https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Poliovirus_and_its_three_serotypes&feed=atom&action=historyPoliovirus and its three serotypes - Revision history2024-03-28T12:15:16ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Poliovirus_and_its_three_serotypes&diff=131478&oldid=prevBarichD at 13:53, 2 October 20172017-10-02T13:53:22Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Vaccination in the U.S.===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Vaccination in the U.S.===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There is no cure for poliomyelitis. For this reason, vaccines are immensely important, to prevent infection from occurring in the first place. President Roosevelt, who contracted poliomyelitis himself in 1921, initiated a campaign that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">eventually led to the development of a polio vaccine. In </del>1955, Dr. Jonas Salk <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">developed </del>the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), administered primarily through intramuscular injection[10]<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. He did so by </del>using the known technique of growing the virus in the kidney cells of monkeys, then isolating it and inactivating it with formaldehyde[11]. In 1961, Dr. Albert Sabin developed the oral polio vaccine (OPV), using a live, attenuated strain of the virus. This vaccine is created by passage of the parent wild poliovirus strain through non-human animal cells. OPV is administered orally, usually in the form of drops, as shown in figure… Polio has been considered eliminated from the United States since 1979, thanks to the effectiveness of these two vaccines. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There is no cure for poliomyelitis. For this reason, vaccines are immensely important, to prevent infection from occurring in the first place. President Roosevelt, who contracted poliomyelitis himself in 1921, initiated a campaign that<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, in </ins>1955, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">resulted in </ins>Dr. Jonas Salk <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">developing </ins>the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. This vaccine</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which is </ins>administered primarily through intramuscular injection[10]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, was developed </ins>using the known technique of growing the virus in the kidney cells of monkeys, then isolating it and inactivating it with formaldehyde[11]. In 1961, Dr. Albert Sabin developed the oral polio vaccine (OPV), using a live, attenuated strain of the virus. This vaccine is created by passage of the parent wild poliovirus strain through non-human animal cells. OPV is administered orally, usually in the form of drops, as shown in figure… Polio has been considered eliminated from the United States since 1979, thanks to the effectiveness of these two vaccines. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>[[Image:OPV droplets better.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A child receiving an oral polio vaccine. This image is provided by the 1988 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the World Health Organization (WHO)through the [http://phil.cdc.gov/Phil/details.asp CDC--ID#: 13195]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>[[Image:OPV droplets better.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A child receiving an oral polio vaccine. This image is provided by the 1988 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the World Health Organization (WHO)through the [http://phil.cdc.gov/Phil/details.asp CDC--ID#: 13195]]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Poliovirus_and_its_three_serotypes&diff=131477&oldid=prevBarichD at 13:41, 2 October 20172017-10-02T13:41:28Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction of Polio Vaccines==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction of Polio Vaccines==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Vaccination in the U.S.===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Vaccination in the U.S.===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There is no cure for poliomyelitis. For this reason, vaccines are immensely important, to prevent infection from occurring in the first place. President Roosevelt, who contracted poliomyelitis himself in 1921, initiated a campaign to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">develop </del>a vaccine <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">during the height of the presence of poliomyelitis in the United States in 1953, This campaign was successful 2 years later, in </del>1955, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">when </del>Dr. Jonas Salk developed the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), administered primarily through intramuscular injection[10]. He did so by using the known technique of growing the virus in the kidney cells of monkeys, then isolating it and inactivating it with formaldehyde[11]. In 1961, Dr. Albert Sabin developed the oral polio vaccine (OPV), using a live, attenuated strain of the virus. This vaccine is created by passage of the parent wild poliovirus strain through non-human animal cells. OPV is administered orally, usually in the form of drops, as shown in figure… Polio has been considered eliminated from the United States since 1979, thanks to the effectiveness of these two vaccines. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There is no cure for poliomyelitis. For this reason, vaccines are immensely important, to prevent infection from occurring in the first place. President Roosevelt, who contracted poliomyelitis himself in 1921, initiated a campaign <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that eventually led </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the development of </ins>a <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">polio </ins>vaccine<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. In </ins>1955, Dr. Jonas Salk developed the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), administered primarily through intramuscular injection[10]. He did so by using the known technique of growing the virus in the kidney cells of monkeys, then isolating it and inactivating it with formaldehyde[11]. In 1961, Dr. Albert Sabin developed the oral polio vaccine (OPV), using a live, attenuated strain of the virus. This vaccine is created by passage of the parent wild poliovirus strain through non-human animal cells. OPV is administered orally, usually in the form of drops, as shown in figure… Polio has been considered eliminated from the United States since 1979, thanks to the effectiveness of these two vaccines. