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==Classification==
==Classification==


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===Species===
===Species===


Prevotella oris
''Prevotella oris''
Type strain: ATCC 33573= CCUG 15405 = CIP 104480 = JCM 8540 = JCM 12252 = NCTC 13071 = VPI D1A-1A.  
Type strain: ATCC 33573= CCUG 15405 = CIP 104480 = JCM 8540 = JCM 12252 = NCTC 13071 = VPI D1A-1A.  


Line 44: Line 17:
==Description and significance==
==Description and significance==


Prevotella oris is a gram negative, rod shaped bacterium which was first discovered in 1982 by Holdeman et al. <sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>,  and initially named Bacteroides oris. It was later subdivided into a new genus named Prevotella by Shah and Collins in 1990 <sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>. It is an obligate anaerobic, non-motile, non-spore forming and non-pigmenting organisms that has mostly been found in gingival crevices of the human mouth. It has been shown to grow within biofilms as part of a healthy oral fauna in humans, but is also capable of being a facultative pathogen. The organisms has been found in patients with periodontitis, caries as well as various sites of human infections <sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>. In individual cases Prevotella oris has been identified to have been the cause of bacteraemia <sup>[[#References|[3]]]</sup>, and may be associated with early rheumatoid arthritis <sup>[[#References|[4]]]</sup>, hence why it is a medically significant species.   
''Prevotella oris'' is a gram negative, rod shaped bacterium which was first discovered in 1982 by Holdeman et al. <sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>,  and initially named ''Bacteroides oris''. It was later subdivided into a new genus named Prevotella by Shah and Collins in 1990 <sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>. It is an obligate anaerobic, non-motile, non-spore forming and non-pigmenting organisms that has mostly been found in gingival crevices of the human mouth. It has been shown to grow within biofilms as part of a healthy oral fauna in humans, but is also capable of being a facultative pathogen. The organisms has been found in patients with periodontitis, caries as well as various sites of human infections <sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>. In individual cases ''Prevotella oris'' has been identified to have been the cause of bacteraemia <sup>[[#References|[3]]]</sup>, and may be associated with early rheumatoid arthritis <sup>[[#References|[4]]]</sup>, hence why it is a medically significant species.   




Line 50: Line 23:
==Genome structure==
==Genome structure==


Prevotella oris was sequenced using the DSM 18711 = JCM 12252 strain in the Prevotella oris DSM 18711 = JCM 12252 whole genome shotgun project by Centre for Omics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo in 2012 <sup>[[#References|[5]]]</sup>. The genome has a median length of 3.16482 Mb, a median protein count of 2502 and a median GC percentage of 43.8%. Out of the total number of genes, 1939 have been identified to be coding genes, 4 RNA genes, 2 complete rRNA genes and 654 pseudo genes <sup>[[#References|[5]]]</sup>. Some strains of this bacterium have shown penicillin resistance, which correlates to the encoding of a beta lactamase <sup>[[#References|[6]]]</sup>. In clinical isolates this antibiotic resistance has increased fourfold between 2007 and 2009.
''Prevotella oris'' was sequenced using the DSM 18711 = JCM 12252 strain in the ''Prevotella oris'' DSM 18711 = JCM 12252 whole genome shotgun project by Centre for Omics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo in 2012 <sup>[[#References|[5]]]</sup>. The genome has a median length of 3.16482 Mb, a median protein count of 2502 and a median GC percentage of 43.8%. Out of the total number of genes, 1939 have been identified to be coding genes, 4 RNA genes, 2 complete rRNA genes and 654 pseudo genes <sup>[[#References|[5]]]</sup>. Some strains of this bacterium have shown penicillin resistance, which correlates to the encoding of a beta lactamase <sup>[[#References|[6]]]</sup>. In clinical isolates this antibiotic resistance has increased fourfold between 2007 and 2009.




