https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&feed=atom&action=historyOrthomyxoviridae - Revision history2024-03-28T17:16:41ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&diff=54622&oldid=prevBarichD at 00:30, 8 August 20102010-08-08T00:30:43Z<p></p>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&diff=44635&oldid=prevMem6: /* Viral Ecology & Pathology */2009-05-22T20:32:34Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Viral Ecology & Pathology</span></span></p>
<a href="https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&diff=44635&oldid=44634">Show changes</a>Mem6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&diff=44634&oldid=prevMem6: /* Viral Ecology & Pathology */2009-05-22T20:22:25Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Viral Ecology & Pathology</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:22, 22 May 2009</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><BR><BR>The contemporary influenza threat, however, comes from the H5N1 avian flu strain (see below), which is only distantly related to H1N1. Though both strands are avian in origin, they appear to have arisen through different evolutionary pathways. Many scholars who believe the world is “overdue” for a cyclical influenza outbreak believe H5N1 is the leading contender. The importance of remembering the Spanish Flu pandemic today may be its usefulness for comparisons to hypothetical modern outbreaks.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><BR><BR>The contemporary influenza threat, however, comes from the H5N1 avian flu strain (see below), which is only distantly related to H1N1. Though both strands are avian in origin, they appear to have arisen through different evolutionary pathways. Many scholars who believe the world is “overdue” for a cyclical influenza outbreak believe H5N1 is the leading contender. The importance of remembering the Spanish Flu pandemic today may be its usefulness for comparisons to hypothetical modern outbreaks.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><BR><BR>Recent studies of the 1918 outbreak in America imply that some actions taken by city authorities, such as quarantines – which were previously thought rather unsuccessful on the whole – and the wearing of masks were effective in mitigating the damage of the epidemic. Problems arose, however, when these sanctions were lifted too soon and the Spanish Flu returned in subsequent waves. In the highly mobile modern world, state-imposed isolation appears a far-fetched and nearly unenforceable intervention. Requiring face masks in public, though more plausible, could also prove difficult to implement in the current individual-based culture. Plus, the original state-intervention measures required a consensus among authorities over the best course of action, quick decision making, and a large amount of public support. In 1918, America was embroiled in the First World War and the citizenry was largely willing to allow extra governmental power in hopes of ending the epidemic. In contrast, the citizenry today seems far less likely to grant additional authority to the state. Regardless of these non-pharmaceutical interventions, doctors seem to be in agreement that a vaccine would still be the primary focus of health authorities if an avian flu epidemic were to strike. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><BR><BR>Recent studies of the 1918 outbreak in America imply that some actions taken by city authorities, such as quarantines – which were previously thought rather unsuccessful on the whole – and the wearing of masks were effective in mitigating the damage of the epidemic. Problems arose, however, when these sanctions were lifted too soon and the Spanish Flu returned in subsequent waves. In the highly mobile modern world, state-imposed isolation appears a far-fetched and nearly unenforceable intervention. Requiring face masks in public, though more plausible, could also prove difficult to implement in the current individual-based culture. Plus, the original state-intervention measures required a consensus among authorities over the best course of action, quick decision making, and a large amount of public support. In 1918, America was embroiled in the First World War and the citizenry was largely willing to allow extra governmental power in hopes of ending the epidemic. In contrast, the citizenry today seems far less likely to grant additional authority to the state. Regardless of these non-pharmaceutical interventions, doctors seem to be in agreement that a vaccine would still be the primary focus of health authorities if an avian flu epidemic were to strike. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">H4References</del></H4></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><H4>References</ins></H4></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Avian Influenza or Bird Flu: Reference Summary.” (2008) “X-Plain Avian Influenza or Bird Flu,” http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/avianflu/id509103.pdf<BR></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“Avian Influenza or Bird Flu: Reference Summary.” (2008) “X-Plain Avian Influenza or Bird Flu,” http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/tutorials/avianflu/id509103.pdf<BR></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bakalar, N. (2007) “How (and How Not) to Battle Flu: A Tale of 23 Cities” New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/17/health/17flu.html<BR></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bakalar, N. (2007) “How (and How Not) to Battle Flu: A Tale of 23 Cities” New York Times http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/17/health/17flu.html<BR></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Schoenstadt, A. (2008) “Spanish Flu” http://flu.emedtv.com/spanish-flu/spanish-flu.html<BR></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Schoenstadt, A. (2008) “Spanish Flu” http://flu.emedtv.com/spanish-flu/spanish-flu.html<BR></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Taubenberger, JK., and D.M. Morens “1918 Influenza: The Mother of All Pandemics.” The Center for Disease Control. 