Photobacterium leiognathi: Difference between revisions

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{{Biorealm Genus}}''Photobacterium leiognathi''
{{Biorealm Genus}}''Photobacterium leiognathi''


[[Image:Photobacterium leiognathi on agar plate.jpeg|250px|thumb|right|''Photobacterium Leiognathi''[Figure 1. Plate culture of Photobacterium leiognathi. Curtesy of Pearson Educacion]
[[Image:Photobacterium leiognathi on agar plate.jpeg|350px|thumb|right|alt=alt|Figure 1. Plate culture of Photobacterium leiognathi. Courtesy of Pearson Educacion]]


==Classification==
==Classification==
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===Species===
===Species===
[[Image:Photobacterium leiognathi.jpg‎|frame|right|150px|alt=alt|Figure 2. Photobacterium leiognathi cells. Courtesy of ALL-Earth.org]]
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''Photobacterium leiognathi''
''Photobacterium leiognathi''
[[Image:Photobacterium leiognathi.jpg‎|frame|right|150px|''Photobacterium leiognathi'' [Figure 2. Photobacterium leiognathi cells. Curtesy of ALL-Earth.org]
==Description and significance==
==Description and significance==
The Actinobacteria phylum is known to include freshwater life, marine life and some common soil life. It’s important in the decomposition of organic material and carbon cycle, which puts nutrients back into the environment. Actinobacteria are also of high pharmacological interest because they can produce secondary metabolites (3). C. acidiphila is known only to be found in soil in Gerenzano, Italy. C. acidiphila forms aerial and vegetative mycelia (2). Since it’s part of the class Actinobacteria and the order Actinomycetales, it may produce novel metabolites or be an antibiotic producer. However, no information on the production of novel metabolites is currently known (1).
Photobacterium leiognathi is one of the many species within the genus Photobacterium and the family of Vibrionales. P. leiognathi is a gram negative, coccobacillus-straight shaped flagellated bacterium. P. leiognathi has no pigmentation and appears white or colorless unless found in colonies where it exhibits luminescent properties. P. leiognathi is a facultative anaerobic chemo-organothroph bacterium. P. leiognathi is a marine organism, which requires sodium for growth and lives as a free-living organism in warm waters or in association with fish. [8,10,11,12] 


==Genome structure==
==Genome structure==
The complete genome of C. acidiphila was sequenced and published in 2009; this was the first complete genome sequenced of the Actinobacterial family Catenulisporaceae. The genome is 10,467,782 bp in length and comprises one circular chromosome. The content of the G-C in DNA is 69.8% of the total number of genes. Of the 9122 predicted genes, 99.28% were protein coding genes and just 0.76% of the genes were classified as RNA genes (2). For more information about the known functions of this genome, see tables 3 and 4 in the following article: “Complete genome sequence of Catenulispora acidiphila type strain” (2).
two circular chromosomes
highest level of assembly is scaffold only, currently 4,598,918 total base pair
nucleotide sequence 7.3kbp
lacks luxF gene, which is significant
due to the 16S RNA many species, including this one have occasionally been shifted in and out of the genus
some genomic polymorphism has been seen within the species, depending on the organism they form symbiotic relationships with, currently 11 subspecies of P. leiognathi are known


==Cell and colony structure==
==Cell and colony structure==
Catenulispora genus consists of Gram-positive, non-motile and non-acid fast colonies of the organism that form branching hyphae. Vegetative mycelium are non-fragmentary and the aerial hyphae start to septate into chains of arthrospores (a resting sporelike cell produced by some bacteria) that are cylindrical. In C. acidiphila the spores have an average diameter of about 0.5 µm and are also known to range in length from 0.4-1 µm (1).
gram negative
coccobacillus (plump or straight rod)
diameter 0.8-1.3µm and length 1.8-2.4µm
1-3 flagella, Some P.leiognathi subspecies which have formed symbiotic relationship with fish have been discovered to have no flagella.
Individual cells are colorless
white or colorless – exhibit bioluminescense
can emit bluish-green light (490nm)
lux genes – involved in oxidation of a reduced riboflavin mononucleotide (FMNH2) and a long chain aldehyde
 


==Metabolism==
==Metabolism==
C. acidiphila is an aerobic species, but is also capable of non-pigmented and reduced growth under anaerobic and microaerophilic conditions. It has the ability to hydrolyze starch and casein. It can also use carbon sources as a source of energy. The sources of carbon that this species can use are the following: glucose, fructose, glycerol, mannitol, xylose and arabinose. C. acidiphila can’t reduce nitrates. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is also produced by this species (1, 2). The strain of C. acidiphila was also resistant to lysozyme, which wasn’t reported for the Catenulispora genus (2). The mechanism of how it reduces hydrogen sulfide is not known at this time.
facultative anaerobe
can perform fermentative and respiratory functions
chemo-organotroph
glucose, mannose, fructose, or glycerol as sources of carbon
requires sodium for growth


