Craig Scott Kenesky, Daniel Mazori, and Ronald Breslow. “Enantioselective Synthesis and Enantiomeric Amplification of Amino Acids under Prebiotic Conditions. Organic Letters. 2008. Volume 10, No 12. p. 2432-2436. http://www.dcb-server.unibe.ch/groups/reymond/education/chembiol/model_chemistry/2.pdf</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(7) Levine, Mindy, Craig Scott Kenesky, Daniel Mazori, and Ronald Breslow. “Enantioselective Synthesis and Enantiomeric Amplification of Amino Acids under Prebiotic Conditions. Organic Letters. 2008. Volume 10, No 12. p. 2432-2436. http://www.dcb-server.unibe.ch/groups/reymond/education/chembiol/model_chemistry/2.pdf</div></td></tr>
</table>Taylormhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Origins_of_a_Homochiral_Microbial_World&diff=44179&oldid=prevTaylorm: /* Aqueous Amplification of Enantiomers */2009-05-01T15:37:16Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Aqueous Amplification of Enantiomers</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Racemic crystals are less soluble than homochiral crystals, because they form more stable crystals on their own thermodynamically (7). Thus, these racemic crystals are slower to dissolve in water. [[Image:Amplification.jpg|left|thumb|350x 350 px|Fig. 8. Amplification of enantiomers after preferential kinetic dissolution. http://www.dcb-server.unibe.ch/groups/reymond/education/chembiol/model_chemistry/2.pdf]]Because of this fact, in a solution of racemic and enantiomerically-enriched molecules, the racemic crystals would crystallize out of solution while the enantiomer would be enriched over time.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Racemic crystals are less soluble than homochiral crystals, because they form more stable crystals on their own thermodynamically (7). Thus, these racemic crystals are slower to dissolve in water. [[Image:Amplification.jpg|left|thumb|350x 350 px|Fig. 8. Amplification of enantiomers after preferential kinetic dissolution. http://www.dcb-server.unibe.ch/groups/reymond/education/chembiol/model_chemistry/2.pdf]]Because of this fact, in a solution of racemic and enantiomerically-enriched molecules, the racemic crystals would crystallize out of solution while the enantiomer would be enriched over time.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If this solution then spread to another location, say a place downstream of a river, the enantiomeric excess would be re-located while the racemic mixture would remain behind. Evaporation of the downstream, amplified solution would then result in a sample with high enantiomeric excess of a amino acid. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If this solution then spread to another location, say a place downstream of a river, the enantiomeric excess would be re-located while the racemic mixture would remain behind. Evaporation of the downstream, amplified solution would then result in a sample with high enantiomeric excess of a amino acid. </div></td></tr>
</table>Taylormhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Origins_of_a_Homochiral_Microbial_World&diff=44178&oldid=prevTaylorm: /* Aqueous Amplification of Enantiomers */2009-05-01T15:37:11Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Aqueous Amplification of Enantiomers</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Racemic crystals are less soluble than homochiral crystals, because they form more stable crystals on their own thermodynamically (7). Thus, these racemic crystals are slower to dissolve in water. [[Image:Amplification.jpg|left|thumb|350x 350 px|Fig. 8. Amplification of enantiomers after preferential kinetic dissolution. http://www.dcb-server.unibe.ch/groups/reymond/education/chembiol/model_chemistry/2.pdf]]Because of this fact, in a solution of racemic and enantiomerically-enriched molecules, the racemic crystals would crystallize out of solution while the enantiomer would be enriched over time.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Racemic crystals are less soluble than homochiral crystals, because they form more stable crystals on their own thermodynamically (7). Thus, these racemic crystals are slower to dissolve in water. [[Image:Amplification.jpg|left|thumb|350x 350 px|Fig. 8. Amplification of enantiomers after preferential kinetic dissolution. http://www.dcb-server.unibe.ch/groups/reymond/education/chembiol/model_chemistry/2.pdf]]Because of this fact, in a solution of racemic and enantiomerically-enriched molecules, the racemic crystals would crystallize out of solution while the enantiomer would be enriched over time.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If this solution then spread to another location, say a place downstream of a river, the enantiomeric excess would be re-located while the racemic mixture would remain behind. Evaporation of the downstream, amplified solution would then result in a sample with high enantiomeric excess of a amino acid. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If this solution then spread to another location, say a place downstream of a river, the enantiomeric excess would be re-located while the racemic mixture would remain behind. Evaporation of the downstream, amplified solution would then result in a sample with high enantiomeric excess of a amino acid. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Taylormhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Origins_of_a_Homochiral_Microbial_World&diff=44177&oldid=prevTaylorm: /* Aqueous Amplification of Enantiomers */2009-05-01T15:37:00Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Aqueous Amplification of Enantiomers</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Racemic crystals are less soluble than homochiral crystals, because they form more stable crystals on their own thermodynamically (7). Thus, these racemic crystals are slower to dissolve in water<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Because of this fact, in a solution of racemic and enantiomerically-enriched molecules, the racemic crystals would crystallize out of solution while the enantiomer would be enriched over time</del>.