https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Polymer_Degradation_by_Roseateles_depolymerans&feed=atom&action=historyPolymer Degradation by Roseateles depolymerans - Revision history2024-03-28T20:47:12ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Polymer_Degradation_by_Roseateles_depolymerans&diff=116516&oldid=prevBarichD at 20:24, 29 September 20152015-09-29T20:24:31Z<p></p>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Polymer_Degradation_by_Roseateles_depolymerans&diff=102474&oldid=prevSmithsr: /* Widespread Applications of Polymer Biodegradation */2014-05-06T15:05:32Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Widespread Applications of Polymer Biodegradation</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Widespread Applications of Polymer Biodegradation==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Widespread Applications of Polymer Biodegradation==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As industrial producers move away from non-biodegradable aromatic polymers and move towards the most viable environmentally friendly alternative, aliphatic-aromatic co-polymers, R. depolymerans and species with the similar ability to biodegrade polymers will prove vital in solving the plastics problem in landfills. Species that survive under mesophilic conditions, such as R. depolymerans should prove most useful under most circumstances, due to the incredibly wide range of microbial diversity, species such as P. antarctica or T. alba could be applied to cold and hot situations respectively in the event that biodegradation of polymers was necessary in an extreme environment. The ability to isolate and reproduce the enzymes responsible to the biodegradation activity will greatly aid in solving the plastics problem, and as evidenced above, research is well on its way towards achieving in full that goal. Polymer degradation is a growing industry and as more and more biodegradable polymers replace environmentally hazardous non-biodegradable ones, it should continue to grow exponentially. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As industrial producers move away from non-biodegradable aromatic polymers and move towards the most viable environmentally friendly alternative, aliphatic-aromatic co-polymers, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>R. depolymerans <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>and species with the similar ability to biodegrade polymers will prove vital in solving the plastics problem in landfills. Species that survive under mesophilic conditions, such as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>R. depolymerans<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>should prove most useful under most circumstances, due to the incredibly wide range of microbial diversity, species such as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>P. antarctica<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>or <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>T. alba<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>could be applied to cold and hot situations respectively in the event that biodegradation of polymers was necessary in an extreme environment. The ability to isolate and reproduce the enzymes responsible to the biodegradation activity will greatly aid in solving the plastics problem, and as evidenced above, research is well on its way towards achieving in full that goal. Polymer degradation is a growing industry and as more and more biodegradable polymers replace environmentally hazardous non-biodegradable ones, it should continue to grow exponentially.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Smithsrhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Polymer_Degradation_by_Roseateles_depolymerans&diff=102473&oldid=prevSmithsr: /* Proposed Mechanism for Roseateles depolymerans Enzymatic Regulation and Activity */2014-05-06T15:02:49Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Proposed Mechanism for Roseateles depolymerans Enzymatic Regulation and Activity</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While the physiological significance of photosynthetic capabilities in alpha-proteobacteria has been well characterized, since <i>R. depolymerans </i> is the only obligate aerobic beta-proteobacterium with photosynthetic capabilities, its significance has been less fully investigated. However, the photosynthetic system has been linked as a potential integral factor to the polymer degradation pathway. The production and deployment of vital enzymes for polymer degradation has been connected to photosynthetic activities of the bacterium (18, 3).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While the physiological significance of photosynthetic capabilities in alpha-proteobacteria has been well characterized, since <i>R. depolymerans </i> is the only obligate aerobic beta-proteobacterium with photosynthetic capabilities, its significance has been less fully investigated. However, the photosynthetic system has been linked as a potential integral factor to the polymer degradation pathway. The production and deployment of vital enzymes for polymer degradation has been connected to photosynthetic activities of the bacterium (18, 3).