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
C. acidiphila is an acidophilic species that grows well in the pH range of 4.3-6.8, but optimally at a pH of 6.0. They can grow optimally at a temperature of between 22-28  ̊C; however, it can grow significantly between 11-37  ̊C. As of right now, C. acidiphila has only been found in Geranzano, Italy. (1).
P. leiognathi might be found as a free living marine organism in tropical waters. P. leiognathi grows best in water temperatures between 18-25̊ C around the mesopelagic zone (200-1000m depth). P. leiognathi can also form symbiotic relationships with fish and squid, as part of their light organs. P. leiognathi can also act as a decomposer of dead fish.
P. leiognathi uses its bioluminescence to attract predators
 


==Pathology==
==Pathology==
As of right now, C. acidiphila is not known to cause any infections or diseases. However, some species of the Actinobacteria are known to form a wide variety of secondary metabolites. Since a wide variety of secondary metabolites are a source of potent antibiotics, the Streptomyces species has been the main organism targeted by the pharmaceutical industry (3). Since C. acidiphila is part of the Actinobacteria phylum, it could possibly be targeted by the pharmaceutical industry (2).
Other species of photobacteria are pathogenic, P. leiognathi is not even though it has the same ToxR transmembrane binding protein often associated with gastroenteritis caused by seafood consumption in mammals
 


==References==
==References==
[1] Nijvipakul, Sarayut, et al. 2008, "LuxG Is a Functioning Flavin Reductase for Bacterial Luminescence", American Society for Microbiology: Journal of Bacteriology, Vol 190, No 5, pg. 1531-1538,doi: 10.1128/​JB.01660-07  
[1] Nijvipakul, Sarayut, et al. 2008, "LuxG Is a Functioning Flavin Reductase for Bacterial Luminescence", American Society for Microbiology: Journal of Bacteriology, Vol 190, No 5, pg. 1531-1538,doi: 10.1128/​JB.01660-07  
[2] Valentine N. Petushkov, Bruce G. Gibson,and John Lee. 1995, “Properties of recombinant fluorescent proteins from Photobacterium leiognathi and their interaction with luciferase intermediates”, Biochemistry including biophysical chemistry and molecular biology. Vol 34, No 10, pg.3300-3309, DOI: 10.1021/bi00010a020
[2] Valentine N. Petushkov, Bruce G. Gibson,and John Lee. 1995, “Properties of recombinant fluorescent proteins from Photobacterium leiognathi and their interaction with luciferase intermediates”, Biochemistry including biophysical chemistry and molecular biology. Vol 34, No 10, pg.3300-3309, DOI: 10.1021/bi00010a020
[3] Lee,Chan Yong, Rose B. Szittner, and Edward A. Meighen. 1991, “The lux genes of the luminous bacterial symbiont, Photobacterium leiognathi, of the ponyfish; nucleotide sequence, difference in gene organization, and high expression in mutant Escherichia coli” European Journal of Biochemistry, Vol 201, Issue 1, pg. 161-167, DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16269.x
[3] Lee,Chan Yong, Rose B. Szittner, and Edward A. Meighen. 1991, “The lux genes of the luminous bacterial symbiont, Photobacterium leiognathi, of the ponyfish; nucleotide sequence, difference in gene organization, and high expression in mutant Escherichia coli” European Journal of Biochemistry, Vol 201, Issue 1, pg. 161-167, DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16269.x
[4] Herring, Peter. 2002, “Marine microlights: the luminous marine bacteria” Microbiology Today, Vol 29, pg. 174-176
[4] Herring, Peter. 2002, “Marine microlights: the luminous marine bacteria” Microbiology Today, Vol 29, pg. 174-176
[5] Coil, David. 2011, “Microbiology Christmas Tree – luminescent bacteria,giant microbes, and more” Microbiology of the Built Environment Network
[5] Coil, David. 2011, “Microbiology Christmas Tree – luminescent bacteria,giant microbes, and more” Microbiology of the Built Environment Network
[6] Boisvert, H. 1967, “Photobacterium leiognathi” National Center for Biotechnology Information   
[6] Boisvert, H. 1967, “Photobacterium leiognathi” National Center for Biotechnology Information   
[7] Yirka, Bob. 2011, “Research shows ocean bacteria glow to attract those that would eat them” Physorg.com. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1116683109
[7] Yirka, Bob. 2011, “Research shows ocean bacteria glow to attract those that would eat them” Physorg.com. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1116683109


Revision as of 05:24, 4 May 2012

This student page has not been curated.

