Paenibacillus: Difference between revisions

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;Pressure: 30.03
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;Depth: 2 inches
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==Description and Significance==
==Description and Significance==
Describe the appearance (colonial and cellular), possible antimicrobial activity etc. of the organism, and why the organism might be significant.
;Colony Morphology: punctiform colonies, very transparent with a milky white color, the margin is entire, the surface is glossy and convex, with no noticeable odor.
 
;Cellular Morphology: Gram negative bacillus
;Antibiotic Potential: Showed antibiotic potential with significant zones of inhibition in agar inoculated for confluence of both E. coli and S. aureus. Paenibacillus species are known to produce many strong antimicrobial lipopeptides including antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and antiviral enzymes. [1]
;Antibiotic And Disinfectant Resistance: Highly sensitive to the following five antibiotics: Cefoxitin, Ceftazidime, Ticarcillin/Clavulanic Acid, Vancomycin, Ampicilin/Sulbactam.
:Resistant to the following disinfectants: rosemary, 10% bleach and 100% bleach. Fairly sensitive to orange essential oil. Also minimally sensitive to lavender.
;Significance: Medicinal: In an article published January 2016 in ‘Medicinal Research Reviews’ Paenibacillus species are described as ‘A Gold Mine of Antibiotic Candidates’.  The authors point out that Paenibacillus species produce a wide variety of lipopeptides that could be developed into antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and antiviral drugs. There is limited research on these lipopeptides but they are diverse, numerous, and potent. [1] Development of antibiotic resistance to lipopeptides is also known to be much slower. In addition to lipopeptides, Paenibacillus also produce two of the three types of bacteriocins. And some research suggests that their exopolysaccharides have potential as antioxidants, as an anti-tumour medication, and possibly even in tooth decay prevention. [2]
Agricultural: Of special note, many species produce antifungals and insecticides that protect plants from pathogens and insect herbivores. They can also stimulate the plant’s own resistance mechanisms. Several species produce enzymes that kill the larvae of beetles and lepidopterans.  Additionally, they are known to promote crop growth via nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and iron acquisition. Research suggests that Paenibacillus could be employed as a less expensive, more environmentally friendly fertilizer than many of the manufactured chemical phosphorus fertilizers used today. [2]
Manufacturing: Although currently not used in any industry, certain species of Paenibacillus produce enzymes that could be used in detergents, biofuel, paper, textiles, and food manufacturing. Their potential benefit as a more stable, more productive, less expensive source of enzymes for industrial applications remains unstudied.
Pathogenicity: On the negative side, one species of Paenibacillus ‘’P. larvae’’ has been the subject of lots of study because it causes American Foulbrood, a deadly disease that afflicts honeybees worldwide. American Foulbrood is the most destructive brood disease and is difficult to treat for multiple reasons, including antibiotic resistance. To prevent the spread of infection to neighboring bee colonies, bee keepers have to burn entire hives.
‘’Paenibacillus globratella’’ causes a highly contagious, deadly disease in snails. In tropical regions snails are a common vector for Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease of great public health concern in Africa. Thus, researchers hope ‘‘P. globratella’’ could be used as biocontrol agent for the spread of Schistosomiasis.
Paenibacillus species are also opportunistic pathogens in humans, more commonly affecting immunocompromised individuals. They are associated (correlated), but not shown to be the direct cause of chronic kidney disease, sickle cell disease, premature birth, Whipple’s disease, hydrocephalus, skin cancer, chronic interstitial nephropathy, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. All of these associations are thought to be opportunistic. [2]
==Genome Structure==
==Genome Structure==
Describe the size and content of the genome.  How many chromosomes?  Circular or linear?  Other interesting features?  What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.
Describe the size and content of the genome.  How many chromosomes?  Circular or linear?  Other interesting features?  What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.
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==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==
==Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle==
Interesting features of cell structure; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.
;Cellular Morphology: Gram negative bacillus. Forms oval-shaped endospores slightly larger than its vegetative form. Motile, aerobic, and catalase positive.
test
Positive for starch hydrolysis, produces amylase.
Positive for bile esculin, hydrolyzes esculin in the presence of bile.  
Weak alpha for partial hemolytic activity in a blood agar test.
Positive for growth in a 6.5% salt tolerance test.


==Physiology and Pathogenesis==
==Physiology and Pathogenesis==
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==References==
==References==
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]
[1] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24866700 Cochrane, SA., Vederas, JC., “Lipopeptides from Bacillus and Paenibacillus spp.: A Gold Mind of Antibiotic Candidates.” “Medicinal Research Reviews” 2016. Volume 36. P. 4-31.]
[2] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5134293/ Grady, E., MacDonald, J., Liu, L., Richman, A., Yuan, Z. “Current knowledge and perspectives of Paenibacillus: a review”. “Microbial Cell Factories”. 2016. Volume 15. P 203.]


==Author==
==Author==
Page authored by _____, student of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.
Page authored by Sarah Haley and Marissa Parks, student of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.


<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College]]

Revision as of 17:20, 5 December 2017

This student page has not been curated.