Line 56: Line 29:
==Cell structure and metabolism==
==Cell structure and metabolism==


Since this non-motile organism is an obligate anaerobe, it thrives in gingival pockets within the human mouth, as well as in biofilms established by other microbes. It encodes for malate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase, which allows it to ferment dextrin, fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose, mannose, raffinose, starch, starch and sucrose <sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>. It requires hemin and menadione for growth <sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>, and is incapable of reducing nitrate. Different strains have surfaced with resistance to amoxicillin and ceftriaxone antibiotics. In addition, cultured P. oris strains produced an immunoglobulin A protease, hyaluronidase and beta-lactamase enzymes <sup>[[#References|[9]]]</sup>.  
Since this non-motile organism is an obligate anaerobe, it thrives in gingival pockets within the human mouth, as well as in biofilms established by other microbes. It encodes for malate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase, which allows it to ferment dextrin, fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose, mannose, raffinose, starch, starch and sucrose <sup>[[#References|[1]]]</sup>. It requires hemin and menadione for growth <sup>[[#References|[2]]]</sup>, and is incapable of reducing nitrate. Different strains have surfaced with resistance to amoxicillin and ceftriaxone antibiotics. In addition, cultured ''P. oris'' strains produced an immunoglobulin A protease, hyaluronidase and beta-lactamase enzymes <sup>[[#References|[9]]]</sup>.  




==Ecology==
==Ecology==


Prevotella oris mainly inhabits anaerobic pockets, e.g. gingival sulci and periodontal pockets, and biofilms within the oral cavity of humans, where there are protected from immune cells like macrophages <sup>[[#References|[7]]]</sup>. It has been isolated from the upper respiratory tract as well as the urogenital tract, and appears to be present in high abundance in pus and wound fluid drainage from oral abscesses <sup>[[#References|[8]]]</sup>. Holdeman et al. initially thought to have identified P. oris in the intestines of chicken and ruminants, which later turned out to be different species of Prevotella. P. oris is moderately fermentative, grows best in slightly acidic environments and is sensitive to bile salts <sup>[[#References|[9]]]</sup>.   
''Prevotella oris'' mainly inhabits anaerobic pockets, e.g. gingival sulci and periodontal pockets, and biofilms within the oral cavity of humans, where there are protected from immune cells like macrophages <sup>[[#References|[7]]]</sup>. It has been isolated from the upper respiratory tract as well as the urogenital tract, and appears to be present in high abundance in pus and wound fluid drainage from oral abscesses <sup>[[#References|[8]]]</sup>. Holdeman et al. initially thought to have identified P. oris in the intestines of chicken and ruminants, which later turned out to be different species of Prevotella. ''P. oris'' is moderately fermentative, grows best in slightly acidic environments and is sensitive to bile salts <sup>[[#References|[9]]]</sup>.   




==Pathology==
==Pathology==


Albeit being present in most oral infections and abscesses <sup>[[#References|[8]]]</sup>, Prevotella oris has not been shown to be the cause of any of primary infections. Rather it appears to be an opportunistic pathogen, which once it reaches the blood stream, thrives in anaerobic environments and causes bacteraemia and sepsis in ICU patients <sup>[[#References|[3]]]</sup>, and exacerbating inflammation and infections in isolated cases <sup>[[#References|[10]]]</sup>.  
Albeit being present in most oral infections and abscesses <sup>[[#References|[8]]]</sup>, ''Prevotella oris'' has not been shown to be the cause of any of primary infections. Rather it appears to be an opportunistic pathogen, which once it reaches the blood stream, thrives in anaerobic environments and causes bacteraemia and sepsis in ICU patients <sup>[[#References|[3]]]</sup>, and exacerbating inflammation and infections in isolated cases <sup>[[#References|[10]]]</sup>.  
Due to its ability to produce hemolysin, it is able to lyse human, horse, sheep and rabbit red blood cells and damage host tissues <sup>[[#References|[11]]]</sup>, adding to inflammatory reactions within host environments.  
Due to its ability to produce hemolysin, it is able to lyse human, horse, sheep and rabbit red blood cells and damage host tissues <sup>[[#References|[11]]]</sup>, adding to inflammatory reactions within host environments.  


Line 72: Line 45:
==Application to biotechnology==
==Application to biotechnology==


There are no current reports of biotechnological applications of P. oris. Based on the emergence of associations of diseases and oral microbes, genetic detection of P. oris may aid to develop diagnostic tools and identification of at risk populations for certain diseases like early rheumatoid arthritis.  
There are no current reports of biotechnological applications of ''P. oris''. Based on the emergence of associations of diseases and oral microbes, genetic detection of ''P. oris'' may aid to develop diagnostic tools and identification of at risk populations for certain diseases like early rheumatoid arthritis.  