2005. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 April 2009. <http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol12no01/05-0979.htm#cit>.<BR></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Taubenberger, JK., and D.M. Morens “1918 Influenza: The Mother of All Pandemics.” The Center for Disease Control. 2005. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 April 2009. <http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol12no01/05-0979.htm#cit>.<BR></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“The Great Pandemic: The United States in 1918 – 1919.” <BR>http://1918.pandemicflu.gov/the_pandemic/04.htm</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“The Great Pandemic: The United States in 1918 – 1919.” <BR>http://1918.pandemicflu.gov/the_pandemic/04.htm<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><BR></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready?” National Academies of Science Workshop Summary (2005) http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11150&page=1<BR></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready?” National Academies of Science Workshop Summary (2005) http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11150&page=1<BR></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“The Deadly Virus: The Influenza Epidemic of 1918” National Archives and Records Administration http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/influenza-epidemic/<BR></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>“The Deadly Virus: The Influenza Epidemic of 1918” National Archives and Records Administration http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/influenza-epidemic/<BR></div></td></tr>
</table>Mem6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&diff=44633&oldid=prevMem6: /* Viral Ecology & Pathology */2009-05-22T20:09:40Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Viral Ecology & Pathology</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 20:09, 22 May 2009</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Fouchier, R.A.M., <i>et al.</i> (2005) “Characterization of a Novel Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Subtype (H16) Obtained from Black-Headed Gulls” <i>J Virology</i> <b>79</b>:2814-2822<BR></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Fouchier, R.A.M., <i>et al.</i> (2005) “Characterization of a Novel Influenza A Virus Hemagglutinin Subtype (H16) Obtained from Black-Headed Gulls” <i>J Virology</i> <b>79</b>:2814-2822<BR></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3. Winquist, A., <i>et al.</i> “Neuraminidase Inhibitors for Treatment of Influenza A and B Infections,” http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4814a1.htm</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3. Winquist, A., <i>et al.</i> “Neuraminidase Inhibitors for Treatment of Influenza A and B Infections,” http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr4814a1.htm</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><BR><BR></del><H2>The “Spanish Flu” of 1918-1919 – The “Great Pandemic”</h2></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><H2>The “Spanish Flu” of 1918-1919 – The “Great Pandemic”</h2></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1918, the European powers had been locked in a devastating war for over three years. Millions would die before the warring nations would sign an armistice in November, 1918. Unfortunately, a new strain of influenza was poised to spread throughout the globe at an alarming speed. The world was too preoccupied to focus on this new public health concern, but the 1918 flu would soon take more lives than World War I. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1918, the European powers had been locked in a devastating war for over three years. Millions would die before the warring nations would sign an armistice in November, 1918. Unfortunately, a new strain of influenza was poised to spread throughout the globe at an alarming speed. The world was too preoccupied to focus on this new public health concern, but the 1918 flu would soon take more lives than World War I. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><BR><BR>The onset of this new influenza occurred very suddenly and the geographic origin of the disease remains unclear. The outbreak appears to have begun in the United States, who had only entered the war the previous year. Some of the earliest reported cases occurred in American military bases, such as Camp Funston, Kansas. US soldiers spread the disease to Europe, where it spread across the entire continent. The first wave of influenza was known as the “three day fever.” Victims recovered within days, and the mortality rate was very low. The exception was Spain, which had eight million cases reported in May, 1918. The virus in Spain affected nearly half the total population of twenty million people and resulted in 255,000 deaths. Due to Spain’s lack of wartime censorship, most of the world became aware of the disease through reports from Spain, hence the nickname of “Spanish flu.”</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><BR><BR>The onset of this new influenza occurred very suddenly and the geographic origin of the disease remains unclear. The outbreak appears to have begun in the United States, who had only entered the war the previous year. Some of the earliest reported cases occurred in American military bases, such as Camp Funston, Kansas. US soldiers spread the disease to Europe, where it spread across the entire continent. The first wave of influenza was known as the “three day fever.” Victims recovered within days, and the mortality rate was very low. The exception was Spain, which had eight million cases reported in May, 1918. The virus in Spain affected nearly half the total population of twenty million people and resulted in 255,000 deaths. Due to Spain’s lack of wartime censorship, most of the world became aware of the disease through reports from Spain, hence the nickname of “Spanish flu.”