https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Phage_Mediated_Biocontrol_of_Food_Borne_Bacteria&feed=atom&action=historyPhage Mediated Biocontrol of Food Borne Bacteria - Revision history2024-03-28T23:36:29ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Phage_Mediated_Biocontrol_of_Food_Borne_Bacteria&diff=79060&oldid=prevWilhelmR at 04:13, 27 December 20122012-12-27T04:13:09Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:13, 27 December 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l37">Line 37:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 37:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Compared to antibiotic treatment, phage mediated biocontrol only infect the targeted subset of bacteria, avoiding the imbalance of commensal flora often caused by broad-spectrum antibiotics. Phages are also self-limiting because they only replicate as long as the targeted bacterium is present ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). Phages are also constantly evolving to circumvent their host’s defenses and resistant bacteria are often less fit than their phage-sensitive counterparts ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526794 3]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Compared to antibiotic treatment, phage mediated biocontrol only infect the targeted subset of bacteria, avoiding the imbalance of commensal flora often caused by broad-spectrum antibiotics. Phages are also self-limiting because they only replicate as long as the targeted bacterium is present ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). Phages are also constantly evolving to circumvent their host’s defenses and resistant bacteria are often less fit than their phage-sensitive counterparts ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526794 3]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[file:bacteriophagecycle.gif|thumb|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">300px</del>|right| "In other infected cells, phage development is repressed and phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome. The resulting lysogenic cell can replicate indefinitely, but can be induced to return to the lytic cycle with the excision of phage DNA from the chromosome." Image courtesy of http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v4/n6/fig_tab/nrg1089_F1.html]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[file:bacteriophagecycle.gif|thumb|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">450px</ins>|right| "In other infected cells, phage development is repressed and phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome. The resulting lysogenic cell can replicate indefinitely, but can be induced to return to the lytic cycle with the excision of phage DNA from the chromosome." Image courtesy of http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v4/n6/fig_tab/nrg1089_F1.html]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Safety===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Safety===</div></td></tr>
</table>WilhelmRhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Phage_Mediated_Biocontrol_of_Food_Borne_Bacteria&diff=79059&oldid=prevWilhelmR at 04:12, 27 December 20122012-12-27T04:12:10Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 04:12, 27 December 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l15">Line 15:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 15:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Phages are widely distributed in the environment and represent part of the natural microbiological flora of foods ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612219/ 9]). A study used to identify [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Salmonella Salmonella]]-specific phages isolated a total of 232 phages from 26 sampling sites which included broiler farms, poultry abattoirs, and wastewater plants ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526794 3]). Bacteriophages which target [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Escherichia Escherichia]]. coli are commonly present in sewage, hospital waste water, polluted rivers and fecal samples ([http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/151/7/2133.full 7]). E. coli phages have been recovered from fresh chicken, pork, ground beef, mushrooms, lettuce and other raw vegetables ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Listeria Listeria]], the bacteria which causes listeriosis is also found on various retail foods and is ubiquitous in the environment ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11309061 6]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Phages are widely distributed in the environment and represent part of the natural microbiological flora of foods ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612219/ 9]). A study used to identify [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Salmonella Salmonella]]-specific phages isolated a total of 232 phages from 26 sampling sites which included broiler farms, poultry abattoirs, and wastewater plants ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526794 3]). Bacteriophages which target [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Escherichia Escherichia]]. coli are commonly present in sewage, hospital waste water, polluted rivers and fecal samples ([http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/151/7/2133.full 7]). E. coli phages have been recovered from fresh chicken, pork, ground beef, mushrooms, lettuce and other raw vegetables ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Listeria Listeria]], the bacteria which causes listeriosis is also found on various retail foods and is ubiquitous in the environment ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11309061 6]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[file:wikitable.jpg|thumb|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">300px</del>|right| Table indicating the % of surviving cells when a certain concentration of phage is added, over a time interval. ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19076235 10])]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[file:wikitable.jpg|thumb|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">450px</ins>|right| Table indicating the % of surviving cells when a certain concentration of phage is added, over a time interval. ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19076235 10])]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Bacteria to Phage Ratio===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Bacteria to Phage Ratio===</div></td></tr>
