https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ostreococcus_lucimarinus&feed=atom&action=historyOstreococcus lucimarinus - Revision history2024-03-28T22:52:35ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ostreococcus_lucimarinus&diff=135921&oldid=prevDendys at 13:13, 11 May 20182018-05-11T13:13:57Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>FTO is differentially expressed in different tissues. Studies in mice suggest that it causes phenotypic differences mostly when expressed in brain tissues, and may have age-dependent effects. The elements of the gene which are obesity-associated are in an intron, and therefore do not affect the structure of the protein as it is expressed. Introns have other roles in genes, including interacting with promoters or other transcription-regulatory effects. Because of their location near the beginning of the gene, in introns one and two, it seems likely that the FTO polymorphisms most associated with obesity affect a promoter or repressor of the FTO gene. The promoter IRX3, which is located on the same chromosome as FTO in mice but downstream by about half a megabase, has been documented interacting with the polymorphic, obesity-linked intron region of FTO in adult mouse brains<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4113484/ Smemo, Scott, Tena, Juan J., Kim, Kyoung-Han, Gamazon, Eric R., Sakabe, Noboru J., Gómez-Marín, Carlos, Aneas, Ivy, Credidio, Flavia L., Sobreira, Débora R., Wasserman, Nora F., Lee, Ju Hee, Puviindran, Vijitha, Tam, Davis, Shen, Michael, Son, Joe Eun, Vakili, Niki Alizadeh, Sung, Hoon-Ki, Naranjo, Silvia, Acemel, Rafael D., Manzanares, Miguel, Nagy, Andras, Cox, Nancy J., Hui, Chi-Chung, Gomez-Skarmeta, Jose Luis, &Nóbrega, Marcelo A. (2014). Obesity-associated variants within <i>FTO</i> form long-range functional connections with <i>IRX3. Nature, 507</i>(7492): 371-375]</ref>. The FTO gene promoter, by contrast, has interactions only very close to its own location on the chromosome, and does not interact with the obesity-linked intron region at all, except in developing, embryonic mouse brains. Both FTO and IRX3 are conserved among vertebrates. Their existence has not been documented in invertebrate animals, fungi, or higher plants, despite assays for homology in a range of completely-sequenced genomes. FTO research is somewhat stymied by the absence of FTO genes in a range of model organisms, like <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>, <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, and <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i>. Therefore, the discovery of homologies to FTO in several algal genomes comes as something of a surprise. <i>Ostreococcus</i> and the related <i>Micromonas</i> have a gene sequence homologous to that found in vertebrate FTO, as do several larger multicellular algae, like <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i> and <i>Ectocarpus siliculosus</i>. FTO and FTO homologies are sorted loosely into three clades, one including vertebrate animals, one including brown algae, diatoms and multicellular algae like those listed here, and a third including picoplankton like <i>Ostreococcus</i>. Interestingly, no FTO homologs have yet been observed in freshwater algae; all documented algae with these homologies are marine species.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>FTO is differentially expressed in different tissues. Studies in mice suggest that it causes phenotypic differences mostly when expressed in brain tissues, and may have age-dependent effects. The elements of the gene which are obesity-associated are in an intron, and therefore do not affect the structure of the protein as it is expressed. Introns have other roles in genes, including interacting with promoters or other transcription-regulatory effects. Because of their location near the beginning of the gene, in introns one and two, it seems likely that the FTO polymorphisms most associated with obesity affect a promoter or repressor of the FTO gene. The promoter IRX3, which is located on the same chromosome as FTO in mice but downstream by about half a megabase, has been documented interacting with the polymorphic, obesity-linked intron region of FTO in adult mouse brains<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4113484/ Smemo, Scott, Tena, Juan J., Kim, Kyoung-Han, Gamazon, Eric R., Sakabe, Noboru J., Gómez-Marín, Carlos, Aneas, Ivy, Credidio, Flavia L., Sobreira, Débora R., Wasserman, Nora F., Lee, Ju Hee, Puviindran, Vijitha, Tam, Davis, Shen, Michael, Son, Joe Eun, Vakili, Niki Alizadeh, Sung, Hoon-Ki, Naranjo, Silvia, Acemel, Rafael D., Manzanares, Miguel, Nagy, Andras, Cox, Nancy J., Hui, Chi-Chung, Gomez-Skarmeta, Jose Luis, &Nóbrega, Marcelo A. (2014). Obesity-associated variants within <i>FTO</i> form long-range functional connections with <i>IRX3. Nature, 507</i>(7492): 371-375]</ref>. The FTO gene promoter, by contrast, has interactions only very close to its own location on the chromosome, and does not interact with the obesity-linked intron region at all, except in developing, embryonic mouse brains. Both FTO and IRX3 are conserved among vertebrates. Their existence has not been documented in invertebrate animals, fungi, or higher plants, despite assays for homology in a range of completely-sequenced genomes. FTO research is somewhat stymied by the absence of FTO genes in a range of model organisms, like <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>, <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, and <i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i>. Therefore, the discovery of homologies to FTO in several algal genomes comes as something of a surprise. <i>Ostreococcus</i> and the related <i>Micromonas</i> have a gene sequence homologous to that found in vertebrate FTO, as do several larger multicellular algae, like <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i> and <i>Ectocarpus siliculosus</i>. FTO and FTO homologies are sorted loosely into three clades, one including vertebrate animals, one including brown algae, diatoms and multicellular algae like those listed here, and a third including picoplankton like <i>Ostreococcus</i>. Interestingly, no FTO homologs have yet been observed in freshwater algae; all documented algae with these homologies are marine species.