[[Image:Amplification.jpg|left|thumb|350x 350 px|Fig. 8. Amplification of enantiomers after preferential kinetic dissolution. http://www.dcb-server.unibe.ch/groups/reymond/education/chembiol/model_chemistry/2.pdf]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Racemic crystals are less soluble than homochiral crystals, because they form more stable crystals on their own thermodynamically (7). Thus, these racemic crystals are slower to dissolve in water. [[Image:Amplification.jpg|left|thumb|350x 350 px|Fig. 8. Amplification of enantiomers after preferential kinetic dissolution. http://www.dcb-server.unibe.ch/groups/reymond/education/chembiol/model_chemistry/2.pdf]]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Because of this fact, in a solution of racemic and enantiomerically-enriched molecules, the racemic crystals would crystallize out of solution while the enantiomer would be enriched over time.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If this solution then spread to another location, say a place downstream of a river, the enantiomeric excess would be re-located while the racemic mixture would remain behind. Evaporation of the downstream, amplified solution would then result in a sample with high enantiomeric excess of a amino acid. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If this solution then spread to another location, say a place downstream of a river, the enantiomeric excess would be re-located while the racemic mixture would remain behind. Evaporation of the downstream, amplified solution would then result in a sample with high enantiomeric excess of a amino acid. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Taylormhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Origins_of_a_Homochiral_Microbial_World&diff=44176&oldid=prevTaylorm: /* Aqueous Amplification of Enantiomers */2009-05-01T15:36:36Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Aqueous Amplification of Enantiomers</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Racemic crystals are less soluble than homochiral crystals, because they form more stable crystals on their own thermodynamically (7). Thus, these racemic crystals are slower to dissolve in water. Because of this fact, in a solution of racemic and enantiomerically-enriched molecules, the racemic crystals would crystallize out of solution while the enantiomer would be enriched over time.[[Image:Amplification.jpg|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">right</del>|thumb|350x 350 px|Fig. 8. Amplification of enantiomers after preferential kinetic dissolution. http://www.dcb-server.unibe.ch/groups/reymond/education/chembiol/model_chemistry/2.pdf]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Racemic crystals are less soluble than homochiral crystals, because they form more stable crystals on their own thermodynamically (7). Thus, these racemic crystals are slower to dissolve in water. Because of this fact, in a solution of racemic and enantiomerically-enriched molecules, the racemic crystals would crystallize out of solution while the enantiomer would be enriched over time.[[Image:Amplification.jpg|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">left</ins>|thumb|350x 350 px|Fig. 8. Amplification of enantiomers after preferential kinetic dissolution. http://www.dcb-server.unibe.ch/groups/reymond/education/chembiol/model_chemistry/2.pdf]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If this solution then spread to another location, say a place downstream of a river, the enantiomeric excess would be re-located while the racemic mixture would remain behind. Evaporation of the downstream, amplified solution would then result in a sample with high enantiomeric excess of a amino acid. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If this solution then spread to another location, say a place downstream of a river, the enantiomeric excess would be re-located while the racemic mixture would remain behind. Evaporation of the downstream, amplified solution would then result in a sample with high enantiomeric excess of a amino acid. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Taylormhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Origins_of_a_Homochiral_Microbial_World&diff=44175&oldid=prevTaylorm at 15:35, 1 May 20092009-05-01T15:35:29Z<p></p>
<a href="https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Origins_of_a_Homochiral_Microbial_World&diff=44175&oldid=43521">Show changes</a>Taylormhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Origins_of_a_Homochiral_Microbial_World&diff=43521&oldid=prevTaylorm: /* Circularly Polarized Ultraviolet Light */2009-04-24T19:57:45Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Circularly Polarized Ultraviolet Light</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Circularly Polarized Ultraviolet Light==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Circularly Polarized Ultraviolet Light==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>[[Image:CPLWAVES.gif|250× 320 px|left|thumb|Fig. 3. Circularly polarized light can be either <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">right</del>-handed or <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">left</del>-handed. http://cord.org/cm/leot/course06_mod10/Fig6.gif]]Circularly polarized light (CPL) is an electromagnetic wave whose electric vector spirals clockwise or counterclockwise along its direction of travel (Fig.3). Right and left-handed CPL (R- and LCPL) appear in various places in interstellar space. For example, sunlight is rich in ultraviolet light. This light is scattered and circularly polarized at low levels, but levels are sufficient to provide a slight excess of LCPL on earth. More substantial sources of CPL, however, are supernovas, stars at the end of their lifecycle. Upon blast, supernovas expand and pick up additional materials to form a supernova remnant (3). Synchrotron radiation from supernova remnants also contains circularly polarized light. In a neutron star, this synchrotron radiation would have one chirality above a circulation plane and the opposite below it (Fig. 4). Thus, one form of circularly polarized light (for example, RCPL) might be directed into our part of the universe, while the opposite polarized light (LCPL) would be sent in the opposite direction (4).