</table>WilhelmRhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Phage_Mediated_Biocontrol_of_Food_Borne_Bacteria&diff=75901&oldid=prevTina gao246: /* Salmonella */2012-11-23T03:57:39Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Salmonella</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:57, 23 November 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l60">Line 60:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 60:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Salmonella===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Salmonella===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Salmonella causes diarrhea and is one of the principal causes of food-borne illness on a global scale ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). Birds, particularly chicken remains to be the main reservoir by which this bacteria enters the food production system, however it is not the only reservoir, thus other food products can be contaminated ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1])[3]. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Salmonella phage can be readily isolated from the poultry environment and therefore phage </del>therapy would not introduce new biological agent into the food chain ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526794 3]). Because contamination of livestock is the main cause of Salmonella diseases, phage intervention at the pre-slaughter level and post-slaughter level <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">would be most effective </del>([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Salmonella causes diarrhea and is one of the principal causes of food-borne illness on a global scale ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). Birds, particularly chicken remains to be the main reservoir by which this bacteria enters the food production system, however it is not the only reservoir, thus other food products can be contaminated ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1])[3]. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Phage </ins>therapy would not introduce new biological agent into the food chain <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">since the Salmonella phage is readily isolated from poultry </ins>([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526794 3]). Because contamination of livestock is the main cause of Salmonella diseases, phage intervention <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">should occur </ins>at the pre-slaughter level and post-slaughter level ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Studies have shown that bacteriophages can reduce cecal colonization of S. enterica in commercial broiler chickens ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526794 3]). In post-slaughter treatment, the Salmonella phage Felix O1 caused a 2 log reduction of bacteria in hot dogs ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). The US Environmental Protection Agency approved use of a Salmonella phage product to be sprayed or used as a wash on chicken prior to slaughter ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Studies have shown that bacteriophages can reduce cecal colonization of S. enterica in commercial broiler chickens ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526794 3]). In post-slaughter treatment, the Salmonella phage Felix O1 caused a 2 log reduction of bacteria in hot dogs ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). The US Environmental Protection Agency approved use of a Salmonella phage product to be sprayed or used as a wash on chicken prior to slaughter ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]).</div></td></tr>
</table>Tina gao246https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Phage_Mediated_Biocontrol_of_Food_Borne_Bacteria&diff=75900&oldid=prevTina gao246: /* Listeria monocytogenes */2012-11-23T03:53:59Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Listeria monocytogenes</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:53, 23 November 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l54">Line 54:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 54:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Listeria monocytogenes===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Listeria monocytogenes===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>L. monocytogenes is an opportunistic food borne pathogen that affects the young, the old, immunocompromised and the pregnant women population ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). It causes a serious disease called Listeriosis, with ill-effects ranging from gastroenteritis to septicaemia ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20002687 11]). It <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is a unique and important food-associated pathogen because it </del>can tolerate high levels of salt content, can grow at acidic pH values and can still replicate at temperatures below 1 degrees celsius ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612219/ 9]). L. monocytogenes is usually killed during pasteurization or other heat treatments ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]), however it has been isolated from ready-to-eat foods such as milk, cheese, cold-cut meats, smoked fish, seafood and vegetables ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612219/ 9]). No clear reservoir has been identified, but contaminations can occur via ingredients, factory workers and equipment ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>L. monocytogenes is an opportunistic food borne pathogen that affects the young, the old, immunocompromised and the pregnant women population ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). It causes a serious disease called Listeriosis, with ill-effects ranging from gastroenteritis to septicaemia ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20002687 11]). It can tolerate high levels of salt content, can grow at acidic pH values and can still replicate at temperatures below 1 degrees celsius ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612219/ 9]). L. monocytogenes is usually killed during pasteurization or other heat treatments ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]), however it has been isolated from ready-to-eat foods such as milk, cheese, cold-cut meats, smoked fish, seafood and vegetables ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612219/ 9]). No clear reservoir has been identified, but contaminations can occur via ingredients, factory workers and equipment ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Studies have shown that cocktails of different L. monocytogenes phages caused a reduction of 2 to 4.6 logs of bacteria on apple slices ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). The addition of broad-host-range phages such as A511 and P100 