==Current research==
==Current research==


Current research is being undertaken on receptors against hemolysin produced by P. oris, which is a potential source of cytotoxicity in oral as well as systemic infections <sup>[[#References|[11]]]</sup>. The production of hemolysin as a virulence factor is essential for P. oris due to its dependence on iron for cellular growth.  
Current research is being undertaken on receptors against hemolysin produced by ''P. oris'', which is a potential source of cytotoxicity in oral as well as systemic infections <sup>[[#References|[11]]]</sup>. The production of hemolysin as a virulence factor is essential for ''P. oris'' due to its dependence on iron for cellular growth.  


   
   
Line 84: Line 57:
==References==
==References==


[http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-32-1-125
1. [http://ijs.microbiologyresearch.org/content/journal/ijsem/10.1099/00207713-32-1-125 Holdeman LV, Moore WEC, Churn PJ, Johnson JL. 1982. ''Bacteroides oris'' and ''Bacteroides buccae'', new species from human periodontitis and other human infections. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 32:125-131.]
Holdeman LV, Moore WEC, Churn PJ, Johnson JL. 1982. Bacteroides oris and Bacteroides buccae, new species from human periodontitis and other human infections. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 32:125-131.]


[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2223612]
2. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2223612 Shah HN, Collins DM. 1990. NOTES: Prevotella, a New Genus To Include ''Bacteroides melaninogenicus'' and Related Species Formerly Classified in the Genus Bacteroides. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 40:205-208.]
Shah HN, Collins DM. 1990. NOTES: Prevotella, a New Genus To Include Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Related Species Formerly Classified in the Genus Bacteroides. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 40:205-208.


[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12664220]
3. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12664220 Bein T, Brem J, Schüsselbauer T. 2003. Bacteremia and sepsis due to ''Prevotella oris'' from dentoalveolar abscesses. Intensive Care Medicine 29:856-856.]
Bein T, Brem J, Schüsselbauer T. 2003. Bacteremia and sepsis due to Prevotella oris from dentoalveolar abscesses. Intensive Care Medicine 29:856-856.


[http://ard.bmj.com/content/76/Suppl_2/754.2]
4. [http://ard.bmj.com/content/76/Suppl_2/754.2 Wolff B, Boutin, S., Lorenz, H. M., Ueffing, H., Dalpke, A., Wolff, D. . 2017. Prevotella and Alloprevotella species characterize the oral microbiome of early rheumatoid arthritis. Scientific Abstracts FRI0698.]
Wolff B, Boutin, S., Lorenz, H. M., Ueffing, H., Dalpke, A., Wolff, D. . 2017. Prevotella and Alloprevotella species characterize the oral microbiome of early rheumatoid arthritis. Scientific Abstracts FRI0698.


[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=txid1122989[Organism:noexp]]
5. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=txid1122989 NCBI National Centre for Biotechnology Information, 2017]
NCBI National Centre for Biotechnology Information, 2017


[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20670687]
6. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20670687 Boyanova L, Kolarov R, Gergova G, Dimitrova L, Mitov I. 2010. Trends in antibiotic resistance in Prevotella species from patients of the University Hospital of Maxillofacial Surgery, Sofia, Bulgaria, in 2003–2009. Anaerobe 16:489-492.]
Boyanova L, Kolarov R, Gergova G, Dimitrova L, Mitov I. 2010. Trends in antibiotic resistance in Prevotella species from patients of the University Hospital of Maxillofacial Surgery, Sofia, Bulgaria, in 2003–2009. Anaerobe 16:489-492.


[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28492362]
7. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28492362 Cortés-Acha B, Figueiredo R, Seminago R, Roig FJ, Llorens C, Valmaseda-Castellón E. 2017. Microbiota Analysis of Biofilms on Experimental Abutments Mimicking Dental Implants: An in Vivo Model. Journal of periodontology doi:10.1902/jop.2017.170051:1.]
Cortés-Acha B, Figueiredo R, Seminago R, Roig FJ, Llorens C, Valmaseda-Castellón E. 2017. Microbiota Analysis of Biofilms on Experimental Abutments Mimicking Dental Implants: An in Vivo Model. Journal of periodontology doi:10.1902/jop.2017.170051:1.


[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC228842/]
8. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC228842/ Dymock D, Weightman AJ, Scully C, Wade WG. 1996. Molecular analysis of microflora associated with dentoalveolar abscesses. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 34:537.]
Dymock D, Weightman AJ, Scully C, Wade WG. 1996. Molecular analysis of microflora associated with dentoalveolar abscesses. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 34:537.