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The potential for <i>Ostreococcus lucimarinus</i> to serve as a model species for obesity research is highly uncertain at best. The exact role and mechanism of FTO, and the proteins it encodes, is poorly understood. FTO is differently expressed between different mammalian tissues, with significant expression in the brain and in glands associated with the endocrine system. Furthermore, significant regions of FTO for obesity-linkage analyses occur in introns, which suggest they may be significant to the interaction of other genes on the transcription of FTO; if these unknown other genes lack homology in <i>Ostreococcus</i>, it would limit the efficacy of the algae as a model for the study of this system. However, the unexpected appearance of gene homologs in this taxonomic group is exciting for potential research applications. Many algae are easily cultured in laboratory conditions, especially in comparison to animal models for FTO like mouse (<i>Mus musculus</i>) or zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>). Algae in obesity research is a developing area.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pierre_Rouze/publication/5790382_The_FTO_Gene_Implicated_in_Human_Obesity_Is_Found_Only_in_Vertebrates_and_Marine_Algae/links/0912f50c0d8781a63a000000.pdf Robbens, Steven, Rouzé, Pierre, Cock, J. Mark, Spring, Jürg, Worden, Alexandra Z., & van de Peer, Yves (2008). The FTO gene, implicated in human obesity, is found only in vertebrates and marine algae. <i> Journal of Molecular Evolution</i> 66: 80-84]</ref></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The potential for <i>Ostreococcus lucimarinus</i> to serve as a model species for obesity research is highly uncertain at best. The exact role and mechanism of FTO, and the proteins it encodes, is poorly understood. FTO is differently expressed between different mammalian tissues, with significant expression in the brain and in glands associated with the endocrine system. Furthermore, significant regions of FTO for obesity-linkage analyses occur in introns, which suggest they may be significant to the interaction of other genes on the transcription of FTO; if these unknown other genes lack homology in <i>Ostreococcus</i>, it would limit the efficacy of the algae as a model for the study of this system. However, the unexpected appearance of gene homologs in this taxonomic group is exciting for potential research applications. Many algae are easily cultured in laboratory conditions, especially in comparison to animal models for FTO like mouse (<i>Mus musculus</i>) or zebrafish (<i>Danio rerio</i>). Algae in obesity research is a developing area.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pierre_Rouze/publication/5790382_The_FTO_Gene_Implicated_in_Human_Obesity_Is_Found_Only_in_Vertebrates_and_Marine_Algae/links/0912f50c0d8781a63a000000.pdf Robbens, Steven, Rouzé, Pierre, Cock, J. Mark, Spring, Jürg, Worden, Alexandra Z., & van de Peer, Yves (2008). The FTO gene, implicated in human obesity, is found only in vertebrates and marine algae. <i> Journal of Molecular Evolution</i> 66: 80-84]</ref></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br><b>Legend/credit:</b> Electron micrograph of the Ebola Zaire virus. This was the first photo ever taken of the virus, on 10/13/1976. By Dr. F.A. Murphy, now at U.C. Davis, then at the [http://www.cdc.gov/ CDC].</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
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</table>Dendyshttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ostreococcus_lucimarinus&diff=135920&oldid=prevDendys at 13:13, 11 May 20182018-05-11T13:13:33Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interesting areas for future viral study could include the evolutionary origins of the viruses, particularly whether viruses with one <i>Ostreococcus</i> host species switched at some point in their evolutionary history to the other. Other marine systems have also demonstrated other viral ecological dynamics such as seasonality. This has been suggested, but not explored or fully documented in the <i>Ostreococcus lucimarinus</i> viral suite.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interesting areas for future viral study could include the evolutionary origins of the viruses, particularly whether viruses with one <i>Ostreococcus</i> host species switched at some point in their evolutionary history to the other. Other marine systems have also demonstrated other viral ecological dynamics such as seasonality. This has been suggested, but not explored or fully documented in the <i>Ostreococcus lucimarinus</i> viral suite.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==FTO Obesity Gene and Homologies==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==FTO Obesity Gene and Homologies==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: Maximum-likelihood-tree-showing-the-distribution-of-the-FTO-gene-Three-major-clades-can.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jpg</del>|thumb|350px|right| Similarity-based grouping of FTO gene in several disparate taxa.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: Maximum-likelihood-tree-showing-the-distribution-of-the-FTO-gene-Three-major-clades-can.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">png</ins>|thumb|350px|right| Similarity-based grouping of FTO gene in several disparate taxa.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The FTO or fat mass and obesity associated gene is a risk factor gene for obesity and excessively high body mass index, which has an unexpected homology with genes in <i>Ostreococcus lucimarinus</i>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The FTO or fat mass and obesity associated gene is a risk factor gene for obesity and excessively high body mass index, which has an unexpected homology with genes in <i>Ostreococcus lucimarinus</i>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Monogenic obesity cases, that is, instances in which obesity is triggered by a single gene, are documented in a small portion of obesity sufferers, normally children. The vast majority of obesity patients have a genetic element predisposing them to the disease, but monogenic cases represent a tiny minority, and an overwhelming proportion of obese people have a polygenic predisposition, or a large group of genes together contributing to risk factors. This polygenic system is much more difficult to identify and address than a one-gene inheritance, but among implicated genes for obesity risk, FTO shows the strongest correlations with obesity diagnosis. Specifically, a forty-seven kilobase region in the first two introns of the FTO demonstrates high linkage disequilibrium and is associated strongly with obesity.