[[Image:Supernova.jpg|350× 320 px|right|thumb|Fig. 4. A supernova is a source of circular polarized light. http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_219.html]] </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>[[Image:CPLWAVES.gif|250× 320 px|left|thumb|Fig. 3. Circularly polarized light can be either <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">left</ins>-handed or <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">right</ins>-handed. http://cord.org/cm/leot/course06_mod10/Fig6.gif]]Circularly polarized light (CPL) is an electromagnetic wave whose electric vector spirals clockwise or counterclockwise along its direction of travel (Fig.3). Right and left-handed CPL (R- and LCPL) appear in various places in interstellar space. For example, sunlight is rich in ultraviolet light. This light is scattered and circularly polarized at low levels, but levels are sufficient to provide a slight excess of LCPL on earth. More substantial sources of CPL, however, are supernovas, stars at the end of their lifecycle. Upon blast, supernovas expand and pick up additional materials to form a supernova remnant (3). Synchrotron radiation from supernova remnants also contains circularly polarized light. In a neutron star, this synchrotron radiation would have one chirality above a circulation plane and the opposite below it (Fig. 4). Thus, one form of circularly polarized light (for example, RCPL) might be directed into our part of the universe, while the opposite polarized light (LCPL) would be sent in the opposite direction (4).[[Image:Supernova.jpg|350× 320 px|right|thumb|Fig. 4. A supernova is a source of circular polarized light. http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_219.html]] </div></td></tr>
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</table>Taylormhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Origins_of_a_Homochiral_Microbial_World&diff=43520&oldid=prevTaylorm: /* Circularly Polarized Ultraviolet Light */2009-04-24T19:56:44Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Circularly Polarized Ultraviolet Light</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:56, 24 April 2009</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Today, similar studies are still undergoing to verify the assertion that circular polarized light was involved in the prebiotic foundations of optical activity on earth. Flores, et al, (1976) provided a novel approach to photolyzing a racemic amino acid (RS-leucine) with ultraviolet R- and LPCL. Using a LiF Fresnel rhomb, Flores, et al converted linear waves of length 212.8 nm—closely approximating the desired 211 nm—to CPL (5). This novel approach had never before been achieved in a laboratory and allowed them to study the effects of R-and LCPL on a racemic mixture of leucine using gas chromatography. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Today, similar studies are still undergoing to verify the assertion that circular polarized light was involved in the prebiotic foundations of optical activity on earth. Flores, et al, (1976) provided a novel approach to photolyzing a racemic amino acid (RS-leucine) with ultraviolet R- and LPCL. Using a LiF Fresnel rhomb, Flores, et al converted linear waves of length 212.8 nm—closely approximating the desired 211 nm—to CPL (5). This novel approach had never before been achieved in a laboratory and allowed them to study the effects of R-and LCPL on a racemic mixture of leucine using gas chromatography. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:RLCPL.jpg|left|thumb|650× 620 px|Table 1. Circular polarized light can be used to eliminate enantiomers in the lab. Samples treated with RCPL showed a higher percentage of S-enantiomers, while treatment with LCPL showed a higher percentage of R-enantiomers. Unpolarized light treatment resulted in no enantiomeric excess of the sample. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja00453a018?cookieSet=1]] </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:RLCPL.jpg|left|thumb|650× 620 px|Table 1. Circular polarized light can be used to eliminate enantiomers in the lab. Samples treated with RCPL showed a higher percentage of S-enantiomers, while treatment with LCPL showed a higher percentage of R-enantiomers. Unpolarized light treatment resulted in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">little-to-</ins>no enantiomeric excess of the sample. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja00453a018?cookieSet=1]] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The results confirmed studies conducted in the 1800's. The (R)-leucine component of (RS)-leucine selectively absorbed RCPL and was degraded more extensively than the (S)-leucine component. On the other hand, the (S)-leucine component of the racemate selectively absorbed LCPL and was degraded more extensively than the (R)-leucine component. In fact, the enantiomeric excesses were almost “equal and opposite” (Table 1). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The results confirmed studies conducted in the 1800's. The (R)-leucine component of (RS)-leucine selectively absorbed RCPL and was degraded more extensively than the (S)-leucine component. On the other hand, the (S)-leucine component of the racemate selectively absorbed LCPL and was degraded more extensively than the (R)-leucine component. In fact, the enantiomeric excesses were almost “equal and opposite” (Table 1). </div></td></tr>
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</table>Taylorm