[http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022034509346549?journalCode=jdrb]
9. [http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0022034509346549?journalCode=jdrb Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. 2009. Diversity of Endodontic Microbiota Revisited. Journal of Dental Research 88:969-981.]
Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. 2009. Diversity of Endodontic Microbiota Revisited. Journal of Dental Research 88:969-981.


[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8666242_Cervical_spinal_epidural_abscess_and_meningitis_due_to_Prevotella_oris_and_Peptostreptococcus_micros_after_retropharyngeal_surgery_5]
10.
Frat J-P, Godet C, Grollier G, Blanc J-L, Robert R. 2004. Cervical spinal epidural abscess and meningitis due to Prevotella oris and Peptostreptococcus micros after retropharyngeal surgery. Intensive Care Medicine 30:1695-1695.
[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/8666242_Cervical_spinal_epidural_abscess_and_meningitis_due_to_Prevotella_oris_and_Peptostreptococcus_micros_after_retropharyngeal_surgery_5 Frat J-P, Godet C, Grollier G, Blanc J-L, Robert R. 2004. Cervical spinal epidural abscess and meningitis due to ''Prevotella oris'' and ''Peptostreptococcus micros'' after retropharyngeal surgery. Intensive Care Medicine 30:1695-1695.]


[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S134900791200045X]
11. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S134900791200045X Sato T, Kamaguchi A, Nakazawa F. 2012. Purification and characterization of hemolysin from ''Prevotella oris''. Journal of Oral Biosciences 54:113-118.]
Sato T, Kamaguchi A, Nakazawa F. 2012. Purification and characterization of hemolysin from Prevotella oris. Journal of Oral Biosciences 54:113-118.


[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1684118212002113]
12. [http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1684118212002113 Sato T, Nakazawa F. 2012. Coaggregation between ''Prevotella oris'' and ''Porphyromonas gingivalis''. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2012.09.005.]
Sato T, Nakazawa F. 2012. Coaggregation between Prevotella oris and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2012.09.005.
Image source: http://www.suburbanliving.co/education/lexicon-of-life/kingdom-of-bacteria/
Image source: http://www.suburbanliving.co/education/lexicon-of-life/kingdom-of-bacteria/

Latest revision as of 12:51, 20 October 2017

This student page has not been curated.
Prevotella.jpg

Classification

Higher order taxa

Bacteria; Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi group; Bacteroidetes (class); Bacteroidales; Prevotellaceae; Prevotella


Species

Prevotella oris Type strain: ATCC 33573= CCUG 15405 = CIP 104480 = JCM 8540 = JCM 12252 = NCTC 13071 = VPI D1A-1A.


Description and significance

Prevotella oris is a gram negative, rod shaped bacterium which was first discovered in 1982 by Holdeman et al. [1], and initially named Bacteroides oris. It was later subdivided into a new genus named Prevotella by Shah and Collins in 1990 [2]. It is an obligate anaerobic, non-motile, non-spore forming and non-pigmenting organisms that has mostly been found in gingival crevices of the human mouth. It has been shown to grow within biofilms as part of a healthy oral fauna in humans, but is also capable of being a facultative pathogen. The organisms has been found in patients with periodontitis, caries as well as various sites of human infections [1]. In individual cases Prevotella oris has been identified to have been the cause of bacteraemia [3], and may be associated with early rheumatoid arthritis [4], hence why it is a medically significant species.


Genome structure

Prevotella oris was sequenced using the DSM 18711 = JCM 12252 strain in the Prevotella oris DSM 18711 = JCM 12252 whole genome shotgun project by Centre for Omics and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo in 2012 [5]. The genome has a median length of 3.16482 Mb, a median protein count of 2502 and a median GC percentage of 43.8%. Out of the total number of genes, 1939 have been identified to be coding genes, 4 RNA genes, 2 complete rRNA genes and 654 pseudo genes [5]. Some strains of this bacterium have shown penicillin resistance, which correlates to the encoding of a beta lactamase [6]. In clinical isolates this antibiotic resistance has increased fourfold between 2007 and 2009.


Cell structure and metabolism

Since this non-motile organism is an obligate anaerobe, it thrives in gingival pockets within the human mouth, as well as in biofilms established by other microbes. It encodes for malate dehydrogenase and glutamate dehydrogenase, which allows it to ferment dextrin, fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose, mannose, raffinose, starch, starch and sucrose [1]. It requires hemin and menadione for growth [2], and is incapable of reducing nitrate. Different strains have surfaced with resistance to amoxicillin and ceftriaxone antibiotics. In addition, cultured P. oris strains produced an immunoglobulin A protease, hyaluronidase and beta-lactamase enzymes [9].


