Photobacterium profundum: Difference between revisions

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===Properties===
===Properties===
[[Image:Photobacterium_profundum_flagella.JPG|frame|Flagella of ''Photobacterium profundum''.  From www.sciencemag.org]]
[[Image:Photobacterium_profundum_flagella.JPG|frame|Flagella of ''Photobacterium profundum''.  From www.sciencemag.org.  Pending permission to reproduce.]]


Presence of flagella:  Yes
Presence of flagella:  Yes
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==Genome structure==
==Genome structure==
[[Image:CG16A.JPG|frame|Genomic organization of ''P. profundum'' strain SS9 chromosome 1 & 2.  From www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.]]
[[Image:CG16A.JPG|frame|Genomic organization of ''P. profundum'' strain SS9 chromosome 1 & 2.  From www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Pending permission to reproduce.]]
The genome of ‘’Photobacterium profundum’’ is consisted of a 4.1-Mbp major circular chromosome, a 2.2-Mbp minor circular chromosome, and a 80-kbp circular plasmid.  SS9 has 14 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) operons on chromosome 1, and 1 on chromosome 2; it has the maximal number of rRNA so far identified in a bacterial genome.  This may implies its characteristic as an extremophile that responds to extreme growth conditions differently than the majority of the terrestrial mesophile organisms.  Various operons could have evolved to operate under particular physiological conditions. [2]
The genome of ‘’Photobacterium profundum’’ is consisted of a 4.1-Mbp major circular chromosome, a 2.2-Mbp minor circular chromosome, and a 80-kbp circular plasmid.  SS9 has 14 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) operons on chromosome 1, and 1 on chromosome 2; it has the maximal number of rRNA so far identified in a bacterial genome.  This may implies its characteristic as an extremophile that responds to extreme growth conditions differently than the majority of the terrestrial mesophile organisms.  Various operons could have evolved to operate under particular physiological conditions. [2]



Revision as of 17:41, 5 June 2007

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Photobacterium profundum

Classification

Higher order taxonomy

Bacteria; Proteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria; Vibrionales; Vibrionaceae; Photobacterium

Properties

Flagella of Photobacterium profundum. From www.sciencemag.org. Pending permission to reproduce.

Presence of flagella: Yes

Interaction: No

Number of membranes: 2

Number of inteins: 0

Genetic code: Translation table 11 (Bacterial and Plant Plastid)

Taxonomy ID: 298386

Rank: no rank

Other names:

deep-sea eubacterium SS9; Photobacterium sp. (strain SS9); Photobacterium sp. SS9; Photobacterium SS9; Photobacterium profundum strain SS9; Photobacterium profundum str. SS9

Description and significance

Members of the genus ‘’Photobacterium’’ are bacteria in marine surroundings. ‘’Photobacterium profundum’’ is a newly discovered species that was isolated from sediment of the Ryukya trench off of Japan. It is barophillic and can survive under high pressures. It is a Gram-negative rod that can potentially grow at temperature between 4oC and 18oC (optimal at 10oC) under atmospheric pressure, and at pressures between 0.1MPa and 70MPa (optimal at 10MPa) at 10oC. [1]

16S rRNA sequence of the Photobacterium profundum strain DSJ4 is closely related to the strain SS9 from the ‘’Vibrionaceae’’ family within the ‘’Photobacterium’’ subgroup. In the research study of Y. Nogi and et al., these strains are compared with ‘’Photobacterium angustum’’, ‘’Photobacterium damselae’’, ‘’Photobacterium phosphoreum’’, and ‘’Photobacterium histaminum’’. Both of strains DSJ4 and SS9 have different temperature and pressure ranges for growth, cellular fatty acid composition and assorted physiological and biochemical characteristics, and DNA structures from the other ‘’Photobacterium’’ species. [1] These differences lead to the creation of a new classification, ‘’Photobacterium profundum’’ to represent this new deep-sea-type species.


Genome structure

Genomic organization of P. profundum strain SS9 chromosome 1 & 2. From www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Pending permission to reproduce.