</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>An unusual feature of the 1918 pandemic was who it killed. Most flu fatalities are among young children and the elderly. The 1918 virus killed mostly healthy adults between the ages of fifteen and forty-five—people with generally robust immune systems. It is believed that it was their robust immune systems that killed them. They would have likely been exposed to other H1N1 viruses in childhood, enabling faster recognition by the immune system. Infection by the 1918 flu virus produced a “cytokine storm.”</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>An unusual feature of the 1918 pandemic was who it killed. Most flu fatalities are among young children and the elderly. The 1918 virus killed mostly healthy adults between the ages of fifteen and forty-five—people with generally robust immune systems. It is believed that it was their robust immune systems that killed them. They would have likely been exposed to other H1N1 viruses in childhood, enabling faster recognition by the immune system. Infection by the 1918 flu virus produced a “cytokine storm.”</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><BR><BR>A cytokine is a generic term for regulatory molecules (proteins or glycoproteins) produced by various immune cells in the course of a response. A cytokine storm results from an excessive immune system reaction that damages the body, causing failure of multiple organ systems. Cytokine storms occur very rarely, which makes them exceptionally difficult to study in-depth. Such over-reaction typically leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome, an often fatal condition that causes severe damage to alveoli and lung tissue. The cytokines released cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. Thus, the capillaries in the lungs become “leaky,” causing the lung to fill with fluid and essentially drown the victim. The primary cause of death is not lung failure but rather multi-system organ failure due to lack of oxygen. The fluid also provides a medium for bacterial growth, encouraging pneumonia. The reason that the 1918 influenza virus was so dangerous to young adults was, almost paradoxically, apparently because of their stronger immune system. A stronger immune system generally produces a stronger response and a greater overreaction. Children and the elderly have less robust immune systems and as a result had much weaker cytokine storms, hence the inversion of the usual pattern of mortality.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><BR><BR>A cytokine is a generic term for regulatory molecules (proteins or glycoproteins) produced by various immune cells in the course of a response. A cytokine storm results from an excessive immune system reaction that damages the body, causing failure of multiple organ systems. Cytokine storms occur very rarely, which makes them exceptionally difficult to study in-depth. Such over-reaction typically leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome, an often fatal condition that causes severe damage to alveoli and lung tissue. The cytokines released cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability. Thus, the capillaries in the lungs become “leaky,” causing the lung to fill with fluid and essentially drown the victim. The primary cause of death is not lung failure but rather multi-system organ failure due to lack of oxygen. The fluid also provides a medium for bacterial growth, encouraging pneumonia. The reason that the 1918 influenza virus was so dangerous to young adults was, almost paradoxically, apparently because of their stronger immune system. A stronger immune system generally produces a stronger response and a greater overreaction. Children and the elderly have less robust immune systems and as a result had much weaker cytokine storms, hence the inversion of the usual pattern of mortality.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><BR><BR></del><H4>Reconstruction of the 1918 H1N1 virus</H4></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><H4>Reconstruction of the 1918 H1N1 virus</H4></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1995, work on reconstructing the 1918 H1N1 virus began. Researchers obtained RNA fragments from preserved tissue samples and the cadaver of a victim found buried in the Alaskan permafrost. Using these RNA sequences, cloned segments of DNA were produced and introduced into cells. The sequencing of the genome was completed in 2005. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In 1995, work on reconstructing the 1918 H1N1 virus began. Researchers obtained RNA fragments from preserved tissue samples and the cadaver of a victim found buried in the Alaskan permafrost. Using these RNA sequences, cloned segments of DNA were produced and introduced into cells. The sequencing of the genome was completed in 2005. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><BR><BR>The 1918 virus is believed to have originated entirely in birds (as opposed to co-infecting a host along with a human virus), although there are elements in the viral genome that do not appear in avian viruses. The “rescued” 1918 virus was used to infect mice. The mice lost thirteen percent of their body weight in two days, an indication of the virulence of the 1918 flu.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><BR><BR>The 1918 virus is believed to have originated entirely in birds (as opposed to co-infecting a host along with a human virus), although there are elements in the viral genome that do not appear in avian viruses. The “rescued” 1918 virus was used to infect mice. The mice lost thirteen percent of their body weight in two days, an indication of the virulence of the 1918 flu.</div></td></tr>