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>[[Image:OPV droplets better.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A child receiving an oral polio vaccine. This image is provided by the 1988 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the World Health Organization (WHO)through the [http://phil.cdc.gov/Phil/details.asp CDC--ID#: 13195]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>[[Image:OPV droplets better.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A child receiving an oral polio vaccine. This image is provided by the 1988 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the World Health Organization (WHO)through the [http://phil.cdc.gov/Phil/details.asp CDC--ID#: 13195]]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Poliovirus_and_its_three_serotypes&diff=98938&oldid=prevRachael Crooke14: /* References */2014-04-14T23:01:49Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>16) Maier, M.K., Seth, S., Czeloth, N., et al. (2007). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200737072/pdf The adhesion receptor CD155 determines the magnitude of humoral immune responses against orally ingested antigens]. European Journal of Immunology 37 (8): 2214–25.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>16) Maier, M.K., Seth, S., Czeloth, N., et al. (2007). [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200737072/pdf The adhesion receptor CD155 determines the magnitude of humoral immune responses against orally ingested antigens]. European Journal of Immunology 37 (8): 2214–25.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>17) [http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/polio.html “Poliomyelitis: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Disease”]. (2012). Center for Disease Control and Prevention. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Retrieved from: </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>17) [http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/polio.html “Poliomyelitis: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Disease”]. (2012). Center for Disease Control and Prevention. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>18) Mangal, T. D., Aylward, R. B., & Grassly, N. C. (2013). [http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/178/10/1579.full.pdf+html The potential impact of routine immunization with inactivated poliovirus vaccine on wild-type or vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks in a posteradication setting]. American Journal of Epidemiology, 178(10), 1579-1587. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>18) Mangal, T. D., Aylward, R. B., & Grassly, N. C. (2013). [http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/178/10/1579.full.pdf+html The potential impact of routine immunization with inactivated poliovirus vaccine on wild-type or vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks in a posteradication setting]. American Journal of Epidemiology, 178(10), 1579-1587. </div></td></tr>
</table>Rachael Crooke14https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Poliovirus_and_its_three_serotypes&diff=98856&oldid=prevRachael Crooke14: /* Infection */2014-04-14T00:26:07Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Infection</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:spinal cord damage by PV.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|This is a photomicrograph of the anterior horn of the cervical region of the spinal cord, where poliovirus tends to cause the most damage in the CNS. The damage here was specifically caused by poliovirus serotype 3. The image is provided by the [http://phil.cdc.gov/Phil/details.asp CDC and Dr. Karp, Emory University. ID# 2759].]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:spinal cord damage by PV.jpeg|thumb|300px|right|This is a photomicrograph of the anterior horn of the cervical region of the spinal cord, where poliovirus tends to cause the most damage in the CNS. The damage here was specifically caused by poliovirus serotype 3. The image is provided by the [http://phil.cdc.gov/Phil/details.asp CDC and Dr. Karp, Emory University. ID# 2759].]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Primary, or minor, transient [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viremia viremia] (entrance of the virus into the blood stream) occurs in most infected individuals, allowing it to spread to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticuloendothelial_system reticuloendothelial tissue] (connective tissues, spleen, liver, lungs, bone marrow, and lymph nodes), while causing no symptoms. A secondary occurrence of viremia occurs in 4-8% of individulas, and causes minor illness, including headache, sore throat, and fever. In rare cases, less than 1%, the viremia is persistent enough that the virus can enter the central nervous system (CNS) [13]. The precise mechanism by which this occurs is unknown, but one of the propose methods is entrance through the blood-brain-barrier. It is thought that the virus may travel on nerve fibers, independent of its receptor. It has also been proposed that if [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononuclear_phagocyte mononuclear phagocytes] can permit viral replication, they would act as carriers for the virus to enter the CNS [14]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Primary, or minor, transient [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viremia viremia] (entrance of the virus into the blood stream) occurs in most infected individuals, allowing it to spread to [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reticuloendothelial_system reticuloendothelial tissue] (connective tissues, spleen, liver, lungs, bone marrow, and lymph nodes), while causing no symptoms. A secondary occurrence of viremia occurs in 4-8% of individulas, and causes minor illness, including headache, sore throat, and fever. In rare cases, less than 1%, the viremia is persistent enough that the virus can enter the central nervous system (CNS) [13]. The precise mechanism by which this occurs is unknown, but one of the propose methods is entrance through the blood-brain-barrier. It is thought that the virus may travel on nerve fibers, independent of its