to liquid foods caused bacterial counts to drop rapidly below levels of detection. On solid foods, these phages reduced L. monocytogene counts by up to 5 log units ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). In 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the use of phage cocktail for use in ready-to-eat meats to prevent L. monocytogenes contamination ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19416364 4]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Studies have shown that cocktails of different L. monocytogenes phages caused a reduction of 2 to 4.6 logs of bacteria on apple slices ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). The addition of broad-host-range phages such as A511 and P100 to liquid foods caused bacterial counts to drop rapidly below levels of detection. On solid foods, these phages reduced L. monocytogene counts by up to 5 log units ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). In 2006, the US Food and Drug Administration approved the use of phage cocktail for use in ready-to-eat meats to prevent L. monocytogenes contamination ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19416364 4]).</div></td></tr>
</table>Tina gao246https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Phage_Mediated_Biocontrol_of_Food_Borne_Bacteria&diff=75899&oldid=prevTina gao246: /* Introduction */2012-11-23T03:45:27Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:45, 23 November 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l7">Line 7:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 7:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Food borne bacteria exist in all forms of foods humans consume on a daily basis. The control of bacterial pathogens present on fresh fruit and vegetables and ready to eat foods are of major concern since these foods do not generally undergo any further processing or cooking that would kill pathogens before consumption ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19416364 4]). A key reservoir for many human bacterial pathogens is livestock because animals are also subjected to bacterial infections and are contained within relatively enclosed environments ([http://cienciaviva.pt/rede/oceanos/2desafio/16.pdf 2]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Food borne bacteria exist in all forms of foods humans consume on a daily basis. The control of bacterial pathogens present on fresh fruit and vegetables and ready to eat foods are of major concern since these foods do not generally undergo any further processing or cooking that would kill pathogens before consumption ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19416364 4]). A key reservoir for many human bacterial pathogens is livestock because animals are also subjected to bacterial infections and are contained within relatively enclosed environments ([http://cienciaviva.pt/rede/oceanos/2desafio/16.pdf 2]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Phage_Therapy Phage therapy]] is the application of bacteriophages to bacterial infections of humans or animals with the goal of reducing bacterial load ([http://cienciaviva.pt/rede/oceanos/2desafio/16.pdf 2]). Bacteriophages are a bacterial parasite, ubiquitous in environment, and can infect over 140 bacterial species ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19416364 4]). They are host specific and can only infect and replicate within specific bacteria. This allows them to target pathogens commonly found in food without reducing the number of commensal bacteria. Phage mediated biocontrol of food borne bacteria is not only an effective means treating pathogenic infections, it is also a solution to the fast-emerging antibiotic resistant bacterial strains ([http://www.springerlink.com/content/hltle2y1cfe2eu3h/fulltext.pdf 5]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Phage_Therapy Phage therapy]] is the application of bacteriophages to bacterial infections of humans or animals with the goal of reducing bacterial load ([http://cienciaviva.pt/rede/oceanos/2desafio/16.pdf 2]). Bacteriophages are a bacterial parasite, ubiquitous in environment, and can infect over 140 bacterial species ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19416364 4]). They are host specific and can only infect and replicate within specific bacteria. This allows them to target pathogens commonly found in food without reducing the number of commensal bacteria. Phage mediated <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Biocontrol </ins>biocontrol<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>of food borne bacteria is not only an effective means treating pathogenic infections, it is also a solution to the fast-emerging antibiotic resistant bacterial strains ([http://www.springerlink.com/content/hltle2y1cfe2eu3h/fulltext.pdf 5]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Physical environment==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Physical environment==</div></td></tr>
</table>Tina gao246https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Phage_Mediated_Biocontrol_of_Food_Borne_Bacteria&diff=75898&oldid=prevTina gao246 at 03:24, 23 November 20122012-11-23T03:24:40Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:24, 23 November 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l15">Line 15:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 15:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Phages are widely distributed in the environment and represent part of the natural microbiological flora of foods ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612219/ 9]). A study used to identify [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Salmonella Salmonella]]-specific phages isolated a total of 232 phages from 26 sampling sites which included broiler farms, poultry abattoirs, and wastewater plants ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526794 3]). Bacteriophages which target [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Escherichia Escherichia]]. coli are commonly present in sewage, hospital waste water, polluted rivers and fecal samples ([http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/151/7/2133.full 7]). E. coli phages have been recovered from fresh chicken, pork, ground beef, mushrooms, lettuce and other raw vegetables ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Listeria Listeria]], the bacteria which causes listeriosis is also found on various retail foods and is ubiquitous in the environment ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11309061 6]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Phages are widely distributed in the environment and represent part of the natural microbiological flora of foods ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612219/ 