Classification

Domain; Phylum; Class; Order; family [Others may be used. Use NCBI link to find]

Species

NCBI: Taxonomy

Genus species

Habitat Information

Collected 9/5/2017 at 3pm CST, sunny day

Soil Type
SsC—Speck stony clay loam, 1-5% slopes, well drained
Description
Dry grassy area adjacent to an inhabited home, mostly shaded, not recently disturbed, beneath a disused plastic tumbling compost barrel.
GPS Location
30.18538 latitude, -97.9021722 longitude
Air Temperature
93 F
Solar Radiation
22.66 MJ/m2
Humidity
43%
Rainfall
0.00 inches
Pressure
30.03
Depth
2 inches

Description and Significance

Colony Morphology
punctiform colonies, very transparent with a milky white color, the margin is entire, the surface is glossy and convex, with no noticeable odor.
Cellular Morphology
Gram negative bacillus
Antibiotic Potential
Showed antibiotic potential with significant zones of inhibition in agar inoculated for confluence of both E. coli and S. aureus. Paenibacillus species are known to produce many strong antimicrobial lipopeptides including antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and antiviral enzymes. [1]
Antibiotic And Disinfectant Resistance
Highly sensitive to the following five antibiotics: Cefoxitin, Ceftazidime, Ticarcillin/Clavulanic Acid, Vancomycin, Ampicilin/Sulbactam.
Resistant to the following disinfectants: rosemary, 10% bleach and 100% bleach. Fairly sensitive to orange essential oil. Also minimally sensitive to lavender.
Significance
Medicinal: In an article published January 2016 in ‘Medicinal Research Reviews’ Paenibacillus species are described as ‘A Gold Mine of Antibiotic Candidates’. The authors point out that Paenibacillus species produce a wide variety of lipopeptides that could be developed into antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer and antiviral drugs. There is limited research on these lipopeptides but they are diverse, numerous, and potent. [1] Development of antibiotic resistance to lipopeptides is also known to be much slower. In addition to lipopeptides, Paenibacillus also produce two of the three types of bacteriocins. And some research suggests that their exopolysaccharides have potential as antioxidants, as an anti-tumour medication, and possibly even in tooth decay prevention. [2]

Agricultural: Of special note, many species produce antifungals and insecticides that protect plants from pathogens and insect herbivores. They can also stimulate the plant’s own resistance mechanisms. Several species produce enzymes that kill the larvae of beetles and lepidopterans. Additionally, they are known to promote crop growth via nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization and iron acquisition. Research suggests that Paenibacillus could be employed as a less expensive, more environmentally friendly fertilizer than many of the manufactured chemical phosphorus fertilizers used today. [2] Manufacturing: Although currently not used in any industry, certain species of Paenibacillus produce enzymes that could be used in detergents, biofuel, paper, textiles, and food manufacturing. Their potential benefit as a more stable, more productive, less expensive source of enzymes for industrial applications remains unstudied. Pathogenicity: On the negative side, one species of Paenibacillus ‘’P. larvae’’ has been the subject of lots of study because it causes American Foulbrood, a deadly disease that afflicts honeybees worldwide. American Foulbrood is the most destructive brood disease and is difficult to treat for multiple reasons, including antibiotic resistance. To prevent the spread of infection to neighboring bee colonies, bee keepers have to burn entire hives. ‘’Paenibacillus globratella’’ causes a highly contagious, deadly disease in snails. In tropical regions snails are a common vector for Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease of great public health concern in Africa. Thus, researchers hope ‘‘P. globratella’’ could be used as biocontrol agent for the spread of Schistosomiasis. Paenibacillus species are also opportunistic pathogens in humans, more commonly affecting immunocompromised individuals. They are associated (correlated), but not shown to be the direct cause of chronic kidney disease, sickle cell disease, premature birth, Whipple’s disease, hydrocephalus, skin cancer, chronic interstitial nephropathy, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. All of these associations are thought to be opportunistic. [2]

Genome Structure

Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Include S Ribosomal sequence that you obtained from PCR and sequencing here.


Cell Structure, Metabolism and Life Cycle

Cellular Morphology
Gram negative bacillus. Forms oval-shaped endospores slightly larger than its vegetative form. Motile, aerobic, and catalase positive.

Positive for starch hydrolysis, produces amylase. Positive for bile esculin, hydrolyzes esculin in the presence of bile. Weak alpha for partial hemolytic activity in a blood agar test. Positive for growth in a 6.5% salt tolerance test.

Physiology and Pathogenesis

Biochemical characteristics, enzymes made, other characteristics that may be used to identify the organism; contributions to environment (if any).
If relevant, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.

References

[1] Cochrane, SA., Vederas, JC., “Lipopeptides from Bacillus and Paenibacillus spp.: A Gold Mind of Antibiotic Candidates.” “Medicinal Research Reviews” 2016. Volume 36. P. 4-31. [2] Grady, E., MacDonald, J., Liu, L., Richman, A., Yuan, Z. “Current knowledge and perspectives of Paenibacillus: a review”. “Microbial Cell Factories”. 2016. Volume 15. P 203.

Author

Page authored by Sarah Haley and Marissa Parks, student of Prof. Kristine Hollingsworth at Austin Community College.