receptor. It has also been proposed that if [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mononuclear_phagocyte mononuclear phagocytes] can permit viral replication, they would act as carriers for the virus to enter the CNS [14]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once inside the CNS, it characteristically causes lesions in motor neurons of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord anterior horn] of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_spine cervical] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_spine lumbar] regions of the spinal cord. This damage is shown in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Figure…</del>. In more severe cases, lesions are also observed in the intermediate and posterior gray columns and in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_ganglia sensory spinal ganglia]. Most areas of the brain are unaffected, but in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stem brain stem], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_efferent_nuclei motor] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus sensory nuclei] of cranial nerves are affected, as well as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precentral_gyrus precentral gyrus], which is the primary motor cortex. A second prevalent theory that has been empirically supported by studies with mice indicates that the virus enters the CNS through [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axonal_transport retrograde axonal transport] from muscle to spinal cord [8]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once inside the CNS, it characteristically causes lesions in motor neurons of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_horn_of_spinal_cord anterior horn] of the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cervical_spine cervical] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumbar_spine lumbar] regions of the spinal cord. This damage is shown in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the photomicrograph image provided by Dr. Karp from Emory University</ins>. In more severe cases, lesions are also observed in the intermediate and posterior gray columns and in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_ganglia sensory spinal ganglia]. Most areas of the brain are unaffected, but in the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_stem brain stem], the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_efferent_nuclei motor] and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cranial_nerve_nucleus sensory nuclei] of cranial nerves are affected, as well as the [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precentral_gyrus precentral gyrus], which is the primary motor cortex. A second prevalent theory that has been empirically supported by studies with mice indicates that the virus enters the CNS through [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axonal_transport retrograde axonal transport] from muscle to spinal cord [8]. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Transmission===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Transmission===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The virus spreads externally via direct contact with an infected individual, contact with their infected mucus or phlegm from the nose or mouth, or contact with their infected feces. The virus can remain present in the stool from 3-6 weeks. Poliovirus is highly infectious, with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seroconversion seroconversion] rates of almost 100% for someone who comes into contact with an infectious child, and over 90% for coming into contact with an infectious adult, meaning an infected child or adult successfully passed on the virus 100% or 90% of time, respectively [12]. The average incubation time for the PV is 7-14 days [1]. After being infected with the virus, it takes between 5-35 days to develop symptoms, if any develop at all. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The virus spreads externally via direct contact with an infected individual, contact with their infected mucus or phlegm from the nose or mouth, or contact with their infected feces. The virus can remain present in the stool from 3-6 weeks. Poliovirus is highly infectious, with [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seroconversion seroconversion] rates of almost 100% for someone who comes into contact with an infectious child, and over 90% for coming into contact with an infectious adult, meaning an infected child or adult successfully passed on the virus 100% or 90% of time, respectively [12]. The average incubation time for the PV is 7-14 days [1]. After being infected with the virus, it takes between 5-35 days to develop symptoms, if any develop at all. </div></td></tr>
</table>Rachael Crooke14https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Poliovirus_and_its_three_serotypes&diff=98855&oldid=prevRachael Crooke14: /* Differences in Virulence */2014-04-14T00:22:41Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Differences in Virulence</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Differences in Virulence===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Differences in Virulence===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Structurally, it was been found that there are slight differences in the capsid proteins of each serotype. It is unknown whether these structural differences contribute, but it has also been observed that there are differences in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence virulence] among the three serotypes. A study of the incidence rates of poliomyelitis in the United States was conducted during the peak of its incidence there in 1952 [8]. The data showed that in the highest-incidence regions, 94% of the isolates were serotype 1, the remaining 6% being types 2 and 3 combined. In the lowest-incidence regions, 59% of the isolates were serotype 1, while 41% were types 2 and 3 combined [8]. Thus, it has been indicated in this study, as well as other studies, that serotype 1 is the most virulent of the three serotypes. Large epidemics of poliomyelitis are usually associated with serotype 1, while cases of serotype 3 are more sporadic, as was the pattern with serotype 2 before it was eliminated [7]. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">**</del>In the past, it has been shown that in areas with poor vaccine coverage, WPV serotypes 2 and 3 were previously found at similar frequencies, while in areas with increasingly better coverage, circulation of WPV serotype 2 was found to decrease dramatically. This has been presumed to be caused by the immune system seroconverting serotype 2 with relatively high efficiency. High levels of serotype 2 often indicated deficiencies in polio vaccine coverage [7]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Structurally, it was been found that there are slight differences in the capsid proteins of each serotype. It is unknown whether these structural differences contribute, but it has also been observed that there are differences in [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virulence virulence] among the three serotypes. A study of the incidence rates of poliomyelitis in the United States was conducted during the peak of its incidence there in 1952 [8]. The data showed that in the highest-incidence regions, 94% of the isolates were serotype 1, the remaining 6% being types 2 and 3 combined. In the lowest-incidence regions, 59% of the isolates were serotype 1, while 41% were types 2 and 3 combined [8]. Thus, it has been indicated in this study, as well as other studies, that serotype 1 is the most virulent of the three serotypes. Large epidemics of poliomyelitis are usually associated with serotype 1, while cases of serotype 3 are more sporadic, as was the pattern with serotype 2 before it was eliminated [7]. In the past, it has been shown that in areas with poor vaccine coverage, WPV serotypes 2 and 3 were previously found at similar frequencies, while in areas with increasingly better coverage, circulation of WPV serotype 2 was found to decrease dramatically. This has been presumed to be caused by the immune system seroconverting serotype 2 with relatively high efficiency. High levels of serotype 2 often indicated deficiencies in polio vaccine coverage [7]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">pre-vaccination era, </del>the three serotypes <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were relatively equal in their frequency</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">This indicates </del>that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it was </del>not <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">until </del>the introduction of OPV <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that the type </del>1 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">virus </del>became the most widespread, the type 2 virus became globally eradicated, and the type 3 virus became intermediately distributed [7]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is thought that the introduction of OPV further contributed to </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">differences in poliomyelitis incidence among </ins>the three serotypes. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It has been noted </ins>that not <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">long before the height of poliomyelitis and </ins>the introduction of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">polio vaccines, the frequency of the three serotypes were more similar to one another, whereas later with </ins>OPV<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, serotype </ins>1 became the most widespread, the type 2 virus became globally eradicated, and the type 3 virus became intermediately distributed [7]. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Differences in Vaccination Effects===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Differences in Vaccination Effects===</div></td></tr>
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</table>Rachael Crooke14https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Poliovirus_and_its_three_serotypes&diff=98854&oldid=prevRachael Crooke14: /* Endgame Strategy */2014-04-14T00:15:37Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Endgame Strategy</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Part of this plan includes replacing OPV with IPV, due to VAPP <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as </del>a rare but significant side effect of OPV. The costs and benefits of this change are currently being studie, as in the following study:</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Part of this plan includes replacing OPV with IPV, due to VAPP <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">being </ins>a rare but significant side effect of OPV. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The majority of VAPP cases are from serotype 2, likely due to removal of that serotype from many the vaccines of some populations, but not others, leaving the former vulnerable to cVDPV serotype 2. <br> </ins>The costs and benefits of this change are currently being studie, as in the following study:</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/178/10/1579.long Mangal T.D., Aylward B.R., and Grassly, N.C. (2013). The Potential Impact on Routine Immunization with Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine on Wild-type or Vaccine-derived Poliovirus Outbreaks in Posteradication Setting]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/178/10/1579.long Mangal T.D., Aylward B.R., and Grassly, N.C. (2013). The Potential Impact on Routine Immunization with Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine on Wild-type or Vaccine-derived Poliovirus Outbreaks in Posteradication Setting]</div></td></tr>
</table>Rachael Crooke14https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Poliovirus_and_its_three_serotypes&diff=98853&oldid=prevRachael Crooke14: /* Vaccination in the U.S. */2014-04-14T00:06:19Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Vaccination in the U.S.</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction of Polio Vaccines==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction of Polio Vaccines==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Vaccination in the U.S.===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Vaccination in the U.S.