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Proposed Mechanism for Roseateles depolymerans Enzymatic Regulation and Activity==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Proposed Mechanism for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Roseateles depolymerans<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>Enzymatic Regulation and Activity==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The proposed mechanism behind the regulation of Est-H and Est-L production links the activity of the <i> Roseateles depolymerans </i> photosynthetic apparatus to polymer biodegradation potential. Just as a decrease in oxygen concentrations had an effect on photosynthetic apparatus production, it also had an effect on enzyme secretion levels. As oxygen levels decreased, levels of enzymatic secretions increased. Shaa et al. hypothesized that since <i> R. depolymerans </i> is a unique organism in the sense that it contains BChl a but does not resemble autophototrophic or aerobic phototrophic bacteria that the photosynthesis of the strain much be in some way connected with the polymer biodegradation abilities, most specifically in production and excretion of enzymes. However, more research is needed on the subject before conclusions can be drawn (18, 16)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The proposed mechanism behind the regulation of Est-H and Est-L production links the activity of the <i> Roseateles depolymerans </i> photosynthetic apparatus to polymer biodegradation potential. Just as a decrease in oxygen concentrations had an effect on photosynthetic apparatus production, it also had an effect on enzyme secretion levels. As oxygen levels decreased, levels of enzymatic secretions increased. Shaa et al. hypothesized that since <i> R. depolymerans </i> is a unique organism in the sense that it contains BChl a but does not resemble autophototrophic or aerobic phototrophic bacteria that the photosynthesis of the strain much be in some way connected with the polymer biodegradation abilities, most specifically in production and excretion of enzymes. However, more research is needed on the subject before conclusions can be drawn (18, 16)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The proposed mechanism for enzymatic activity varies slightly with each polymer being degraded. However, the mechanisms can be generally grouped into aliphatic polymer degradation and aliphatic-aromatic copolymer degradation. Polybutylene Succinate-co-Adipate (PBSA) serves as a primary example of the bacterium’s mechanism for biodegradation of aliphatic polyesters. PBSA is degraded into its constitutive monomers, succinic acid, 1,4-butanediol and adipic acid. There are multiple proposed mechanisms for the accomplishment of that degradation. Each takes into account that succinic acid appears as a product of biodegradation before adipic acid. The first proposed mechanism is that depolymerization initiates as succinic acid segments. The depolymerization of the succinic acid segments forms a rumpling or a kink in the polymer crystal structure that allows enzymes to effectively degrade the adipic acid segments of the polymer chain. Each intermediate in the biodegradation of PBSA is outlined in Figure 7 and shows that PBSA is effectively degraded into a pentamer through attack of the succinic acid segments. The ability of esterase enzymes attack esters and form alcohols and acids is exhibited in each step of the degradation mechanism (16). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The proposed mechanism for enzymatic activity varies slightly with each polymer being degraded. However, the mechanisms can be generally grouped into aliphatic polymer degradation and aliphatic-aromatic copolymer degradation. Polybutylene Succinate-co-Adipate (PBSA) serves as a primary example of the bacterium’s mechanism for biodegradation of aliphatic polyesters. PBSA is degraded into its constitutive monomers, succinic acid, 1,4-butanediol and adipic acid. There are multiple proposed mechanisms for the accomplishment of that degradation. Each takes into account <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the fact </ins>that succinic acid appears as a product of biodegradation before adipic acid. The first proposed mechanism is that depolymerization initiates as succinic acid segments. The depolymerization of the succinic acid segments forms a rumpling or a kink in the polymer crystal structure that allows enzymes to effectively degrade the adipic acid segments of the polymer chain. Each intermediate in the biodegradation of PBSA is outlined in Figure 7 and shows that PBSA is effectively degraded into a pentamer through attack of the succinic acid segments. The ability of esterase enzymes attack esters and form alcohols and acids is exhibited in each step of the degradation mechanism (16). </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Mechanism of Aliphatic Degradation.gif|thumb|800px|center|Figure 7) Degradation of PBSA by enzymes of <i>Rosealetes depolymerans. </i> http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-014-5558-1/fulltext.html]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Mechanism of Aliphatic Degradation.gif|thumb|800px|center|Figure 7) Degradation of PBSA by enzymes of <i>Rosealetes depolymerans. </i> http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00253-014-5558-1/fulltext.html]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Smithsrhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Polymer_Degradation_by_Roseateles_depolymerans&diff=102472&oldid=prevSmithsr: /* Regulation of Photosynthetic Apparatus */2014-05-06T14:59:20Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Regulation of Photosynthetic Apparatus</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Photosystem Diagram.png|thumb|300px|right|Figure 6) Diagram of Light Harvesting Complex with Reaction Center. http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/792/flashcards/1142792/png/photosystem1328659719326.png]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Photosystem Diagram.png|thumb|300px|right|Figure 6) Diagram of Light Harvesting Complex with Reaction Center. http://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/792/flashcards/1142792/png/photosystem1328659719326.png]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <i> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Roseateles </del>depolymerans </i> contains a reaction center (RC) where electron transfer occurs and a light-harvesting (LH) system comprised solely the LH1 complex typically bound to bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a. Many like species contain both LH1 and LH2, but the presence of a single variety of complex is not uncommon. The building blocks of the LH1 complex and the RC are coded for by a single operon known at the puf operon. The accumulation of BChl a in the bacterium has been found to to correlate with the increased production of the photosynthetic apparatus. Accumulation of BChl a was found to increase when the cells were grown on a medium containing a low concentration of carbon sources. The regulation of the puf operon appears the be connected with decreased concentration of carbon sources and increased oxygen tension. Transcripts of the puf mRNA were only detected in cells under conditions favorable for the production of the photosynthetic apparatus. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <i> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">R. </ins>depolymerans </i> contains a reaction center (RC) where electron transfer occurs and a light-harvesting (LH) system comprised solely the LH1 complex typically bound to bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a. Many like species contain both LH1 and LH2, but the presence of a single variety of complex is not uncommon. The building blocks of the LH1 complex and the RC are coded for by a single operon known at the puf operon. The accumulation of BChl a in the bacterium has been found to to correlate with the increased production of the photosynthetic apparatus. Accumulation of BChl a was found to increase when the cells were grown on a medium containing a low concentration of carbon sources. The regulation of the puf operon appears the be connected with decreased concentration of carbon sources and increased oxygen tension. Transcripts of the puf mRNA were only detected in cells under conditions favorable for the production of the photosynthetic apparatus. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, <i>Roseateles depolymerans </i> only relies on its photosynthetic apparatus in limited conditions. It has been found that the bacterium does not utilize light as an aid for growth as the cells grow as statistically equivalent rates in both light and dark conditions. One condition where the bacterium has been found to rely on its photosynthetic apparatus is starvation. Under starvation conditions, utilization of energy from light may assist on the maintenance and upkeep of the cell and thus increase cell viability. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>However, <i>Roseateles depolymerans </i> only relies on its photosynthetic apparatus in limited conditions. It has been found that the bacterium does not utilize light as an aid for growth as the cells grow as statistically equivalent rates in both light and dark conditions. One condition where the bacterium has been found to rely on its photosynthetic apparatus is starvation. Under starvation conditions, utilization of energy from light may assist on the maintenance and upkeep of the cell and thus increase cell viability. </div></td></tr>
</table>Smithsrhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Polymer_Degradation_by_Roseateles_depolymerans&diff=102471&oldid=prevSmithsr: /* Isolation and Characterization of Roseateles depolymerans Esterase Enzymes */2014-05-06T14:54:51Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Isolation and Characterization of Roseateles depolymerans Esterase Enzymes</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Isolation and Characterization of Roseateles depolymerans Esterase Enzymes==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Isolation and Characterization of Roseateles depolymerans Esterase Enzymes==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To date, only two enzymes produced by <i> Roseateles depolymerans </i>whose function has been connected to both aliphatic-aromatic co-polyester degradation and aliphatic polyester degradation have been isolated and characterized. These two enzymes, named Est-H and Est-L, have been categorized as a type of esterases. An esterase is a type of enzyme that degrades esters into an acid and an alcohol through hydrolysis. Est-H and Est-L were found to be 31 kDa and 27 kDa respectively (6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To date, only two enzymes produced by <i> Roseateles depolymerans </i> whose function has been connected to both aliphatic-aromatic co-polyester degradation and aliphatic polyester degradation have been isolated and characterized. These two enzymes, named Est-H and Est-L, have been categorized as a type of esterases. An esterase is a type of enzyme that degrades esters into an acid and an alcohol through hydrolysis. Est-H and Est-L were found to be 31 kDa and 27 kDa respectively (6).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Est-H and Est-L showed substrate specificity. While both Est-H and Est-L exhibit substrate specificity, their enzymatic activities relative to each other at each substrate are not significantly different. When each enzyme was exposed to p-nitrophentl acyl esters of carbon chain lengths between two and eighteen, enzymatic activity peaked at the six member carbon chain and decreased steadily as the chain shortened from six carbons to two and as the chain lengthened from six carbons to eighteen. Such a trend is common to esterase enzymes (16). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Est-H and Est-L showed substrate specificity. While both Est-H and Est-L exhibit substrate specificity, their enzymatic activities relative to each other at each substrate are not significantly different. When each enzyme was exposed to p-nitrophentl acyl esters of carbon chain lengths between two and eighteen, enzymatic activity peaked at the six member carbon chain and decreased steadily as the chain shortened from six carbons to two and as the chain lengthened from six carbons to eighteen. Such a trend is common to esterase enzymes (16). </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Est-H and Est-L both exhibit maximum enzymatic activity under mesophilic conditions and at neutral pH. Both enzymes exhibited activity between 20 and 45 °C and between pH 5.0 and 11.0. The optimum temperature for enzymatic activity was 30 °C and 100% of enzymatic activity was retained between pH 8.0 and 10.0. Activity at a wide range of pHs may prove to be useful in the eventual application of Est-H and Est-L as plastic biodegraders (6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Est-H and Est-L both exhibit maximum enzymatic activity under mesophilic conditions and at neutral pH. Both enzymes exhibited activity between 20 and 45 °C and between pH 5.0 and 11.0. The optimum temperature for enzymatic activity was 30 °C and 100% of enzymatic activity was retained between pH 8.0 and 10.0. Activity at a wide range of pHs may prove to be useful in the eventual application of Est-H and Est-L as plastic biodegraders (6).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Est-H and Est-L display the ability to biodegrade an impressively wide array of aliphatic and aliphatic-aromatic polymers. To date, <i> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Roseateles </del>depolymerans </i> has been shown to degrade PES, PCL, PBS, PBSA, PBST, PBAT and PBSTIL. Therefore, Est-H and Est-L have the properties to be applied to the environmentally friendly process of biochemical monomer recycling. As eco-friendly aliphatic polymers and aliphatic-aromatic polymers increase in prevalence Est-H and Est-L will become increasingly integral to the process of waste management in both landfills and potentially marine environments (6,16).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Est-H and Est-L display the ability to biodegrade an impressively wide array of aliphatic and aliphatic-aromatic polymers. To date, <i> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">R. </ins>depolymerans </i> has been shown to degrade PES, PCL, PBS, PBSA, PBST, PBAT and PBSTIL. Therefore, Est-H and Est-L have the properties to be applied to the environmentally friendly process of biochemical monomer recycling. As eco-friendly aliphatic polymers and aliphatic-aromatic polymers increase in prevalence Est-H and Est-L will become increasingly integral to the process of waste management in both landfills and potentially marine environments (6,16).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Regulation of Photosynthetic Apparatus==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Regulation of Photosynthetic Apparatus==</div></td></tr>
</table>Smithsrhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Polymer_Degradation_by_Roseateles_depolymerans&diff=102470&oldid=prevSmithsr: /* Cell Structure and Metabolism */2014-05-06T14:47:46Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Cell Structure and Metabolism</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Individual <i> Roseateles depolymerans </i> cells are Gram-negative, flagellated and therefore motile, straight rods that grow optimally at pH 6.5 and at 35 °C. However, cells can survive between pH 5-8 and under standard mesophilic conditions. The bacterium is an aquatic obligate-aerobic β-subclass proteobacteria capable of producing bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a and carotenoid pigments and is the only known aerobic phototrophic bacteria in that subclass. Even under conditions of high light cells cannot survive anaerobic conditions. Cells form polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules as a reserve carbon and energy source. The bacterium can grow and reproduce through binary fission under heterotrophic conditions with D-fructose<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, mannitol</del>, pyruvate, D-galactose, lactate, L-malate, succinate, D-glucose, citrate, Casamino acids, or yeast extract as the sole carbon source. In the presence of rich media the bacterium is weakly pigmented, but as carbon concentration decreases, the bacterium increases pigment production and becomes rose-pink in color. The bacterium is negative for nitrogen fixation but positive for gelatinase and oxidase. Most importantly <i> R. depolymerans </i> degrades aliphatic and aliphatic-aromatic polyesters through a partially elucidated co-metabolic system (3).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Individual <i> Roseateles depolymerans </i> cells are Gram-negative, flagellated and therefore motile, straight rods that grow optimally at pH 6.5 and at 35 °C. However, cells can survive between pH 5-8 and under standard mesophilic conditions. The bacterium is an aquatic obligate-aerobic β-subclass proteobacteria capable of producing bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a and carotenoid pigments and is the only known aerobic phototrophic bacteria in that subclass. Even under conditions of high light cells cannot survive anaerobic conditions. Cells form polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules as a reserve carbon and energy source. The bacterium can grow and reproduce through binary fission under heterotrophic conditions with <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mannitol, </ins>D-fructose, pyruvate, D-galactose, lactate, L-malate, succinate, D-glucose, citrate, Casamino acids, or yeast extract as the sole carbon source. In the presence of rich media the bacterium is weakly pigmented, but as carbon concentration decreases, the bacterium increases pigment production and becomes rose-pink in color. The bacterium is negative for nitrogen fixation but positive for gelatinase and oxidase. Most importantly <i> R. depolymerans </i> degrades aliphatic and aliphatic-aromatic polyesters through a partially elucidated co-metabolic system (3).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Isolation and Characterization of Roseateles depolymerans Esterase Enzymes==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Isolation and Characterization of Roseateles depolymerans Esterase Enzymes==</div></td></tr>