9]). A study used to identify [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Salmonella Salmonella]]-specific phages isolated a total of 232 phages from 26 sampling sites which included broiler farms, poultry abattoirs, and wastewater plants ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526794 3]). Bacteriophages which target [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Escherichia Escherichia]]. coli are commonly present in sewage, hospital waste water, polluted rivers and fecal samples ([http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/151/7/2133.full 7]). E. coli phages have been recovered from fresh chicken, pork, ground beef, mushrooms, lettuce and other raw vegetables ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Listeria Listeria]], the bacteria which causes listeriosis is also found on various retail foods and is ubiquitous in the environment ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11309061 6]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[file:wikitable.jpg|thumb|300px|right| ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19076235 10])]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[file:wikitable.jpg|thumb|300px|right| <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Table indicating the % of surviving cells when a certain concentration of phage is added, over a time interval. </ins>([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19076235 10])]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Bacteria to Phage Ratio===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Bacteria to Phage Ratio===</div></td></tr>
</table>Tina gao246https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Phage_Mediated_Biocontrol_of_Food_Borne_Bacteria&diff=75889&oldid=prevTina gao246: /* Benefits */2012-11-22T05:52:47Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Benefits</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 05:52, 22 November 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l36">Line 36:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 36:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Compared to antibiotic treatment, phage mediated biocontrol only infect the targeted subset of bacteria, avoiding the imbalance of commensal flora often caused by broad-spectrum antibiotics. Phages are also self-limiting because they only replicate as long as the targeted bacterium is present ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). Phages are also constantly evolving to circumvent their host’s defenses and resistant bacteria are often less fit than their phage-sensitive counterparts ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526794 3]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Compared to antibiotic treatment, phage mediated biocontrol only infect the targeted subset of bacteria, avoiding the imbalance of commensal flora often caused by broad-spectrum antibiotics. Phages are also self-limiting because they only replicate as long as the targeted bacterium is present ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). Phages are also constantly evolving to circumvent their host’s defenses and resistant bacteria are often less fit than their phage-sensitive counterparts ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526794 3]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to see a photo of phyllospheric bacteria click the link [http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/full/69/4/1875/F1 microbial interactions]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[file:bacteriophagecycle.gif|thumb|300px|right| "In other infected cells, phage development is repressed and phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome. The resulting lysogenic cell can replicate indefinitely, but can be induced to return to the lytic cycle with the excision of phage DNA from the chromosome." Image courtesy of http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v4/n6/fig_tab/nrg1089_F1.html]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[file:bacteriophagecycle.gif|thumb|300px|right| "In other infected cells, phage development is repressed and phage DNA integrates into the bacterial chromosome. The resulting lysogenic cell can replicate indefinitely, but can be induced to return to the lytic cycle with the excision of phage DNA from the chromosome." Image courtesy of http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v4/n6/fig_tab/nrg1089_F1.html]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Tina gao246https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Phage_Mediated_Biocontrol_of_Food_Borne_Bacteria&diff=75888&oldid=prevTina gao246: /* Interaction Surfaces */2012-11-22T05:50:10Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Interaction Surfaces</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 05:50, 22 November 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l25">Line 25:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 25:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Interaction Surfaces===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Interaction Surfaces===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Immobilization of phages will ensure that phages are </del>applied and retained near the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">surface that is being </del>treated in order to avoid wasteful phage washing and potential inactivation of virulence particles from wash fluids that clean processing areas ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21803890 8]). Phages need to be immobilized in the right orientation in order to obtain high capture efficacy of bacteria and reduce binding to non-specific bacteria. Through electrostatic interactions, studies have shown that negatively charged phages immobilized to positively charged cellulose membranes resulted in a lowered bacterial count for both Listeria and E. coli O157:H7 studies ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21803890 8]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Phages must be </ins>applied and retained near the treated <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">surfaces </ins>in order to avoid wasteful phage washing and potential inactivation of virulence particles<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, particularly </ins>from wash fluids that clean processing areas ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21803890 8]). Phages need to be immobilized in the right orientation in order to obtain high capture efficacy of bacteria and reduce binding to non-specific bacteria. Through electrostatic interactions, studies have shown that negatively charged phages immobilized to positively charged cellulose membranes resulted in a lowered bacterial count for both Listeria and E. coli O157:H7 studies ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21803890 8]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Applications in the Food Industry==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Applications in the Food Industry==</div></td></tr>