The genome of ‘’Photobacterium profundum’’ is consisted of a 4.1-Mbp major circular chromosome, a 2.2-Mbp minor circular chromosome, and a 80-kbp circular plasmid. SS9 has 14 ribosomal RNA (rRNA) operons on chromosome 1, and 1 on chromosome 2; it has the maximal number of rRNA so far identified in a bacterial genome. This may implies its characteristic as an extremophile that responds to extreme growth conditions differently than the majority of the terrestrial mesophile organisms. Various operons could have evolved to operate under particular physiological conditions. [2]

Chromosome 1 contains the most “established” genes, and it is stable. Chromosome 2 serves as the “genetic melting pot” or a target of gene transfer, containing a high number of unknown genes. The lack of sunlight in deep sea causes its absence of the ORFs encoding light-activated photolyase genes. ‘’Photobacterium profundum’’ contains a number of unique open reading frames (ORFs) that are not found in its Vibrionaceae family. The majority of transcription takes place in chromosome 1, where a minimal amount of transcription occurs in chromosome 2 since genes are poorly expressed there.

Cell structure and metabolism

The cells of ‘’Photobacterium profundum’’ are Gram-negative, rod shape, 2-4μm long and 0.8-1.0 μm wide, with a single unsheathed flagella.

Strain DSJ4 is an anaerobic chemoorganotroph, with two types of metabolism – respiratory and fermentative types. Its microbial ability to use respiratory metabolism is proven with its positive result in catalase and cytochrome oxidase test. It uses nitrate as an proton acceptor which will be reduced to nitrite. This organism does not produce H2S as the fermentation product. ‘’Photobacterium profundum’’ utilizes glycogen, Tween 40, Tween 80, D-galactose, D-glucose, maltose, D-mannitol, D-mannose, D-trehalose and glycerol as the sole carbon and energy sources. The presence of NaCl in the medium, the temperature between 4oC and 18oC, and the pressures between 0.1MPa and 70MPa are essential for strain DSJ4 to grow. [3] The fatty acid in DSJ4 is primarily consisted of hexadecenoic acid, and significant amounts of 14-methylpentadecanoic acid, octadecenoic acid, and icosapentaenoic acid. [1]

Several stress-response genes are activated at atmospheric pressure for SS9. Four genes, naming the ‘’htpG, dnaK, dnaJ, and groEL’’, up-regulated at 0.1MPa are involved in protein folding and in response to stress conditions. There is transcriptional induction of the glycolytic pathway and trehalose phosphotransferase system to be up-regulated under stress conditions.

At high pressure, the transport of amino acids such as Lys, His, Leu and Trp. These transporters have special protein structures to adapt to elevated pressure, such as the activation of different chaperones and DNA repair proteins at atmospheric pressure.

Ecology

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid is essential for human health. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are needed for proper human development, prevention of some cancers and promotion of cardiovascular health. ‘’Photobacterium profundum’’ strain SS9 includes four of the five genes required for EPA biosynthesis, and includes large multidomain proteins in its amino acids sequences that will catalyse EPA biosynthesis. [7]

The phylogenetic analyses of the 16S rRNA gene sequence reveals that ‘’Photobacterium profundum’’ is closely related to ‘’Hyphomicrobium indicum’’. ‘’gyrB’’, a DNA gyrase gene, is also employed as another phylogenetic marker to provide more reliable information of the evolutionary position of ‘’Photoprofundum’’ and ‘’H. indicum’’. In comparison, ‘’Photobacterium profundum’’ has a unique signature nucleotide sequence (5’-TTCATTACGAGCGG-3’) at positions 345-359, according to the E. coli numbering system. [5] These closely related organism is differentiated by their various phenotypic characteristics, namely the optimum growth environment, morphology, catalase, oxidase, metabolic pathways, sucrose utilization and H2S production.