</table>Smithsrhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Polymer_Degradation_by_Roseateles_depolymerans&diff=102469&oldid=prevSmithsr: /* Roseateles depolymerans Background and Discovery */2014-05-06T14:46:47Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Roseateles depolymerans Background and Discovery</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Roseateles depolymerans Background and Discovery==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Roseateles depolymerans Background and Discovery==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Roseateles depolymerans </i>was first isolated the Hanamuro River in Tsukubam Ibaraki Prefecture of Japan on a medium containing poly(hexamethylene carbonate) (PHC), a high molecular weight biodegradable polymer useful as both the building blocks for specialty polyurethanes and as more environmentally friendly commercially distributed plastic. While R. depolymerans was originally isolated due to its ability to biodegrade only PHC, its biodegradation abilities have proved diverse. <i> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Roseateles </del>depolymerans </i> has not only been shown to degrade an amalgam of aliphatic polyesters including polybutylene succinate (PBS), polycaprolactone (PCL), and poly(butylene carbonate) (PBC), but also has been shown to breakdown more durable aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters such as poly(butylene succinate)-co-(butylene adipate) (PBSA). This diverse biodegradation ability could be applied to the field of waste management, specifically in biochemical monomer recycling, and could greatly aid in the industrial-scale breakdown of many durable, environmentally friendly plastics. Furthermore, the elucidation of the R. depolymerans biodegradation mechanism may open doors to the development of innovative, high-quality biodegradable plastics. <i> R. depolymerans </i> is one of the more well characterized microbes with polymer-degradation ability. However, the number of characterized microbes with the ability biodegrade both aliphatic polyesters and aliphatic-aromatic polyesters is always increasing (8, 6, 3).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Roseateles depolymerans </i>was first isolated the Hanamuro River in Tsukubam Ibaraki Prefecture of Japan on a medium containing poly(hexamethylene carbonate) (PHC), a high molecular weight biodegradable polymer useful as both the building blocks for specialty polyurethanes and as more environmentally friendly commercially distributed plastic. While <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>R. depolymerans<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>was originally isolated due to its ability to biodegrade only PHC, its biodegradation abilities have proved diverse. <i> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">R.</ins>depolymerans </i> has not only been shown to degrade an amalgam of aliphatic polyesters including polybutylene succinate (PBS), polycaprolactone (PCL), and poly(butylene carbonate) (PBC), but also has been shown to breakdown more durable aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters such as poly(butylene succinate)-co-(butylene adipate) (PBSA). This diverse biodegradation ability could be applied to the field of waste management, specifically in biochemical monomer recycling, and could greatly aid in the industrial-scale breakdown of many durable, environmentally friendly plastics. Furthermore, the elucidation of the R. depolymerans biodegradation mechanism may open doors to the development of innovative, high-quality biodegradable plastics. <i> R. depolymerans </i> is one of the more well characterized microbes with polymer-degradation ability. However, the number of characterized microbes with the ability biodegrade both aliphatic polyesters and aliphatic-aromatic polyesters is always increasing (8, 6, 3).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell Structure and Metabolism==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell Structure and Metabolism==</div></td></tr>
</table>Smithsrhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Polymer_Degradation_by_Roseateles_depolymerans&diff=102468&oldid=prevSmithsr: /* General Mechanisms of Polymer Bio-degradation */2014-05-06T14:45:31Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">General Mechanisms of Polymer Bio-degradation</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:45, 6 May 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In an attempt to capture the durability and high temperature resistance of aromatic polymers while maintaining the biodegradability of aliphatic polymers, unique aliphatic-aromatic polycarbonates and polyesters have been synthesized, characterized, and applied to an amalgam of industries. Characterization of aliphatic-aromatic polymers revealed that, just as expected, these compounds retained both excellent mechanical properties sufficient to replace the use of non-biodegradable aromatic polymers and biodegradability. Therefore, while aliphatic polymers proved an incomplete answer to the issue of plastic waste overwhelming landfills, the directed synthesis of aliphatic-aromatic compounds may serve as the solution. Effective biodegradability of such polymers was only recently characterized by Shah et al. in 2013. Once the biodegradability of the polymers was established, the drive to find application of such polymers increased exponentially. It is hypothesized that such polymers could and should replace aromatic polymers in many industries (16, 1, 3).