<ref>[http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/316/5826/889.full.pdf Frayling, Timothy M., Timpson, Nicholas J., Weedon, Michael N., Zeggini, Eleftheria, Freathy, Rachel M., Lindgren, Cecilia M., Perry, John R. B., Elliott, Katherine S., Lango, Hana, Rayner, Nigel W., Shields, Beverley, Harries, Lorna W., Barrett, Jeffrey C., Ellard, Sian, Groves, Christopher J., Knight, Bridget, Patch, Ann-Marie, Ness, Andrew R., Ebrahim, Shah, Lawlor, Debbie A., Ring, Susan M., Ben-Shlomo, Yoav, Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta, Sovio, Ulla, Bennett, Amanda J., Melzer, David, Ferrucci, Luigi, Loos, Ruth J. F., Barroso, Iñes, Wareham, Nicholas J., Karpe, Fredrik, Owen, Katharine R., Cardon, Lon R., Walker, Mark, Hitman, Graham A., Palmer, Colin N. A., Doney, Alex S. F., Morris, Andrew D., Davey Smith, George, The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Hattersley, Andrew T., & McCarty, Mark I. (2007) A common variant in the <i>FTO</i> gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity. <i>Science, 316</i>(5826):889-894]</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Monogenic obesity cases, that is, instances in which obesity is triggered by a single gene, are documented in a small portion of obesity sufferers, normally children. The vast majority of obesity patients have a genetic element predisposing them to the disease, but monogenic cases represent a tiny minority, and an overwhelming proportion of obese people have a polygenic predisposition, or a large group of genes together contributing to risk factors. This polygenic system is much more difficult to identify and address than a one-gene inheritance, but among implicated genes for obesity risk, FTO shows the strongest correlations with obesity diagnosis. Specifically, a forty-seven kilobase region in the first two introns of the FTO demonstrates high linkage disequilibrium and is associated strongly with obesity.<ref>[http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/316/5826/889.full.pdf Frayling, Timothy M., Timpson, Nicholas J., Weedon, Michael N., Zeggini, Eleftheria, Freathy, Rachel M., Lindgren, Cecilia M., Perry, John R. B., Elliott, Katherine S., Lango, Hana, Rayner, Nigel W., Shields, Beverley, Harries, Lorna W., Barrett, Jeffrey C., Ellard, Sian, Groves, Christopher J., Knight, Bridget, Patch, Ann-Marie, Ness, Andrew R., Ebrahim, Shah, Lawlor, Debbie A., Ring, Susan M., Ben-Shlomo, Yoav, Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta, Sovio, Ulla, Bennett, Amanda J., Melzer, David, Ferrucci, Luigi, Loos, Ruth J. F., Barroso, Iñes, Wareham, Nicholas J., Karpe, Fredrik, Owen, Katharine R., Cardon, Lon R., Walker, Mark, Hitman, Graham A., Palmer, Colin N. A., Doney, Alex S. F., Morris, Andrew D., Davey Smith, George, The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Hattersley, Andrew T., & McCarty, Mark I. (2007) A common variant in the <i>FTO</i> gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity. <i>Science, 316</i>(5826):889-894]</ref> </div></td></tr>
</table>Dendyshttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ostreococcus_lucimarinus&diff=135919&oldid=prevDendys at 13:12, 11 May 20182018-05-11T13:12:23Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Though iron is a limiting nutrient in many ecosystems, including in marine planktonic ecosystems, <i>Ostreococcus</i> has no described system of iron uptake analogous to those of related organisms, like diatoms. <i>Ostreococcus</i> has no ferric reductase, multicopper oxidase, or ferric permease, all of which are common elements of eukaryotic iron uptake systems (though <i>O. tauri</i> may have a multicopper oxidase, which is not found in any other lineage of the genus). Predicted adaptations to low iron levels are not found in <i>O. lucimarinus</i>. Several iron atoms are required for molecules critical to photosynthesis, the organism’s main means of survival. Also of note, <i>O lucimarinus</i> lacks systems for responding to high levels of copper toxicity through a phytochelatin synthase. This organism presumably must have novel ways of responding to low iron levels, or of responding to copper toxicity, but they are not currently known or described. Furthermore, <i>Ostreococcus</i> requires some of its micronutrients, like vitamin B12, from the environment, because it lacks to genetic pathways to endogenously synthesize this nutrient, but still depends upon it for other physiological functions.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Though iron is a limiting nutrient in many ecosystems, including in marine planktonic ecosystems, <i>Ostreococcus</i> has no described system of iron uptake analogous to those of related organisms, like diatoms. <i>Ostreococcus</i> has no ferric reductase, multicopper oxidase, or ferric permease, all of which are common elements of eukaryotic iron uptake systems (though <i>O. tauri</i> may have a multicopper oxidase, which is not found in any other lineage of the genus). Predicted adaptations to low iron levels are not found in <i>O. lucimarinus</i>. Several iron atoms are required for molecules critical to photosynthesis, the organism’s main means of survival. Also of note, <i>O lucimarinus</i> lacks systems for responding to high levels of copper toxicity through a phytochelatin synthase. This organism presumably must have novel ways of responding to low iron levels, or of responding to copper toxicity, but they are not currently known or described. Furthermore, <i>Ostreococcus</i> requires some of its micronutrients, like vitamin B12, from the environment, because it lacks to genetic pathways to endogenously synthesize this nutrient, but still depends upon it for other physiological functions.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Evolution of the Genus==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Evolution of the Genus==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: FC.large.jpg|thumb|350px|right| Simple phylogenetic tree for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">algae</del>.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: FC.large.jpg|thumb|350px|right| Simple phylogenetic tree for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">several model organisms</ins>.