</table>Mem6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&diff=44632&oldid=prevMem6: /* Viral Ecology & Pathology */2009-05-22T20:08:16Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Viral Ecology & Pathology</span></span></p>
<a href="https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&diff=44632&oldid=44631">Show changes</a>Mem6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&diff=44631&oldid=prevMem6 at 19:58, 22 May 20092009-05-22T19:58:55Z<p></p>
<a href="https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&diff=44631&oldid=44630">Show changes</a>Mem6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&diff=44630&oldid=prevMem6: /*Influenza and Flu Epidemics/*2009-05-22T19:55:16Z<p>/*Influenza and Flu Epidemics/*</p>
<a href="https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&diff=44630&oldid=6133">Show changes</a>Mem6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&diff=6133&oldid=prevBarichD at 19:26, 18 January 20072007-01-18T19:26:38Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Influenza virus is transmitted from person to person primarily in droplets released by sneezing and coughing. Some of the inhaled virus lands in the lower respiratory tract, and the primary site of the disease is the tracheobronchial tree, although the nasopharynx is also involved. The neuraminidase of the viral envelope may act on the N-acetylneuraminic acid residues in mucus to produce liquefaction. This liquified mucus may help spread the virus through the respiratory tract in concert with the mucociliary transport. The superficial mucosa suffers cellular destrcution and desquamation because of the infection of the mucosal cells. Nonproductive cough, sore throat and nasal discharge are some sysmptoms that result from the endema and mononuclear cell infiltration of the involved areas. The cough may be persistent but the most prominent symptoms of influenza are systemic-- fever, muscle aches and general prostration. These systemic symptoms are not caused directly by the virus because viremia is rare. A possible cause is circulating interferon, as administration of theraupetic interferon causes systemic symptoms resembling those of influenza.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Influenza virus is transmitted from person to person primarily in droplets released by sneezing and coughing. Some of the inhaled virus lands in the lower respiratory tract, and the primary site of the disease is the tracheobronchial tree, although the nasopharynx is also involved. The neuraminidase of the viral envelope may act on the N-acetylneuraminic acid residues in mucus to produce liquefaction. This liquified mucus may help spread the virus through the respiratory tract in concert with the mucociliary transport. The superficial mucosa suffers cellular destrcution and desquamation because of the infection of the mucosal cells. Nonproductive cough, sore throat and nasal discharge are some sysmptoms that result from the endema and mononuclear cell infiltration of the involved areas. The cough may be persistent but the most prominent symptoms of influenza are systemic-- fever, muscle aches and general prostration. These systemic symptoms are not caused directly by the virus because viremia is rare. A possible cause is circulating interferon, as administration of theraupetic interferon causes systemic symptoms resembling those of influenza.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The evidence so far indicates that the extent of virus-induced cellular destruction is the prime factor determining the occurence, severity and duration of clinical illness. It is possible to recover virus from respiratory secretions for 3 to 8 days in an uncomplicated case. At times of maximal illness, peak quantities of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">104 </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">107 </del>infectious units/ml are detected. The titer begis to drop in concert with the progressive abatement of disease after 1 to 4 days of peak shedding</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The evidence so far indicates that the extent of virus-induced cellular destruction is the prime factor determining the occurence, severity and duration of clinical illness. It is possible to recover virus from respiratory secretions for 3 to 8 days in an uncomplicated case. At times of maximal illness, peak quantities of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10<sup>4</sup> </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10<sup>7</sup> </ins>infectious units/ml are detected. The titer begis to drop in concert with the progressive abatement of disease after 1 to 4 days of peak shedding</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The infection may extensively involve the alveoli, particularly in patients with underlying heart or lung disease. This may result in interstitial pneumonia, sometimes with marked accumulation of lung hemorrhage and endema. Pure viral pneumonia of this type is a severe illness with a high mortality. Virus titers in secretions are high, and viral shedding is prolonged. However, in most cases, bacteria is the causative agent of pneumonia associated with influenza. Examples include pneumococci, staphylococci, and Gram-negative bacteria. The preceding viral infection damages the normal defenses of the lung, setting the stage for the bacteria to invade and cause disease. (source: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.3069 Medical Microbiology])</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The infection may extensively involve the alveoli, particularly in patients with underlying heart or lung disease. This may result in interstitial pneumonia, sometimes with marked accumulation of lung hemorrhage and endema. Pure viral pneumonia of this type is a severe illness with a high mortality. Virus titers in secretions are high, and viral shedding is prolonged. However, in most cases, bacteria is the causative agent of pneumonia associated with influenza. Examples include pneumococci, staphylococci, and Gram-negative bacteria. The preceding viral infection damages the normal defenses of the lung, setting the stage for the bacteria to invade and cause disease. (source: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.3069 Medical Microbiology])</div></td></tr>