===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There is no cure for poliomyelitis. For this reason, vaccines are immensely important, to prevent infection from occurring in the first place. President Roosevelt, who contracted poliomyelitis himself in 1921, initiated a campaign to develop a vaccine during the height of the presence of poliomyelitis in the United States in 1953, This campaign was successful 2 years later, in 1955, when Dr. Jonas Salk developed the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), administered primarily through intramuscular <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">injection²</del>[10]. He did so by using the known technique of growing the virus in the kidney cells of monkeys, then isolating it and inactivating it with <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">formaldehyde⁷</del>[11]. In 1961, Dr. Albert Sabin developed the oral polio vaccine (OPV), using a live, attenuated strain of the virus. This vaccine is created by passage of the parent wild poliovirus strain through non-human animal cells. OPV is administered orally, usually in the form of drops, as shown in figure… Polio has been considered eliminated from the United States since 1979, thanks to the effectiveness of these two vaccines. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There is no cure for poliomyelitis. For this reason, vaccines are immensely important, to prevent infection from occurring in the first place. President Roosevelt, who contracted poliomyelitis himself in 1921, initiated a campaign to develop a vaccine during the height of the presence of poliomyelitis in the United States in 1953, This campaign was successful 2 years later, in 1955, when Dr. Jonas Salk developed the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV), administered primarily through intramuscular <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">injection</ins>[10]. He did so by using the known technique of growing the virus in the kidney cells of monkeys, then isolating it and inactivating it with <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">formaldehyde</ins>[11]. In 1961, Dr. Albert Sabin developed the oral polio vaccine (OPV), using a live, attenuated strain of the virus. This vaccine is created by passage of the parent wild poliovirus strain through non-human animal cells. OPV is administered orally, usually in the form of drops, as shown in figure… Polio has been considered eliminated from the United States since 1979, thanks to the effectiveness of these two vaccines. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>[[Image:OPV droplets better.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A child receiving an oral polio vaccine. This image is provided by the 1988 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the World Health Organization (WHO)through the [http://phil.cdc.gov/Phil/details.asp CDC--ID#: 13195]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>[[Image:OPV droplets better.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A child receiving an oral polio vaccine. This image is provided by the 1988 Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) and the World Health Organization (WHO)through the [http://phil.cdc.gov/Phil/details.asp CDC--ID#: 13195]]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Rachael Crooke14https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Poliovirus_and_its_three_serotypes&diff=98852&oldid=prevRachael Crooke14: /* References */2014-04-14T00:05:20Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>6) Grassly, Nicholas C. (2013). [doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0140 [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/368/1623/20120140.full The Final Stages of Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368 (1623).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>6) Grassly, Nicholas C. (2013). [doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0140 [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/368/1623/20120140.full The Final Stages of Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368 (1623).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7) Kew, O. M., Mick M.M., Lipskaya G.Y., E.E. da Silva, E.E., and Mark A. Pallansch. (1995). [10.1016/S1044-5773(05)80017-4 Molecular Epidemiology of Polioviruses]. Virology 6, 401–414.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>8) Nathanson, N., Kew, O.M. (2010). [http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/172/11/1213.full#ref-14 From Emergence to Eradication: The Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis Deconstructed]. American Journal of Epidemiology 172 (11), 1213-1229.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>8) Nathanson, N., Kew, O.M. (2010). [http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/172/11/1213.full#ref-14 From Emergence to Eradication: The Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis Deconstructed]. American Journal of Epidemiology 172 (11), 1213-1229.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>13) Mueller, S., Wimmer, E., Cello, J. (2005). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016817020500122X Poliovirus and poliomyelitis: A tale of guts, brains, and an accidental event]. Virus Research 111 (1) 175-193. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>13) Mueller, S., Wimmer, E., Cello, J. (2005). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016817020500122X Poliovirus and poliomyelitis: A tale of guts, brains, and an accidental event]. Virus Research 111 (1) 175-193. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>14) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Kew</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">O. M</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mick M.M.</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lipskaya </del>G.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Y</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">E</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">E</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">da Silva</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">E.E.</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and Mark A. Pallansch</del>. (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1995</del>). [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1016</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">S1044-5773</del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">05</del>)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">80017</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4 </del>Molecular <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Epidemiology </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Polioviruses</del>]. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Virology 6</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">401–414</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>14) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Blondel</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">B</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Duncan</ins>, G.