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In an attempt to capture the durability and high temperature resistance of aromatic polymers while maintaining the biodegradability of aliphatic polymers, unique aliphatic-aromatic polycarbonates and polyesters have been synthesized, characterized, and applied to an amalgam of industries. Characterization of aliphatic-aromatic polymers revealed that, just as expected, these compounds retained both excellent mechanical properties sufficient to replace the use of non-biodegradable aromatic polymers and biodegradability. Therefore, while aliphatic polymers proved an incomplete answer to the issue of plastic waste overwhelming landfills, the directed synthesis of aliphatic-aromatic compounds may serve as the solution. Effective biodegradability of such polymers was only recently characterized by Shah et al. in 2013. Once the biodegradability of the polymers was established, the drive to find application of such polymers increased exponentially. It is hypothesized that such polymers could and should replace aromatic polymers in many industries (16, 1, 3).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==General Mechanisms of Polymer <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bio-degradation</del>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==General Mechanisms of Polymer <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Biodegradation</ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bio-degradation </del>of polymers can occur through a whole host of forms outlined in Figure 3. The most common general form of polymer degradation exhibited by microbes involves the secretion of extracellular depolymerization enzymes onto the a polymer that is outside of the cell, but also proximate to the cell. The depolymerization enzymes shown in Figure 4 degrade the polymer into oligomers and then eventually into water soluble monomers. These monomers can then pass through the semipermeable cell membrane and be utilized as carbon or nitrogen sources by the bacterium (4). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Biodegradation </ins>of polymers can occur through a whole host of forms outlined in Figure 3. The most common general form of polymer degradation exhibited by microbes involves the secretion of extracellular depolymerization enzymes onto the a polymer that is outside of the cell, but also proximate to the cell. The depolymerization enzymes shown in Figure 4 degrade the polymer into oligomers and then eventually into water soluble monomers. These monomers can then pass through the semipermeable cell membrane and be utilized as carbon or nitrogen sources by the bacterium (4). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are two different types of polymer degradation in relation to the manner in which the polymer is attacked. There is surface erosion degradation, which includes the aforementioned extracellular enzyme mechanism and there is bulk erosion. While surface erosion only degrades the outer layer of the polymer, bulk erosion degrades the polymer from the inside and out and requires access to the internal structure of the compound undergoing degradation (4). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are two different types of polymer degradation in relation to the manner in which the polymer is attacked. There is surface erosion degradation, which includes the aforementioned extracellular enzyme mechanism and there is bulk erosion. While surface erosion only degrades the outer layer of the polymer, bulk erosion degrades the polymer from the inside and out and requires access to the internal structure of the compound undergoing degradation (4). </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:All forms of Polymer Degradation.png|thumb|300px|right|Figure 3) All forms of polymer degradation. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mabi.200700106/full]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:All forms of Polymer Degradation.png|thumb|300px|right|Figure 3) All forms of polymer degradation. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mabi.200700106/full]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> The two major <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bio-degradation </del>mechanisms are biological oxidation and hydrolysis. Hydrolysis, or hydrolytic degradation, is further segregated into two categories: catalytic hydrolysis and non-catalytic hydrolysis. Catalytic hydrolysis is the mechanism of extracellular depolymerization enzymes necessary to the depolymerization of aliphatic and aliphatic-aromatic polymers and copolymers since it requires the use of esterases, lipases and depolymerases. Conversely, non-catalytic hydrolysis relies on metals and acids naturally found in the soil to initiate polymer degradation. Biological oxidation is less applicable to aliphatic and aliphatic-aromatic copolymer breakdown and relies on enzymes of UV light to oxidize polymers and thus breakdown polymer chains into monomeric parts (4, 10). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> The two major <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">biodegradation </ins>mechanisms are biological oxidation and hydrolysis. Hydrolysis, or hydrolytic degradation, is further segregated into two categories: catalytic hydrolysis and non-catalytic hydrolysis. Catalytic hydrolysis is the mechanism of extracellular depolymerization enzymes necessary to the depolymerization of aliphatic and aliphatic-aromatic polymers and copolymers since it requires the use of esterases, lipases and depolymerases. Conversely, non-catalytic hydrolysis relies on metals and acids naturally found in the soil to initiate polymer degradation. Biological oxidation is less applicable to aliphatic and aliphatic-aromatic copolymer breakdown and relies on enzymes of UV light to oxidize polymers and thus breakdown polymer chains into monomeric parts (4, 10). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:General Diagram of Polymer Degradation by Microbial Enzymes.png|thumb|500px|right|Figure 4) General Diagram of Polymer Degradation by Microbial Enzymes. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mabi.200700106/full]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:General Diagram of Polymer Degradation by Microbial Enzymes.png|thumb|500px|right|Figure 4) General Diagram of Polymer Degradation by Microbial Enzymes. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mabi.200700106/full]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Smithsrhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Polymer_Degradation_by_Roseateles_depolymerans&diff=102467&oldid=prevSmithsr: /* Properties and Applications of Aliphatic and Aromatic Polymers */2014-05-06T14:44:48Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Properties and Applications of Aliphatic and Aromatic Polymers</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Properties and Applications of Aliphatic and Aromatic Polymers==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Properties and Applications of Aliphatic and Aromatic Polymers==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Aliphatic Polycarbonates and Polyesters are in many ways limited by their physical properties. Aliphatic Polycarbonates and Polyesters hold the environmentally friendly properties such that their biodegradation is relatively favored. Biodegradability is determined by three major categories of factors: The surface conditions of the plastic, which includes surface area, hydrophillic and hydrophobic properties, the first order structures, which includes molecular weight and chemical structure, and the high order structures, which includes crystal structure, elasticity and melting temperatures. In general, more flexible, loosely packed polymers with lower melting temperatures are more susceptible to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bio-degradation</del>. Such chemical and physical properties are overwhelming common to both aliphatic polycarbonates and polyesters (16, 2). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Aliphatic Polycarbonates and Polyesters are in many ways limited by their physical properties. Aliphatic Polycarbonates and Polyesters hold the environmentally friendly properties such that their biodegradation is relatively favored. Biodegradability is determined by three major categories of factors: The surface conditions of the plastic, which includes surface area, hydrophillic and hydrophobic properties, the first order structures, which includes molecular weight and chemical structure, and the high order structures, which includes crystal structure, elasticity and melting temperatures. In general, more flexible, loosely packed polymers with lower melting temperatures are more susceptible to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">biodegradation</ins>. Such chemical and physical properties are overwhelming common to both aliphatic polycarbonates and polyesters (16, 2). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As research on Aliphatic Polycarbonates and Polyesters has continued, it has been established that due to such poor mechanical and physical properties, which incidentally aid in ease of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bio-degradation</del>, aliphatic polycarbonates will never entirely replace conventional plastics, however, despite a more limited scope of application, aliphatic polycarbonates and polyesters can still prove vital in some applications. Aliphatic polyesters have been marketed by a host of big market chemical companies including Dupont and Mitsubishi Chemical Co. and have been applied to the production of compost bags, packaging containers and transparent film for food wrapping. Those applications are not inhibited by the polycarbonate and polyester’s less than ideal resistance to high temperatures and capitalize on the compounds relatively impressive flexibility (16,8). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>As research on Aliphatic Polycarbonates and Polyesters has continued, it has been established that due to such poor mechanical and physical properties, which incidentally aid in ease of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">biodegradation</ins>, aliphatic polycarbonates will never entirely replace conventional plastics, however, despite a more limited scope of application, aliphatic polycarbonates and polyesters can still prove vital in some applications. Aliphatic polyesters have been marketed by a host of big market chemical companies including Dupont and Mitsubishi Chemical Co. and have been applied to the production of compost bags, packaging containers and transparent film for food wrapping. Those applications are not inhibited by the polycarbonate and polyester’s less than ideal resistance to high temperatures and capitalize on the compounds relatively impressive flexibility (16,8). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Aromatic Polycarbonates and Polyesters have vastly different chemical and physical properties than their aliphatic counterparts. Research into the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bio-degradation </del>of Aromatic Polymers has proven fruitless so far and an organism capable of effective <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bio-degradation </del>of such polymers has not been isolated. Such a phenomenon is not surprising when one investigates the physical properties of these polymers. Aromatic polymers have desirable impact resistance, high temperature resistance and retain ductility even under extreme conditions and high stress. When one examines Aromatic polymers under the criteria determining the biodegradability of a compound mentioned above, their lack of biodegradability can be explained as predicted. Their high temperature resistance makes the degradation endergonic and the ability to maintain shape under high stress lessens enzymatic ability to access bonds whose breakage is key to the degradation pathway (7,8). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Aromatic Polycarbonates and Polyesters have vastly different chemical and physical properties than their aliphatic counterparts. Research into the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">biodegradation </ins>of Aromatic Polymers has proven fruitless so far and an organism capable of effective <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">biodegradation </ins>of such polymers has not been isolated. Such a phenomenon is not surprising when one investigates the physical properties of these polymers. Aromatic polymers have desirable impact resistance, high temperature resistance and retain ductility even under extreme conditions and high stress. When one examines Aromatic polymers under the criteria determining the biodegradability of a compound mentioned above, their lack of biodegradability can be explained as predicted. Their high temperature resistance makes the degradation endergonic and the ability to maintain shape under high stress lessens enzymatic ability to access bonds whose breakage is key to the degradation pathway (7,8). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Due to their durability and impressive temperature resistance, aromatic polymers have been applied to a wide range of industrial, medicinal, and commercial fields. Specifically, aromatic polymers have been used in construction of automobiles, medical catheters, syringes, and aircraft. They have also entered the hope as a key material for sporting goods, water dispensers, and photography equipment. However, the waste generated from aromatic polymers enters both landfills and marine environments as a solid contaminate that cannot be effectively biodegraded. The continued unregulated use of such plastics would continue to harm the environment in increasingly more gruesome ways and marine and landfill plastic waste increases in volume (4).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Due to their durability and impressive temperature resistance, aromatic polymers have been applied to a wide range of industrial, medicinal, and commercial fields. Specifically, aromatic polymers have been used in construction of automobiles, medical catheters, syringes, and aircraft. They have also entered the hope as a key material for sporting goods, water dispensers, and photography equipment. However, the waste generated from aromatic polymers enters both landfills and marine environments as a solid contaminate that cannot be effectively biodegraded. The continued unregulated use of such plastics would continue to harm the environment in increasingly more gruesome ways and marine and landfill plastic waste increases in volume (4).</div></td></tr>
</table>Smithsrhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Polymer_Degradation_by_Roseateles_depolymerans&diff=102466&oldid=prevSmithsr: /* Introduction */2014-05-06T14:44:30Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:44, 6 May 2014</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Roseateles depolymerans </i> is a well characterized species of microbe that has been shown to biodegrade a wide range of different polymers under mesophilic conditions. Therefore, <i> R. depolymerans </i> has been thoroughly studied for its potential use in landfills to in part solve the plastics problem. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Roseateles depolymerans </i> is a well characterized species of microbe that has been shown to biodegrade a wide range of different polymers under mesophilic conditions. Therefore, <i> R. depolymerans </i> has been thoroughly studied for its potential use in landfills to in part solve the plastics problem. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The following is a summary on the physical and chemical properties of aliphatic polymers and aliphatic-aromatic copolymers, the general mechanisms of microbial <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bio-degradation </del>of polymers, and a specific study on the properties of <i>R. depolymerans</i> and how those properties may prove useful for industrial applications of the species and enzymes produced by the species to landfills in an attempt to biodegrade environmentally harmful plastics into their last harmful constitutive parts.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The following is a summary on the physical and chemical properties of aliphatic polymers and aliphatic-aromatic copolymers, the general mechanisms of microbial <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">biodegradation </ins>of polymers, and a specific study on the properties of <i>R. depolymerans</i> and how those properties may prove useful for industrial applications of the species and enzymes produced by the species to landfills in an attempt to biodegrade environmentally harmful plastics into their last harmful constitutive parts.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Properties and Applications of Aliphatic and Aromatic Polymers==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Properties and Applications of Aliphatic and Aromatic Polymers==</div></td></tr>
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