</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&diff=5269&oldid=prevBarichD at 19:16, 14 August 20062006-08-14T19:16:39Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:16, 14 August 2006</td>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">{{Viral Biorealm Family}}</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:8430_lores.jpg|thumb|right|Influenza virus; a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family. From CDC/ Dr. E. L. Palmer; Dr. M. L. Martin]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:8430_lores.jpg|thumb|right|Influenza virus; a member of the Orthomyxoviridae family. From CDC/ Dr. E. L. Palmer; Dr. M. L. Martin]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Orthomyxoviridae&diff=4761&oldid=prevChochu444 at 14:21, 7 July 20062006-07-07T14:21:48Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:21, 7 July 2006</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The orthomyxovirus gets its name from the Greek word 'myxa' that means mucus.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The orthomyxovirus gets its name from the Greek word 'myxa' that means mucus.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Influenza <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">viruse </del>types A and B are both common causes of acute respiratory illnesses. Both virus types may cause epidemics of considerable morbidity and mortality but influenza B infections are often limited to localized outbreaks whereas influenza A <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ciruses </del>are the principal cause of larger epidemics including worldwide pandemics. Influenza occurs in winter epidemics that affect 1-5% of the population in temparate regions. Influenza can be contracted throughout the year in tropical regions and its contribution to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">overlal </del>morbidity and mortality is less well defined. (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From </del>[http://www.who.int/vaccines/en/influenza.shtml World Health Organization: Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals])</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Influenza <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">virus </ins>types A and B are both common causes of acute respiratory illnesses. Both virus types may cause epidemics of considerable morbidity and mortality but influenza B infections are often limited to localized outbreaks whereas influenza A <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">viruses </ins>are the principal cause of larger epidemics including worldwide pandemics. Influenza occurs in winter epidemics that affect 1-5% of the population in temparate regions. Influenza can be contracted throughout the year in tropical regions and its contribution to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">overall </ins>morbidity and mortality is less well defined. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">source: </ins>[http://www.who.int/vaccines/en/influenza.shtml World Health Organization: Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals])</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome Structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome Structure==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The genome of the orthomyxovirus consists of six segments to eight segments of linear, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA. The complete genome is 10000-14600 nucleotides long. Segment 1 is fully sequenced and the complete sequence is 2300-2500 nucleotides long. Although sequenced and of the same length as Segment 1, segment 2 only has an estimate of the sequence so far. Segment 3 is also sequenced, but only estimated, and the complete sequence is 2200-2300 nucleotides long. Segment 4 has been completely sequenced and the complete sequence is 1700-1800 nucleotides long. Segment 5 has been sequenced, but only estimated, and is 300-1900 nucleotides long. Segment 6 has been sequenced, but only estimated, and is 1400-1500 nucleotides long. Segment 7 has been sequenced, but only estimated, and the complete sequence is 800-1100 nucleotides long. The genome has terminally redundant sequences and the sequence is repeated at both ends. The nucleotide sequences at the 3'-terminus are identical. The 5'-terminal sequence has conserved regions and repeats complementary to the 3'-terminus; terminal repeats at the 5'-end are 11-14 nucleotides long. The 3'-terminus has conserved nucleotide sequences; is 11-13 nucleotides long; in the genera of same family. The sequence has conserved regions in all RNA species or some RNA segments. The multipartite genome is encapsidated with each segment in a separate nucleocapsid, and the nucleocapsids are surrounded by one envelope. Each virion contains defective interfering copies. (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From </del>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/ ICTV dB Descriptions])</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The genome of the orthomyxovirus consists of six segments to eight segments of linear, negative-sense, single-stranded RNA. The complete genome is 10000-14600 nucleotides long. Segment 1 is fully sequenced and the complete sequence is 2300-2500 nucleotides