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, Couderc, T</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Delpeyroux, F</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, Pavio, N</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">& Colbere-Garapin</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">F</ins>. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1998</ins>). [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http://jneurovirol</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com/pdf</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4</ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1</ins>)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/1</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">26.pdf </ins>Molecular <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">aspects </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">poliovirus biology with a special focus on the interactions with nerve cells</ins>]. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Journal of Neurovirology, 4(1)</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1-26</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>15) O'Reilly, K.M. (2012). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673612606485 The effect of mass immunisation campaigns and new oral poliovirus vaccines on the incidence of poliomyelitis in Pakistan and Afghanistan, 2001-11: a retrospective analysis]. The Lancet (British edition), 491.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>15) O'Reilly, K.M. (2012). [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673612606485 The effect of mass immunisation campaigns and new oral poliovirus vaccines on the incidence of poliomyelitis in Pakistan and Afghanistan, 2001-11: a retrospective analysis]. The Lancet (British edition), 491.</div></td></tr>
</table>Rachael Crooke14https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Poliovirus_and_its_three_serotypes&diff=98851&oldid=prevRachael Crooke14: /* References */2014-04-13T23:55:10Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Poliomyelitis.” (2012). Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from: </del>http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/polio.pdf. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[</ins>http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/polio.pdf <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Poliomyelitis.”] (2012). Center for Disease Control and Prevention</ins>. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2) Schwartz A., Robert. Wallace R., Mark. Sinha, Smeeta. Kapila, Rejendra. Velazquez, Alexander. Dua, Pratibha. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Enteroviruses.” Medscape (March 2014). </del>http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/217146-overview#aw2aab6b2b2aa</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2) Schwartz A., Robert. Wallace R., Mark. Sinha, Smeeta. Kapila, Rejendra. Velazquez, Alexander. Dua, Pratibha. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[</ins>http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/217146-overview#aw2aab6b2b2aa <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Enteroviruses.”] Medscape (March 2014). </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3) Wallace, G.S., Alexander, J.P., Wassilak, S.G.F. (2013). <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Traveler’s Health: Poliomyelitis. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from: </del>http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/poliomyelitis </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3) Wallace, G.S., Alexander, J.P., Wassilak, S.G.F. (2013). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[</ins>http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/yellowbook/2014/chapter-3-infectious-diseases-related-to-travel/poliomyelitis <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Traveler’s Health: Poliomyelitis.] Center for Disease Control and Prevention.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>4) Herremans, T, J.H.J Reimerink, and M.P.G. Koopmans. (2000). Antibody Responses to Antigenic Sites 1 and 3 of Serotype 3 Poliovirus after Vaccination with Oral Live Attenuated or Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine and after Natural Exposure. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 7 (1), 40–44. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC95819/</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>4) Herremans, T, J.H.J Reimerink, and M.P.G. Koopmans. (2000). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC95819/ </ins>Antibody Responses to Antigenic Sites 1 and 3 of Serotype 3 Poliovirus after Vaccination with Oral Live Attenuated or Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine and after Natural Exposure<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</ins>. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 7 (1), 40–44. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>5) Troy, S., Ferreyra-Reyes, L., Huang, C.H., Sarnquist, C., Canizales-Quintero, S., Nelson, C., Baez-Saldana, R. (2013). Community Circulation Patterns of Oral Polio Vaccine Serotypes 1, 2, and 3 after Mexican National Immunization Week. Journal of Infectious Diseases (5), 1–25. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">doi:10.1093/infdis/jit831</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>5) Troy, S., Ferreyra-Reyes, L., Huang, C.H., Sarnquist, C., Canizales-Quintero, S., Nelson, C., Baez-Saldana, R. (2013). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/12/23/infdis.jit831.full.pdf+html </ins>Community Circulation Patterns of Oral Polio Vaccine Serotypes 1, 2, and 3 after Mexican National Immunization Week<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</ins>. Journal of Infectious Diseases (5), 1–25. .</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>6) Grassly, Nicholas C. (2013). The Final Stages of Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368 (1623)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0140</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>6) Grassly, Nicholas C. (2013). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0140 [http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/368/1623/20120140.full </ins>The Final Stages of Global Eradication of Poliomyelitis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</ins>. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 368 (1623).