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Ostreococcus</i> has several adaptations specific to allowing its incredibly small size. Comparisons to <i>Chlamydomonas</i>, a closely related genus of photosynthetic diatoms, reveals a large number of genes which are common and well-characterized through the plant kingdom. Some of these well-known genes are nonetheless absent in <i>Ostreococcus</i>, but because <i>Chlamydomonas</i> demonstrates that they already existed in an ancestral phytoplankton phase, a fair assumption is that they have been lost in <i>Ostreococcus</i></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Ostreococcus</i> has several adaptations specific to allowing its incredibly small size. Comparisons to <i>Chlamydomonas</i>, a closely related genus of photosynthetic diatoms, reveals a large number of genes which are common and well-characterized through the plant kingdom. Some of these well-known genes are nonetheless absent in <i>Ostreococcus</i>, but because <i>Chlamydomonas</i> demonstrates that they already existed in an ancestral phytoplankton phase, a fair assumption is that they have been lost in <i>Ostreococcus</i></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ref>[http://www.pnas.org/content/104/18/7705 Palenik, Brian, Grimwood, Jane, Aerts, Andrea, Rouzé, Pierre, Salamov, Asaf, Putnam, Nicholas, Dupont, Chris, Jorgensen, Richard, Derelle, Evelyne, Rombauts, Stephane, Zhou, Kemin, Otillar, Robert, Merchant, Sabeeha S., Podell, Sheila, Gaasterland, Terry, Napoli, Carolyn, Gendler, Karla, Manuell, Andrea, Tai, Vera, Vallon, Olivier, Piganeau, Gwenael, Jancek, Séverine, Heijde, Marc, Jabbari, Kamel, Bowler, Chris, Lohr, Martin, Robbens, Steven, Werner, Gregory, Dubchak, Inna, Pazour, Gregory J., Ren, Qinghu, Paulsen, Ian, Delwiche, Chuck, Schmutz, Jeremy, Rokhsar, Daniel, van de Peer, Yves, Moreau, Hervé, & Grigoriev, Igor V. (2007) The tiny eukaryote <i>Ostreococcus</i> provides genomic insights into the paradox of plankton speciation. <i> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104 </i>(18): 7705-7710]</ref>. Fascinatingly, one gene which is found in the organelles of plants and algae is actually found in the nuclear genome of <i>Ostreococcus</i>. This gene, CcsA, codes a hydrophobic protein significant to the handling of heme groups in system II cytochrome biogenesis. This is the first described example of presumed gene transfer from the organelle of a cell to the cell nucleus. The implications of this observation are enormous, because organelle genomes are used in countless cell lineages for developing phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships. If horizontal gene transfer, as documented here, occurs between organelles and cell nuclei, many existing taxonomic analyses could be subject to revision with the inclusion of nuclear data. However, this may be a relatively rare occurrence, and perhaps only possible in <i>Ostreococcus</i> because the extreme cell size puts selective pressure on novel gene dynamics and behaviors.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ref>[http://www.pnas.org/content/104/18/7705 Palenik, Brian, Grimwood, Jane, Aerts, Andrea, Rouzé, Pierre, Salamov, Asaf, Putnam, Nicholas, Dupont, Chris, Jorgensen, Richard, Derelle, Evelyne, Rombauts, Stephane, Zhou, Kemin, Otillar, Robert, Merchant, Sabeeha S., Podell, Sheila, Gaasterland, Terry, Napoli, Carolyn, Gendler, Karla, Manuell, Andrea, Tai, Vera, Vallon, Olivier, Piganeau, Gwenael, Jancek, Séverine, Heijde, Marc, Jabbari, Kamel, Bowler, Chris, Lohr, Martin, Robbens, Steven, Werner, Gregory, Dubchak, Inna, Pazour, Gregory J., Ren, Qinghu, Paulsen, Ian, Delwiche, Chuck, Schmutz, Jeremy, Rokhsar, Daniel, van de Peer, Yves, Moreau, Hervé, & Grigoriev, Igor V. (2007) The tiny eukaryote <i>Ostreococcus</i> provides genomic insights into the paradox of plankton speciation. <i> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104 </i>(18): 7705-7710]</ref>. Fascinatingly, one gene which is found in the organelles of plants and algae is actually found in the nuclear genome of <i>Ostreococcus</i>. This gene, CcsA, codes a hydrophobic protein significant to the handling of heme groups in system II cytochrome biogenesis. This is the first described example of presumed gene transfer from the organelle of a cell to the cell nucleus. The implications of this observation are enormous, because organelle genomes are used in countless cell lineages for developing phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships. If horizontal gene transfer, as documented here, occurs between organelles and cell nuclei, many existing taxonomic analyses could be subject to revision with the inclusion of nuclear data. However, this may be a relatively rare occurrence, and perhaps only possible in <i>Ostreococcus</i> because the extreme cell size puts selective pressure on novel gene dynamics and behaviors.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l33">Line 33:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 33:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interesting areas for future viral study could include the evolutionary origins of the viruses, particularly whether viruses with one <i>Ostreococcus</i> host species switched at some point in their evolutionary history to the other. Other marine systems have also demonstrated other viral ecological dynamics such as seasonality. This has been suggested, but not explored or fully documented in the <i>Ostreococcus lucimarinus</i> viral suite.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interesting areas for future viral study could include the evolutionary origins of the viruses, particularly whether viruses with one <i>Ostreococcus</i> host species switched at some point in their evolutionary history to the other. Other marine systems have also demonstrated other viral ecological dynamics such as seasonality. This has been suggested, but not explored or fully documented in the <i>Ostreococcus lucimarinus</i> viral suite.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==FTO Obesity Gene and Homologies==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==FTO Obesity Gene and Homologies==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image: Maximum-likelihood-tree-showing-the-distribution-of-the-FTO-gene-Three-major-clades-can.jpg|thumb|350px|right| Similarity-based grouping of FTO gene in several disparate taxa.]