long. Although sequenced and of the same length as Segment 1, segment 2 only has an estimate of the sequence so far. Segment 3 is also sequenced, but only estimated, and the complete sequence is 2200-2300 nucleotides long. Segment 4 has been completely sequenced and the complete sequence is 1700-1800 nucleotides long. Segment 5 has been sequenced, but only estimated, and is 300-1900 nucleotides long. Segment 6 has been sequenced, but only estimated, and is 1400-1500 nucleotides long. Segment 7 has been sequenced, but only estimated, and the complete sequence is 800-1100 nucleotides long. The genome has terminally redundant sequences and the sequence is repeated at both ends. The nucleotide sequences at the 3'-terminus are identical. The 5'-terminal sequence has conserved regions and repeats complementary to the 3'-terminus; terminal repeats at the 5'-end are 11-14 nucleotides long. The 3'-terminus has conserved nucleotide sequences; is 11-13 nucleotides long; in the genera of same family. The sequence has conserved regions in all RNA species or some RNA segments. The multipartite genome is encapsidated with each segment in a separate nucleocapsid, and the nucleocapsids are surrounded by one envelope. Each virion contains defective interfering copies. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">source: </ins>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/ ICTV dB Descriptions])</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Virion Structure of an Orthomyxovirus==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Virion Structure of an Orthomyxovirus==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The virions of an orthomyxovirus consist of an envelope, a matrix protein, a nucleoprotein complex, a nucleocapsid, and a polymerase complex. The virus capsid is enveloped. The virions are spherical to pleomorphic and filamentous forms occur. The virions are 80-120 nm in diameter and 200-300(-3000) nm long. The surface projections are densely dispersed distinctive hemagglitinin-esterase (HEF) spikes, or spaced widely apart hemagglutinin (HA) spikes. Clusters of neuramidase (NA) irregularly inerpose the major glycoprotein in a <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ration </del>of HA to NA about 4-5 to 1. There are about 500 spikes evenly dispersed or clustered and are covering the surface comprising hemagglutinin, or neuraminidase, or esterase-esterase. The surface projections are composed of one type of protein or different types of proteins and are 10-14 nm long and 4-6 nm in diameter. The nucleocapsid is elongated with helical symmetry and is segmented with loops at one end. The segments have different sized classes with clear predominate lengths with a length of 50-130 nm (in differnent class sizes) and a width of 9-15 nm. (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From </del>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/ ICTV dB Descriptions])</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The virions of an orthomyxovirus consist of an envelope, a matrix protein, a nucleoprotein complex, a nucleocapsid, and a polymerase complex. The virus capsid is enveloped. The virions are spherical to pleomorphic and filamentous forms occur. The virions are 80-120 nm in diameter and 200-300(-3000) nm long. The surface projections are densely dispersed distinctive hemagglitinin-esterase (HEF) spikes, or spaced widely apart hemagglutinin (HA) spikes. Clusters of neuramidase (NA) irregularly inerpose the major glycoprotein in a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ratio </ins>of HA to NA about 4-5 to 1. There are about 500 spikes evenly dispersed or clustered and are covering the surface comprising hemagglutinin, or neuraminidase, or esterase-esterase. The surface projections are composed of one type of protein or different types of proteins and are 10-14 nm long and 4-6 nm in diameter. The nucleocapsid is elongated with helical symmetry and is segmented with loops at one end. The segments have different sized classes with clear predominate lengths with a length of 50-130 nm (in differnent class sizes) and a width of 9-15 nm. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">source: </ins>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/ ICTV dB Descriptions])</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Reproductive Cycle of an Orthomyxovirus in a Host Cell==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Reproductive Cycle of an Orthomyxovirus in a Host Cell==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l29">Line 29:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 29:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It takes about 6 hours for the replication of the orthomyxovirus, killing the host cell in the process. The virus attaches to the permissive cells via the hemagglutinin subunit, which binds to cell membrane glycolipids or glycoproteins containing N-acetylneuraminic acid, the receptor for virus adsorption. The virus is then engulfed by pinocytosis into endosomes. The acid environemnt of the endosome causes the virus envelope to fuse with the plasma membrane of the endosome, uncoating the nucleocapsid and releasing it into the cytoplasm. A transmembrane protein derived from the matrix gene (M2) forms an ion channel for protons to enter the virion and destabilize protein binding, allowing the nucleocapsid to be transported to the nucleus, where the genome is transcribed by vital enzymes to yield viral mRNA. Orthomyxovirus replication depends on the presence of active host cell DNA, unlike the replication of other RNA viruses. The virus scavenges cap sequences from the nascent mRNA generated in the nucleus by transcription of the host DNA and attaches them to its own mRNA. These cap sequences allow the viral mRNA to be transported to the cytoplasm, where it is translated by host ribosomes. The nucleocapsid is assembled in the nucleus.