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7) Kew, Olen M., Mick M. Mulders, Galina Yu. Lipskaya, Edson E. da Silva, and Mark A. Pallansch. Molecular Epidemiology of Polioviruses. Virology 6 (1995): 401–414. February 26, 2014.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>8) Nathanson, N., Kew, O.M. (2010). From Emergence to Eradication: The Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis Deconstructed. American Journal of Epidemiology 172 (11), 1213-1229. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/172/11/1213.full#ref-14</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>8) Nathanson, N., Kew, O.M. (2010). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/172/11/1213.full#ref-14 </ins>From Emergence to Eradication: The Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis Deconstructed<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</ins>. American Journal of Epidemiology 172 (11), 1213-1229.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>9) Minor, Philip D. Ferguson, Morag. Evans, Davin M.A. Almond, Jeffrey W. Icenogle, Joseph P. (1986). Antigenic Structure of Polioviruses of Serotypes 1, 2, and 3. Virology (67), 1283-1291. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>9) Minor, Philip D. Ferguson, Morag. Evans, Davin M.A. Almond, Jeffrey W. Icenogle, Joseph P. (1986). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://vir.sgmjournals.org/content/67/7/1283.long </ins>Antigenic Structure of Polioviruses of Serotypes 1, 2, and 3<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</ins>. Virology (67), 1283-1291. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>10) “Polio and Prevention: The History of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Polio</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">” </del>(2010). Global Polio Eradication Initiative. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Retrieved from: http://www.polioeradication.org/Polioandprevention/Historyofpolio.aspx</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>10) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.polioeradication.org/Polioandprevention/Historyofpolio.aspx </ins>“Polio and Prevention: The History of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Polio”]</ins>. (2010). Global Polio Eradication Initiative.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>11) Vaccinated: One Man’s Quest to Defeat the World’s Deadliest Diseases. Paul A. Offit, MD. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>11) Vaccinated: One Man’s Quest to Defeat the World’s Deadliest Diseases. Paul A. Offit, MD. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>12) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Poliovirus.” (1997-2014). MedlinePlus. Retrieved from: </del>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001402.htm</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>12) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[</ins>http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001402.htm <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“Poliovirus”]. (1997-2014). MedlinePlus.</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>16) Maier, M.K., Seth, S., Czeloth, N., et al. (2007). The adhesion receptor CD155 determines the magnitude of humoral immune responses against orally ingested antigens. European Journal of Immunology 37 (8): 2214–25. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">doi:10.1002/eji.200737072. PMID 17621371</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>16) Maier, M.K., Seth, S., Czeloth, N., et al. (2007). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.200737072/pdf </ins>The adhesion receptor CD155 determines the magnitude of humoral immune responses against orally ingested antigens<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</ins>. European Journal of Immunology 37 (8): 2214–25.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>17) “Poliomyelitis: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Disease</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">” </del>(2012). Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from: <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/polio.html</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>17) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/polio.html </ins>“Poliomyelitis: Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Disease”]</ins>. (2012). Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from: </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>18) Mangal, T. D., Aylward, R. B., & Grassly, N. C. (2013). The potential impact of routine immunization with inactivated poliovirus vaccine on wild-type or vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks in a posteradication setting. American Journal of Epidemiology, 178(10), 1579-1587. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">doi:10.1093/aje/kwt203</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>18) Mangal, T. D., Aylward, R. B., & Grassly, N. C. (2013). <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/178/10/1579.full.pdf+html </ins>The potential impact of routine immunization with inactivated poliovirus vaccine on wild-type or vaccine-derived poliovirus outbreaks in a posteradication setting<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</ins>. American Journal of Epidemiology, 178(10), 1579-1587. </div></td></tr>
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</table>Rachael Crooke14https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Poliovirus_and_its_three_serotypes&diff=98850&oldid=prevRachael Crooke14: /* Further Reading */2014-04-13T23:22:54Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Further Reading</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Further Reading==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Further Reading==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Recent Eradication Progress===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Recent Eradication Progress===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The GPEI is still struggling to eliminate polio in three countries where it remains endemic: Nigeria, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Some of the main obstacles for achieving this goal involve violent conflicts within and around areas where poliovirus is circulating. In the past couple years, the eradication program has implemented many new strategies in these areas to decreasing circulation, and therefore decrease poliomyelitis incidence. The Independent Monitoring Board (IMB) has met quarterly since December 2010 to discuss successes and areas that