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The FTO or fat mass and obesity associated gene is a risk factor gene for obesity and excessively high body mass index, which has an unexpected homology with genes in <i>Ostreococcus lucimarinus</i>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The FTO or fat mass and obesity associated gene is a risk factor gene for obesity and excessively high body mass index, which has an unexpected homology with genes in <i>Ostreococcus lucimarinus</i>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Monogenic obesity cases, that is, instances in which obesity is triggered by a single gene, are documented in a small portion of obesity sufferers, normally children. The vast majority of obesity patients have a genetic element predisposing them to the disease, but monogenic cases represent a tiny minority, and an overwhelming proportion of obese people have a polygenic predisposition, or a large group of genes together contributing to risk factors. This polygenic system is much more difficult to identify and address than a one-gene inheritance, but among implicated genes for obesity risk, FTO shows the strongest correlations with obesity diagnosis. Specifically, a forty-seven kilobase region in the first two introns of the FTO demonstrates high linkage disequilibrium and is associated strongly with obesity.<ref>[http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/316/5826/889.full.pdf Frayling, Timothy M., Timpson, Nicholas J., Weedon, Michael N., Zeggini, Eleftheria, Freathy, Rachel M., Lindgren, Cecilia M., Perry, John R. B., Elliott, Katherine S., Lango, Hana, Rayner, Nigel W., Shields, Beverley, Harries, Lorna W., Barrett, Jeffrey C., Ellard, Sian, Groves, Christopher J., Knight, Bridget, Patch, Ann-Marie, Ness, Andrew R., Ebrahim, Shah, Lawlor, Debbie A., Ring, Susan M., Ben-Shlomo, Yoav, Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta, Sovio, Ulla, Bennett, Amanda J., Melzer, David, Ferrucci, Luigi, Loos, Ruth J. F., Barroso, Iñes, Wareham, Nicholas J., Karpe, Fredrik, Owen, Katharine R., Cardon, Lon R., Walker, Mark, Hitman, Graham A., Palmer, Colin N. A., Doney, Alex S. F., Morris, Andrew D., Davey Smith, George, The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Hattersley, Andrew T., & McCarty, Mark I. (2007) A common variant in the <i>FTO</i> gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity. <i>Science, 316</i>(5826):889-894]</ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Monogenic obesity cases, that is, instances in which obesity is triggered by a single gene, are documented in a small portion of obesity sufferers, normally children. The vast majority of obesity patients have a genetic element predisposing them to the disease, but monogenic cases represent a tiny minority, and an overwhelming proportion of obese people have a polygenic predisposition, or a large group of genes together contributing to risk factors. This polygenic system is much more difficult to identify and address than a one-gene inheritance, but among implicated genes for obesity risk, FTO shows the strongest correlations with obesity diagnosis. Specifically, a forty-seven kilobase region in the first two introns of the FTO demonstrates high linkage disequilibrium and is associated strongly with obesity.<ref>[http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/316/5826/889.full.pdf Frayling, Timothy M., Timpson, Nicholas J., Weedon, Michael N., Zeggini, Eleftheria, Freathy, Rachel M., Lindgren, Cecilia M., Perry, John R. B., Elliott, Katherine S., Lango, Hana, Rayner, Nigel W., Shields, Beverley, Harries, Lorna W., Barrett, Jeffrey C., Ellard, Sian, Groves, Christopher J., Knight, Bridget, Patch, Ann-Marie, Ness, Andrew R., Ebrahim, Shah, Lawlor, Debbie A., Ring, Susan M., Ben-Shlomo, Yoav, Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta, Sovio, Ulla, Bennett, Amanda J., Melzer, David, Ferrucci, Luigi, Loos, Ruth J. F., Barroso, Iñes, Wareham, Nicholas J., Karpe, Fredrik, Owen, Katharine R., Cardon, Lon R., Walker, Mark, Hitman, Graham A., Palmer, Colin N. A., Doney, Alex S. F., Morris, Andrew D., Davey Smith, George, The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium, Hattersley, Andrew T., & McCarty, Mark I. (2007) A common variant in the <i>FTO</i> gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity. <i>Science, 316</i>(5826):889-894]</ref> </div></td></tr>
</table>Dendyshttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ostreococcus_lucimarinus&diff=135918&oldid=prevDendys at 13:09, 11 May 20182018-05-11T13:09:33Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 13:09, 11 May 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l11">Line 11:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 11:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The way in which <i>Ostreococcus</i> processes micronutrients, including metals, distinguishes it from other plankton. <i>O. lucimarinus</i> creates a large number of selenocysteine-containing enzymes (selenoproteins), which are enzymes whose catalytic activity is heightened by substituting a cysteine in an active site to a selenocysteine.<ref>[http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/pdf/JME_64_601_2007.pdf Robbens, Steven, Petersen, Jörn, Brinkmann, Henner, Rouzé, Pierre, & van de Peer, Yves. (2006). Unique regulation of the Calvin Cycle in the ultrasmall green alga <i>Ostreococcus. Journal of Molecular Evolution</i> 64:601-604]</ref> Theoretically, this substitution allows cells to have heightened activity from a single enzyme, and therefore need to manufacture fewer enzymes to achieve the same physiological effects. In highly-expressed enzymes, this allows a cell to save molecular resources like nitrogen, because the manufacture of fewer proteins translates to fewer nitrogen atoms being associated with protein backbone. This allows cells to more efficiently use amino acids, which may be valuable at the extremes of livable conditions. However, selenoprotein abundance is limited by availability of selenium, as well as by the evolution of complex recognition systems in coding DNA, which must affix a selenocysteine where typical DNA machinery would recognize a stop codon (TGA).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The way in which <i>Ostreococcus</i> processes micronutrients, including metals, distinguishes it from other plankton. <i>O. lucimarinus</i> creates a large number of selenocysteine-containing enzymes (selenoproteins), which are enzymes whose catalytic activity is heightened by substituting a cysteine in an active site to a selenocysteine.