</table>Tina gao246https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Phage_Mediated_Biocontrol_of_Food_Borne_Bacteria&diff=75887&oldid=prevTina gao246 at 05:38, 22 November 20122012-11-22T05:38:41Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 05:38, 22 November 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l15">Line 15:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 15:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Phages are widely distributed in the environment and represent part of the natural microbiological flora of foods ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612219/ 9]). A study used to identify [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Salmonella Salmonella]]-specific phages isolated a total of 232 phages from 26 sampling sites which included broiler farms, poultry abattoirs, and wastewater plants ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526794 3]). Bacteriophages which target [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Escherichia Escherichia]]. coli are commonly present in sewage, hospital waste water, polluted rivers and fecal samples ([http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/151/7/2133.full 7]). E. coli phages have been recovered from fresh chicken, pork, ground beef, mushrooms, lettuce and other raw vegetables ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Listeria Listeria]], the bacteria which causes listeriosis is also found on various retail foods and is ubiquitous in the environment ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11309061 6]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Phages are widely distributed in the environment and represent part of the natural microbiological flora of foods ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612219/ 9]). A study used to identify [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Salmonella Salmonella]]-specific phages isolated a total of 232 phages from 26 sampling sites which included broiler farms, poultry abattoirs, and wastewater plants ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526794 3]). Bacteriophages which target [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Escherichia Escherichia]]. coli are commonly present in sewage, hospital waste water, polluted rivers and fecal samples ([http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/151/7/2133.full 7]). E. coli phages have been recovered from fresh chicken, pork, ground beef, mushrooms, lettuce and other raw vegetables ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Listeria Listeria]], the bacteria which causes listeriosis is also found on various retail foods and is ubiquitous in the environment ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11309061 6]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[file:wikitable.jpg|thumb|300px|right| ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19076235 10]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[file:wikitable.jpg|thumb|300px|right| ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19076235 10]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Bacteria to Phage Ratio===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Bacteria to Phage Ratio===</div></td></tr>
</table>Tina gao246https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Phage_Mediated_Biocontrol_of_Food_Borne_Bacteria&diff=75886&oldid=prevTina gao246 at 05:37, 22 November 20122012-11-22T05:37:53Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 05:37, 22 November 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l14">Line 14:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 14:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Phages are widely distributed in the environment and represent part of the natural microbiological flora of foods ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612219/ 9]). A study used to identify [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Salmonella Salmonella]]-specific phages isolated a total of 232 phages from 26 sampling sites which included broiler farms, poultry abattoirs, and wastewater plants ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526794 3]). Bacteriophages which target [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Escherichia Escherichia]]. coli are commonly present in sewage, hospital waste water, polluted rivers and fecal samples ([http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/151/7/2133.full 7]). E. coli phages have been recovered from fresh chicken, pork, ground beef, mushrooms, lettuce and other raw vegetables ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Listeria Listeria]], the bacteria which causes listeriosis is also found on various retail foods and is ubiquitous in the environment ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11309061 6]).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Phages are widely distributed in the environment and represent part of the natural microbiological flora of foods ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2612219/ 9]). A study used to identify [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Salmonella Salmonella]]-specific phages isolated a total of 232 phages from 26 sampling sites which included broiler farms, poultry abattoirs, and wastewater plants ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17526794 3]). Bacteriophages which target [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Escherichia Escherichia]]. coli are commonly present in sewage, hospital waste water, polluted rivers and fecal samples ([http://mic.sgmjournals.org/content/151/7/2133.full 7]). E. coli phages have been recovered from fresh chicken, pork, ground beef, mushrooms, lettuce and other raw vegetables ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20214608 1]). [[https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Listeria Listeria]], the bacteria which causes listeriosis is also found on various retail foods and is ubiquitous in the environment ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11309061 6]).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[file:wikitable.jpg|thumb|300px|right| ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19076235 10]]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Bacteria to Phage Ratio===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Bacteria to Phage Ratio===</div></td></tr>
</table>Tina gao246