Pathology

The transmembrane DNA binding protein ToxR and the associated membrane protein ToxS can be found in many ocean species that are human or fish pathogens, and may cause gastroenteritis associated with seafood consumption. ‘’Photobacterium profundum’’ contains ToxR; however, it is believe to be nonpathogenic to mammals. [8]

Application to Biotechnology

The sequencing of ‘’Photobacterium profundum’’ is possible and completed by the use of molecular methodologies. Molecular methodologies, the technique of extracting DNA from a sample, amplifying the interested gene using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and cloning and sequencing the resulting product, can help better understand the physiological and evolutionary diversity within the marine microbial community. Genome sequence of this unicellular marine organism provides example of how species with similar marine habitats can have evolved different gene complements that allow them to coexist with non-competitive, complementary functions. [4] This simple organism also provides a potential to discover hidden genetic and physiological complexity that might be applicable to future biotechnology.

Researchers at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego has stated in their genomic research that these deep sea life forms, including ‘’Photobacterium profundum’’, “may help lay the groundwork for a variety of research outside of the deep ocean, including the application of deep sea bacterial genes for improving human nutrition and degrading pollutants, and calculating possibility for life in pressurized environments elsewhere in the solar system.” [6]

Current Research

Eric Allen, Assistant Professor of Marine Biology from Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego is conducting a research on Photobacterium profundum. His emphases of research include the adaptation of deep-sea microbes to extreme environment, functional genomics, virulence determinants of the organism, and detection of pathogens in the marine environment. Allen’s recent publications are listed below:

• 1999. "Monounsaturated but not polyunsaturated fatty acids are required for growth of the deep-sea bacterium Photobacterium profundum SS9 at high pressure and low temperature" Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65, 1710-1720.

• 2000. "FabF is required for piezoregulation of cis-vaccenic acid levels and piezophilic growth of the deep-sea bacterium, Photobacterium profundum strain SS9" J. Bacteriol. 182, 1264-1271.

• 2002. "Structure and regulation of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase genes from the deep-sea bacterium Photobacterium profundum strain SS9" Microbiology 148, 1903-1914.

References

[1] Yuichi Nogi, Noriaki Masui and Chiaki Kato. 1998. “Photobacterium profundum sp. nov., a new, moderately barophilic bacterial species isolated from a deep-sea sediment.” Extremophiles, 2: 1-7.

[2] Vezzi, A., Campanaro, M., D’Angelo, F., Simonato, F., Vitulo, N., Lauro, F.M., Cestaro, A., Malacrida, G., Simionati, B., Cannata, N., Romualdi, C., Bartlett, D.H., Valle, G. “Life at Depth: Photobacterium profundum Genome Sequence and Expression Analysis.” Science. 2005. Volume 307. p. 1459-1461.

[3] Campanaro, M., Vezzi, A., Vitulo, N., Lauro, F.M., D’Angelo, F., Simonato, F., Cestaro, A., Malacrida, G., Bertoloni, G., Valle, G., Bartlett, D.H. “Laterally transferred elements and high pressure adaptation in Photobacterium profundum strains.” BMC Genomics. 2005. p. 1-15.

[4] The Agouron Institute. “Microbial Oceanography: Challenge and Opportunities.” http://www.agi.org/pdf/MicrobialOceanography.pdf

[5] Xie, Cheng-Hui and Yokota, Akira. “Transfer of Hyphomicrobium indicum to the genus Photobacterium as Photobacerium indicum comb. nov.” International Journal of Systematic Evolutionary Microbiology. 2004, 54, 2113-2116.

[6] “ScienceDaily: Advancements in Genomics Foster Deep Sea Discoveries.” April 18, 2005. http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2005/04/050411210332.htm

[7] Allen, Eric E., Bartlett, Douglas H. “Structure and regulation of the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase genes from the deep-sea bacterium Photobacterium profundum strain SS9.” Microbiology (2002), 148, 1903-1913.

[8] Bidle, Kelly A. and Barlett, Douglas H. “RNA Arbitrarily Primed PCR Survey of Genes Regulated by ToxR in the Deep-Sea Bacterium Photobacterium profundum Strain SS9.” Journal of Bacteriology (2001), 183(5) 1688-1693.




Edited by Karen Lai, student of Rachel Larsen at UCSD.