<ref>[http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/pdf/JME_64_601_2007.pdf Robbens, Steven, Petersen, Jörn, Brinkmann, Henner, Rouzé, Pierre, & van de Peer, Yves. (2006). Unique regulation of the Calvin Cycle in the ultrasmall green alga <i>Ostreococcus. Journal of Molecular Evolution</i> 64:601-604]</ref> Theoretically, this substitution allows cells to have heightened activity from a single enzyme, and therefore need to manufacture fewer enzymes to achieve the same physiological effects. In highly-expressed enzymes, this allows a cell to save molecular resources like nitrogen, because the manufacture of fewer proteins translates to fewer nitrogen atoms being associated with protein backbone. This allows cells to more efficiently use amino acids, which may be valuable at the extremes of livable conditions. However, selenoprotein abundance is limited by availability of selenium, as well as by the evolution of complex recognition systems in coding DNA, which must affix a selenocysteine where typical DNA machinery would recognize a stop codon (TGA).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Though iron is a limiting nutrient in many ecosystems, including in marine planktonic ecosystems, <i>Ostreococcus</i> has no described system of iron uptake analogous to those of related organisms, like diatoms. <i>Ostreococcus</i> has no ferric reductase, multicopper oxidase, or ferric permease, all of which are common elements of eukaryotic iron uptake systems (though <i>O. tauri</i> may have a multicopper oxidase, which is not found in any other lineage of the genus). Predicted adaptations to low iron levels are not found in <i>O. lucimarinus</i>. Several iron atoms are required for molecules critical to photosynthesis, the organism’s main means of survival. Also of note, <i>O lucimarinus</i> lacks systems for responding to high levels of copper toxicity through a phytochelatin synthase. This organism presumably must have novel ways of responding to low iron levels, or of responding to copper toxicity, but they are not currently known or described. Furthermore, <i>Ostreococcus</i> requires some of its micronutrients, like vitamin B12, from the environment, because it lacks to genetic pathways to endogenously synthesize this nutrient, but still depends upon it for other physiological functions.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Though iron is a limiting nutrient in many ecosystems, including in marine planktonic ecosystems, <i>Ostreococcus</i> has no described system of iron uptake analogous to those of related organisms, like diatoms. <i>Ostreococcus</i> has no ferric reductase, multicopper oxidase, or ferric permease, all of which are common elements of eukaryotic iron uptake systems (though <i>O. tauri</i> may have a multicopper oxidase, which is not found in any other lineage of the genus). Predicted adaptations to low iron levels are not found in <i>O. lucimarinus</i>. Several iron atoms are required for molecules critical to photosynthesis, the organism’s main means of survival. Also of note, <i>O lucimarinus</i> lacks systems for responding to high levels of copper toxicity through a phytochelatin synthase. This organism presumably must have novel ways of responding to low iron levels, or of responding to copper toxicity, but they are not currently known or described. Furthermore, <i>Ostreococcus</i> requires some of its micronutrients, like vitamin B12, from the environment, because it lacks to genetic pathways to endogenously synthesize this nutrient, but still depends upon it for other physiological functions.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Evolution of the Genus==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Evolution of the Genus==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image: FC.large.jpg|thumb|350px|right| Simple phylogenetic tree for algae.]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Ostreococcus</i> has several adaptations specific to allowing its incredibly small size. Comparisons to <i>Chlamydomonas</i>, a closely related genus of photosynthetic diatoms, reveals a large number of genes which are common and well-characterized through the plant kingdom. Some of these well-known genes are nonetheless absent in <i>Ostreococcus</i>, but because <i>Chlamydomonas</i> demonstrates that they already existed in an ancestral phytoplankton phase, a fair assumption is that they have been lost in <i>Ostreococcus</i></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Ostreococcus</i> has several adaptations specific to allowing its incredibly small size. Comparisons to <i>Chlamydomonas</i>, a closely related genus of photosynthetic diatoms, reveals a large number of genes which are common and well-characterized through the plant kingdom. Some of these well-known genes are nonetheless absent in <i>Ostreococcus</i>, but because <i>Chlamydomonas</i> demonstrates that they already existed in an ancestral phytoplankton phase, a fair assumption is that they have been lost in <i>Ostreococcus</i></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ref>[http://www.pnas.org/content/104/18/7705 Palenik, Brian, Grimwood, Jane, Aerts, Andrea, Rouzé, Pierre, Salamov, Asaf, Putnam, Nicholas, Dupont, Chris, Jorgensen, Richard, Derelle, Evelyne, Rombauts, Stephane, Zhou, Kemin, Otillar, Robert, Merchant, Sabeeha S., Podell, Sheila, Gaasterland, Terry, Napoli, Carolyn, Gendler, Karla, Manuell, Andrea, Tai, Vera, Vallon, Olivier, Piganeau, Gwenael, Jancek, Séverine, Heijde, Marc, Jabbari, Kamel, Bowler, Chris, Lohr, Martin, Robbens, Steven, Werner, Gregory, Dubchak, Inna, Pazour, Gregory J., Ren, Qinghu, Paulsen, Ian, Delwiche, Chuck, Schmutz, Jeremy, Rokhsar, Daniel, van de Peer, Yves, Moreau, Hervé, & Grigoriev, Igor V. (2007) The tiny eukaryote <i>Ostreococcus</i> provides genomic insights into the paradox of plankton speciation. <i> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104 </i>(18): 7705-7710]</ref>. Fascinatingly, one gene which is found in the organelles of plants and algae is actually found in the nuclear genome of <i>Ostreococcus</i>. This gene, CcsA, codes a hydrophobic protein significant to the handling of heme groups in system II cytochrome biogenesis. This is the first described example of presumed gene transfer from the organelle of a cell to the cell nucleus. The implications of this observation are enormous, because organelle genomes are used in countless cell lineages for developing phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships. If horizontal gene transfer, as documented here, occurs between organelles and cell nuclei, many existing taxonomic analyses could be subject to revision with the inclusion of nuclear data. However, this may be a relatively rare occurrence, and perhaps only possible in <i>Ostreococcus</i> because the extreme cell size puts selective pressure on novel gene dynamics and behaviors.