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Photobacterium leiognathi Photobacterium leiognathi

alt
Figure 1. Plate culture of Photobacterium leiognathi. Courtesy of Pearson Educacion

Classification

Higher order taxa

Domain (Bacteria); Phylum (Proteobacteria); Class (Gammaproteobacteria); Order (Vibrionales); Family (Vibrionales); Genus (Photobacterium)

Species

alt
Figure 2. Photobacterium leiognathi cells. Courtesy of ALL-Earth.org

NCBI: Taxonomy

Photobacterium leiognathi

Description and significance

Photobacterium leiognathi is one of the many species within the genus Photobacterium and the family of Vibrionales. P. leiognathi is a gram negative, coccobacillus-straight shaped flagellated bacterium. P. leiognathi has no pigmentation and appears white or colorless unless found in colonies where it exhibits luminescent properties. P. leiognathi is a facultative anaerobic chemo-organothroph bacterium. P. leiognathi is a marine organism, which requires sodium for growth and lives as a free-living organism in warm waters or in association with fish. [8,10,11,12]

Genome structure

two circular chromosomes highest level of assembly is scaffold only, currently 4,598,918 total base pair nucleotide sequence 7.3kbp lacks luxF gene, which is significant due to the 16S RNA many species, including this one have occasionally been shifted in and out of the genus some genomic polymorphism has been seen within the species, depending on the organism they form symbiotic relationships with, currently 11 subspecies of P. leiognathi are known

Cell and colony structure

gram negative coccobacillus (plump or straight rod) diameter 0.8-1.3µm and length 1.8-2.4µm 1-3 flagella, Some P.leiognathi subspecies which have formed symbiotic relationship with fish have been discovered to have no flagella. Individual cells are colorless white or colorless – exhibit bioluminescense can emit bluish-green light (490nm) lux genes – involved in oxidation of a reduced riboflavin mononucleotide (FMNH2) and a long chain aldehyde


Metabolism

facultative anaerobe can perform fermentative and respiratory functions chemo-organotroph glucose, mannose, fructose, or glycerol as sources of carbon requires sodium for growth

Ecology

P. leiognathi might be found as a free living marine organism in tropical waters. P. leiognathi grows best in water temperatures between 18-25̊ C around the mesopelagic zone (200-1000m depth). P. leiognathi can also form symbiotic relationships with fish and squid, as part of their light organs. P. leiognathi can also act as a decomposer of dead fish. P. leiognathi uses its bioluminescence to attract predators


Pathology

Other species of photobacteria are pathogenic, P. leiognathi is not even though it has the same ToxR transmembrane binding protein often associated with gastroenteritis caused by seafood consumption in mammals


References

[1] Nijvipakul, Sarayut, et al. 2008, "LuxG Is a Functioning Flavin Reductase for Bacterial Luminescence", American Society for Microbiology: Journal of Bacteriology, Vol 190, No 5, pg. 1531-1538,doi: 10.1128/​JB.01660-07

[2] Valentine N. Petushkov, Bruce G. Gibson,and John Lee. 1995, “Properties of recombinant fluorescent proteins from Photobacterium leiognathi and their interaction with luciferase intermediates”, Biochemistry including biophysical chemistry and molecular biology. Vol 34, No 10, pg.3300-3309, DOI: 10.1021/bi00010a020

[3] Lee,Chan Yong, Rose B. Szittner, and Edward A. Meighen. 1991, “The lux genes of the luminous bacterial symbiont, Photobacterium leiognathi, of the ponyfish; nucleotide sequence, difference in gene organization, and high expression in mutant Escherichia coli” European Journal of Biochemistry, Vol 201, Issue 1, pg. 161-167, DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb16269.x

[4] Herring, Peter. 2002, “Marine microlights: the luminous marine bacteria” Microbiology Today, Vol 29, pg. 174-176

[5] Coil, David. 2011, “Microbiology Christmas Tree – luminescent bacteria,giant microbes, and more” Microbiology of the Built Environment Network

[6] Boisvert, H. 1967, “Photobacterium leiognathi” National Center for Biotechnology Information

[7] Yirka, Bob. 2011, “Research shows ocean bacteria glow to attract those that would eat them” Physorg.com. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1116683109





Edited by Jossary Gerry, student of Dr. Lisa R. Moore, University of Southern Maine

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