have shown need of improvement over the past year. They met October 1-3 this year in London, and their assessment was given to the primary groups leading the eradication efforts, such as UNICEF, WHO, Rotary Club and the U.S. Center for Disease Control, so that they can then implement then evaluate their current efforts and implement the suggested changes. This past year (2013) they met in October, and their report reveals areas that have improved, especially in Nigeria and Afghanistan, and areas that need work, such as many in Pakistan, where incidence of poliomyelitis has actually increased. <br> http://www.polioeradication.org/Portals/0/Document/Aboutus/Governance/IMB/9IMBMeeting/9IMB_Report_EN.pdf </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The GPEI is still struggling to eliminate polio in three countries where it remains endemic: Nigeria, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. Some of the main obstacles for achieving this goal involve violent conflicts within and around areas where poliovirus is circulating. In the past couple years, the eradication program has implemented many new strategies in these areas to decreasing circulation, and therefore decrease poliomyelitis incidence. The Independent Monitoring Board (IMB) has met quarterly since December 2010 to discuss successes and areas that have shown need of improvement over the past year. They met October 1-3 this year in London, and their assessment was given to the primary groups leading the eradication efforts, such as UNICEF, WHO, Rotary Club and the U.S. Center for Disease Control, so that they can then implement then evaluate their current efforts and implement the suggested changes. This past year (2013) they met in October, and their report reveals areas that have improved, especially in Nigeria and Afghanistan, and areas that need work, such as many in Pakistan, where incidence of poliomyelitis has actually increased. <br> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The IMB report: </ins>http://www.polioeradication.org/Portals/0/Document/Aboutus/Governance/IMB/9IMBMeeting/9IMB_Report_EN.pdf </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Endgame Strategy===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Endgame Strategy===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The GPEI has set a new target goal of 2018 as the of global polio eradication. This plan includes modifications or intensification of current strategies, as well as addressing the problems mentioned in the IMB report <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">references above</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The GPEI has set a new target goal of 2018 as the of global polio eradication. This plan includes modifications or intensification of current strategies, as well as addressing the problems mentioned in the IMB report <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">referenced in the previous subsection (Recent Eradication Progress)</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>http://www.polioeradication.org/Portals/0/Document/Resources/StrategyWork/PEESP_EN_US.pdf </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The 2013-2018 Endgame Plan: </ins>http://www.polioeradication.org/Portals/0/Document/Resources/StrategyWork/PEESP_EN_US.pdf </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/85/6/06-037457/en/ </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">WHO strategy for completing global polio eradication: </ins>http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/85/6/06-037457/en/ </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Part of this plan includes replacing OPV with IPV, due to VAPP as a rare but significant side effect of OPV. The costs and benefits of this change are currently being <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">studied.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Part of this plan includes replacing OPV with IPV, due to VAPP as a rare but significant side effect of OPV. The costs and benefits of this change are currently being <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">studie, as in the following study:</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">--The Potential Impact on Routine Immunization with Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine on Wild-type or Vaccine-derived Poliovirus Outbreaks in Posteradication Setting </del>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">file</del>:///<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C:/Users/Rachael/Documents</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2013-2014</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">thesis</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">plan%20to%20stop%20OPV%20and%20transition%20to%20IPV</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">htm </del>Mangal T.D., Aylward B.R., and Grassly, N.C. (2013)]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http</ins>://<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">aje.oxfordjournals.org</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">content</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">178</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1579</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">long </ins>Mangal T.D., Aylward B.R., and Grassly, N.C. (2013)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. The Potential Impact on Routine Immunization with Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine on Wild-type or Vaccine-derived Poliovirus Outbreaks in Posteradication Setting</ins>]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">GPEI economic analysis of switching from OPV to IPV: </ins>http://www.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">polioeradication</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">org</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Portals</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">0</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Document/Resources/TS_IPV_econ_analysis.pdf</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[Sample link] [</del>http://www.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cdc</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gov</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vhf</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ebola</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CDC: Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever]—Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Rachael Crooke14