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ref>[http://www.pnas.org/content/104/18/7705 Palenik, Brian, Grimwood, Jane, Aerts, Andrea, Rouzé, Pierre, Salamov, Asaf, Putnam, Nicholas, Dupont, Chris, Jorgensen, Richard, Derelle, Evelyne, Rombauts, Stephane, Zhou, Kemin, Otillar, Robert, Merchant, Sabeeha S., Podell, Sheila, Gaasterland, Terry, Napoli, Carolyn, Gendler, Karla, Manuell, Andrea, Tai, Vera, Vallon, Olivier, Piganeau, Gwenael, Jancek, Séverine, Heijde, Marc, Jabbari, Kamel, Bowler, Chris, Lohr, Martin, Robbens, Steven, Werner, Gregory, Dubchak, Inna, Pazour, Gregory J., Ren, Qinghu, Paulsen, Ian, Delwiche, Chuck, Schmutz, Jeremy, Rokhsar, Daniel, van de Peer, Yves, Moreau, Hervé, & Grigoriev, Igor V. (2007) The tiny eukaryote <i>Ostreococcus</i> provides genomic insights into the paradox of plankton speciation. <i> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104 </i>(18): 7705-7710]</ref>. Fascinatingly, one gene which is found in the organelles of plants and algae is actually found in the nuclear genome of <i>Ostreococcus</i>. This gene, CcsA, codes a hydrophobic protein significant to the handling of heme groups in system II cytochrome biogenesis. This is the first described example of presumed gene transfer from the organelle of a cell to the cell nucleus. The implications of this observation are enormous, because organelle genomes are used in countless cell lineages for developing phylogenetic and evolutionary relationships. If horizontal gene transfer, as documented here, occurs between organelles and cell nuclei, many existing taxonomic analyses could be subject to revision with the inclusion of nuclear data. However, this may be a relatively rare occurrence, and perhaps only possible in <i>Ostreococcus</i> because the extreme cell size puts selective pressure on novel gene dynamics and behaviors.</div></td></tr>
</table>Dendyshttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ostreococcus_lucimarinus&diff=135913&oldid=prevDendys at 12:53, 11 May 20182018-05-11T12:53:07Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><!-- Do not edit this line-->{{Curated}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><!-- Do not edit this line-->{{Curated}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image: Ostta.jpg|thumb|350px|right| <i>O. lucimarinus</i> from Hervé Moreau of the Laboratoire Arago, strain OTH95]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>By Sarah Dendy<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>By Sarah Dendy<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br><i>Ostreococcus</i> are the smallest known eukaryotes1. They are single-celled but contain membrane-bound nuclei and a single chloroplast. They are approximately 1 μm in diameter, and are considered picophytoplankton.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br><i>Ostreococcus</i> are the smallest known eukaryotes1. They are single-celled but contain membrane-bound nuclei and a single chloroplast. They are approximately 1 μm in diameter, and are considered picophytoplankton.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image: Ostta.jpg|thumb|350px|right| <i>O. lucimarinus</i> from Hervé Moreau of the Laboratoire Arago, strain OTH95]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genomics==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genomics==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Ostreococcus lucimarinus</i>, and a related species, <i>Ostreococcus tauri</i>, have been fully genome-sequenced. The genome of <i>O. lucimarinus</i> is 13.2 million base pairs, distributed on 21 chromosomes1, and is estimated to contain 7,651 genes1. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Ostreococcus lucimarinus</i>, and a related species, <i>Ostreococcus tauri</i>, have been fully genome-sequenced. The genome of <i>O. lucimarinus</i> is 13.2 million base pairs, distributed on 21 chromosomes1, and is estimated to contain 7,651 genes1. </div></td></tr>
</table>Dendyshttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ostreococcus_lucimarinus&diff=135912&oldid=prevDendys at 12:52, 11 May 20182018-05-11T12:52:23Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:52, 11 May 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l3">Line 3:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 3:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>By Sarah Dendy<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>By Sarah Dendy<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br><i>Ostreococcus</i> are the smallest known eukaryotes1. They are single-celled but contain membrane-bound nuclei and a single chloroplast. They are approximately 1 μm in diameter, and are considered picophytoplankton.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br><i>Ostreococcus</i> are the smallest known eukaryotes1. They are single-celled but contain membrane-bound nuclei and a single chloroplast. They are approximately 1 μm in diameter, and are considered picophytoplankton.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ostt</del>.jpg|thumb|350px|right| <i>O. lucimarinus</i> from Hervé Moreau of the Laboratoire Arago, strain OTH95]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ostta</ins>.jpg|thumb|350px|right| <i>O. lucimarinus</i> from Hervé Moreau of the Laboratoire Arago, strain OTH95]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genomics==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genomics==</div></td></tr>
</table>Dendyshttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ostreococcus_lucimarinus&diff=135911&oldid=prevDendys at 12:52, 11 May 20182018-05-11T12:52:00Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:52, 11 May 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>By Sarah Dendy<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>By Sarah Dendy<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br><i>Ostreococcus</i> are the smallest known eukaryotes1. They are single-celled but contain membrane-bound nuclei and a single chloroplast. They are approximately 1 μm in diameter, and are considered picophytoplankton.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br><i>Ostreococcus</i> are the smallest known eukaryotes1. They are single-celled but contain membrane-bound nuclei and a single chloroplast. They are approximately 1 μm in diameter, and are considered picophytoplankton.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">https://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/plaza/versions/plaza_v3_dicots/img/organisms/Ostreococcus_lucimarinus</del>.jpg|thumb|350px|right| <i>O. lucimarinus</i> from Hervé Moreau of the Laboratoire Arago, strain OTH95]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ostt</ins>.jpg|thumb|350px|right| <i>O. lucimarinus</i> from Hervé Moreau of the Laboratoire Arago, strain OTH95]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genomics==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genomics==</div></td></tr>