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It takes about 6 hours for the replication of the orthomyxovirus, killing the host cell in the process. The virus attaches to the permissive cells via the hemagglutinin subunit, which binds to cell membrane glycolipids or glycoproteins containing N-acetylneuraminic acid, the receptor for virus adsorption. The virus is then engulfed by pinocytosis into endosomes. The acid environemnt of the endosome causes the virus envelope to fuse with the plasma membrane of the endosome, uncoating the nucleocapsid and releasing it into the cytoplasm. A transmembrane protein derived from the matrix gene (M2) forms an ion channel for protons to enter the virion and destabilize protein binding, allowing the nucleocapsid to be transported to the nucleus, where the genome is transcribed by vital enzymes to yield viral mRNA. Orthomyxovirus replication depends on the presence of active host cell DNA, unlike the replication of other RNA viruses. The virus scavenges cap sequences from the nascent mRNA generated in the nucleus by transcription of the host DNA and attaches them to its own mRNA. These cap sequences allow the viral mRNA to be transported to the cytoplasm, where it is translated by host ribosomes. The nucleocapsid is assembled in the nucleus.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Virions acquire an envelope and undergo maturation as they bud through the host cell membrane. The viral envelope hemagglutinin is subjected to proteolytic cleavage by host enzymes during budding. This process is necessary for the released particles to be infectious. Newly synthesized virions have surface glycoproteins that contain N acetylneuraminic acid as a part of their carbohydrate structure, and this are vulnurable to self-agglutination by the hemagglutinin. A major function of the viral neuraminidase is to remove these residues. (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From </del>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.3069 Medical Microbiology])</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Virions acquire an envelope and undergo maturation as they bud through the host cell membrane. The viral envelope hemagglutinin is subjected to proteolytic cleavage by host enzymes during budding. This process is necessary for the released particles to be infectious. Newly synthesized virions have surface glycoproteins that contain N acetylneuraminic acid as a part of their carbohydrate structure, and this are vulnurable to self-agglutination by the hemagglutinin. A major function of the viral neuraminidase is to remove these residues. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">source: </ins>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.3069 Medical Microbiology])</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Viral Ecology & Pathology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Viral Ecology & Pathology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l37">Line 37:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 37:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The evidence so far indicates that the extent of virus-induced cellular destruction is the prime factor determining the occurence, severity and duration of clinical illness. It is possible to recover virus from respiratory secretions for 3 to 8 days in an uncomplicated case. At times of maximal illness, peak quantities of 104 to 107 infectious units/ml are detected. The titer begis to drop in concert with the progressive abatement of disease after 1 to 4 days of peak shedding</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The evidence so far indicates that the extent of virus-induced cellular destruction is the prime factor determining the occurence, severity and duration of clinical illness. It is possible to recover virus from respiratory secretions for 3 to 8 days in an uncomplicated case. At times of maximal illness, peak quantities of 104 to 107 infectious units/ml are detected. The titer begis to drop in concert with the progressive abatement of disease after 1 to 4 days of peak shedding</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The infection may extensively involve the alveoli, particularly in patients with underlying heart or lung disease. This may result in interstitial pneumonia, sometimes with marked accumulation of lung hemorrhage and endema. Pure viral pneumonia of this type is a severe illness with a high mortality. Virus titers in secretions are high, and viral shedding is prolonged. However, in most cases, bacteria is the causative agent of pneumonia associated with influenza. Examples include pneumococci, staphylococci, and Gram-negative bacteria. The preceding viral infection damages the normal defenses of the lung, setting the stage for the bacteria to invade and cause disease. (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">From </del>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.3069 Medical Microbiology])</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The infection may extensively involve the alveoli, particularly in patients with underlying heart or lung disease. This may result in interstitial pneumonia, sometimes with marked accumulation of lung hemorrhage and endema. Pure viral pneumonia of this type is a severe illness with a high mortality. Virus titers in secretions are high, and viral shedding is prolonged. However, in most cases, bacteria is the causative agent of pneumonia associated with influenza. Examples include pneumococci, staphylococci, and Gram-negative bacteria. The preceding viral infection damages the normal defenses of the lung, setting the stage for the bacteria to invade and cause disease. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">source: </ins>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.section.3069 Medical Microbiology])</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Chochu444