Ecology

Prevotella oris mainly inhabits anaerobic pockets, e.g. gingival sulci and periodontal pockets, and biofilms within the oral cavity of humans, where there are protected from immune cells like macrophages [7]. It has been isolated from the upper respiratory tract as well as the urogenital tract, and appears to be present in high abundance in pus and wound fluid drainage from oral abscesses [8]. Holdeman et al. initially thought to have identified P. oris in the intestines of chicken and ruminants, which later turned out to be different species of Prevotella. P. oris is moderately fermentative, grows best in slightly acidic environments and is sensitive to bile salts [9].


Pathology

Albeit being present in most oral infections and abscesses [8], Prevotella oris has not been shown to be the cause of any of primary infections. Rather it appears to be an opportunistic pathogen, which once it reaches the blood stream, thrives in anaerobic environments and causes bacteraemia and sepsis in ICU patients [3], and exacerbating inflammation and infections in isolated cases [10]. Due to its ability to produce hemolysin, it is able to lyse human, horse, sheep and rabbit red blood cells and damage host tissues [11], adding to inflammatory reactions within host environments.


Application to biotechnology

There are no current reports of biotechnological applications of P. oris. Based on the emergence of associations of diseases and oral microbes, genetic detection of P. oris may aid to develop diagnostic tools and identification of at risk populations for certain diseases like early rheumatoid arthritis.


Current research

Current research is being undertaken on receptors against hemolysin produced by P. oris, which is a potential source of cytotoxicity in oral as well as systemic infections [11]. The production of hemolysin as a virulence factor is essential for P. oris due to its dependence on iron for cellular growth.



References

1. Holdeman LV, Moore WEC, Churn PJ, Johnson JL. 1982. Bacteroides oris and Bacteroides buccae, new species from human periodontitis and other human infections. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology 32:125-131.

2. Shah HN, Collins DM. 1990. NOTES: Prevotella, a New Genus To Include Bacteroides melaninogenicus and Related Species Formerly Classified in the Genus Bacteroides. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 40:205-208.

3. Bein T, Brem J, Schüsselbauer T. 2003. Bacteremia and sepsis due to Prevotella oris from dentoalveolar abscesses. Intensive Care Medicine 29:856-856.

4. Wolff B, Boutin, S., Lorenz, H. M., Ueffing, H., Dalpke, A., Wolff, D. . 2017. Prevotella and Alloprevotella species characterize the oral microbiome of early rheumatoid arthritis. Scientific Abstracts FRI0698.

5. NCBI National Centre for Biotechnology Information, 2017

6. Boyanova L, Kolarov R, Gergova G, Dimitrova L, Mitov I. 2010. Trends in antibiotic resistance in Prevotella species from patients of the University Hospital of Maxillofacial Surgery, Sofia, Bulgaria, in 2003–2009. Anaerobe 16:489-492.

7. Cortés-Acha B, Figueiredo R, Seminago R, Roig FJ, Llorens C, Valmaseda-Castellón E. 2017. Microbiota Analysis of Biofilms on Experimental Abutments Mimicking Dental Implants: An in Vivo Model. Journal of periodontology doi:10.1902/jop.2017.170051:1.

8. Dymock D, Weightman AJ, Scully C, Wade WG. 1996. Molecular analysis of microflora associated with dentoalveolar abscesses. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 34:537.

9. Siqueira JF, Rôças IN. 2009. Diversity of Endodontic Microbiota Revisited. Journal of Dental Research 88:969-981.

10. Frat J-P, Godet C, Grollier G, Blanc J-L, Robert R. 2004. Cervical spinal epidural abscess and meningitis due to Prevotella oris and Peptostreptococcus micros after retropharyngeal surgery. Intensive Care Medicine 30:1695-1695.

11. Sato T, Kamaguchi A, Nakazawa F. 2012. Purification and characterization of hemolysin from Prevotella oris. Journal of Oral Biosciences 54:113-118.

12. Sato T, Nakazawa F. 2012. Coaggregation between Prevotella oris and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2012.09.005.

Image source: http://www.suburbanliving.co/education/lexicon-of-life/kingdom-of-bacteria/


This page is written by C. Angelina Schweikert for the MICR3004 course, Semester 2, 2017