</table>Dendyshttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ostreococcus_lucimarinus&diff=135909&oldid=prevDendys at 12:45, 11 May 20182018-05-11T12:45:12Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:45, 11 May 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>By Sarah Dendy<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>By Sarah Dendy<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br><i>Ostreococcus</i> are the smallest known eukaryotes1. They are single-celled but contain membrane-bound nuclei and a single chloroplast. They are approximately 1 μm in diameter, and are considered picophytoplankton.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br><i>Ostreococcus</i> are the smallest known eukaryotes1. They are single-celled but contain membrane-bound nuclei and a single chloroplast. They are approximately 1 μm in diameter, and are considered picophytoplankton.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[https://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/plaza/versions/plaza_v3_dicots/img/organisms/Ostreococcus_lucimarinus.jpg|thumb|350px|right| <i>O. lucimarinus</i> from Hervé Moreau of the Laboratoire Arago, strain OTH95]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Image: </ins>https://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/plaza/versions/plaza_v3_dicots/img/organisms/Ostreococcus_lucimarinus.jpg|thumb|350px|right| <i>O. lucimarinus</i> from Hervé Moreau of the Laboratoire Arago, strain OTH95]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genomics==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genomics==</div></td></tr>
</table>Dendyshttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ostreococcus_lucimarinus&diff=135880&oldid=prevDendys at 06:13, 11 May 20182018-05-11T06:13:03Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 06:13, 11 May 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>By Sarah Dendy<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>By Sarah Dendy<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br><i>Ostreococcus</i> are the smallest known eukaryotes1. They are single-celled but contain membrane-bound nuclei and a single chloroplast. They are approximately 1 μm in diameter, and are considered picophytoplankton.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br><i>Ostreococcus</i> are the smallest known eukaryotes1. They are single-celled but contain membrane-bound nuclei and a single chloroplast. They are approximately 1 μm in diameter, and are considered picophytoplankton.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[https://<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">genome</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jgi</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">doe</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gov</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ost9901_3</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ostta</del>.jpg|thumb|350px|right| <i>O. lucimarinus</i> from Hervé Moreau of the Laboratoire Arago, strain OTH95]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[https://<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bioinformatics</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">psb</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ugent</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">be</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">plaza</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">versions/plaza_v3_dicots/img/organisms/Ostreococcus_lucimarinus</ins>.jpg|thumb|350px|right| <i>O. lucimarinus</i> from Hervé Moreau of the Laboratoire Arago, strain OTH95]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genomics==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genomics==</div></td></tr>
</table>Dendyshttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ostreococcus_lucimarinus&diff=135879&oldid=prevDendys at 06:09, 11 May 20182018-05-11T06:09:47Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
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<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 06:09, 11 May 2018</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l3">Line 3:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 3:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>By Sarah Dendy<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>By Sarah Dendy<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br><i>Ostreococcus</i> are the smallest known eukaryotes1. They are single-celled but contain membrane-bound nuclei and a single chloroplast. They are approximately 1 μm in diameter, and are considered picophytoplankton.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br><i>Ostreococcus</i> are the smallest known eukaryotes1. They are single-celled but contain membrane-bound nuclei and a single chloroplast. They are approximately 1 μm in diameter, and are considered picophytoplankton.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">File:</del>https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Ost9901_3/Ostta.jpg<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</del>|thumb|<i>O. lucimarinus</i> from Hervé Moreau of the Laboratoire Arago, strain OTH95 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|350px|center|<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i> crystal life cycle [15]</del>]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[https://genome.jgi.doe.gov/Ost9901_3/Ostta.jpg|thumb<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|350px|right</ins>| <i>O. lucimarinus</i> from Hervé Moreau of the Laboratoire Arago, strain OTH95]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genomics==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genomics==</div></td></tr>
</table>Dendys