https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Racial_Disparities_in_MRSA_Infections&feed=atom&action=historyRacial Disparities in MRSA Infections - Revision history2024-03-28T10:02:37ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Racial_Disparities_in_MRSA_Infections&diff=148821&oldid=prevUnknown user at 23:57, 19 July 20212021-07-19T23:57:27Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==MRSA Overview==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==MRSA Overview==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:mrsa_magn_lg.jpg|thumb|300px|right| Figure 1. Image taken from a colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) magnified at 20,000X depicting a grouping of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria. Photo credit belongs to Public Health Image Library. [http://phil.cdc.gov/Phil/home.asp/ CDC].]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:mrsa_magn_lg.jpg|thumb|300px|right| Figure 1. Image taken from a colorized scanning electron micrograph (SEM) magnified at 20,000X depicting a grouping of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria. Photo credit belongs to Public Health Image Library. [http://phil.cdc.gov/Phil/home.asp/ CDC].]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown userhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Racial_Disparities_in_MRSA_Infections&diff=148651&oldid=prevUnknown user: /* Conclusion */2021-04-17T04:00:49Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Conclusion</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to numerous studies, as well as data from organizations such as the CDC, there are clearly defined racial disparities in the incidence rates of MRSA infection in America. <ref name=comrsainfo/> <ref name=socio/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> In the cases of Hospital and Healthcare-acquired MRSA, these disparities have persisted despite overall declines in the number of MRSA cases nationally. <ref name=ballukarirace/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> <ref name=gualandiclass/> This signals that while efforts are being made to combat MRSA's prevalence in healthcare settings, nothing is being done to address the factors contributing to the disparities faced by Black Americans. <ref name=socio/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> In Figure 6, census data showing MRSA incidence of Black and White people of similar socioeconomic status (for specific categories) shows that when socioeconomic conditions are the same, the disparities between Black and White MRSA incidence rates are generally less drastic. <ref name=socio/> This lends credence to the notion that socioeconomic factors associated with race are a driving force between these inequities. <ref name=socio/> <ref name=conclusionsupport> [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jocn.15351Baptiste, D.‐L., Commodore‐Mensah, Y., Alexander, K.A., Jacques, K., Wilson, P.R., Akomah, J., Sharps, P. and Cooper, L.A. (2020), COVID‐19: Shedding light on racial and health inequities in the USA. J Clin Nurs, 29: 2734-2736.] </ref> Despite this, though, Black incidence rates for MRSA remain higher than those of White people even with similar socioeconomic factors at play. <ref name=iwamoto/> <ref name=socio/> A reason for this is that within the US, Black people that lack societal power and influence, live in urban areas and/or are below the poverty level in the USA are constantly challenged to access quality health care—free of discrimination. <ref name=conclusionsupport> [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jocn.15351Baptiste, D.‐L., Commodore‐Mensah, Y., Alexander, K.A., Jacques, K., Wilson, P.R., Akomah, J., Sharps, P. and Cooper, L.A. (2020), COVID‐19: Shedding light on racial and health inequities in the USA. J Clin Nurs, 29: 2734-2736.] </ref> Furthermore, these socioeconomic disadvantages and issues of inadequate healthcare access contribute to Black people having certain diseases and sicknesses at higher rates, which we now know places them at higher risk of MRSA infection as well. <ref name=ballukarirace/> <ref name=diabetesdata/> In order for these racial disparities in incidence rates of MRSA infection to be quelled, there must be serious work done to ameliorate the pre-existing socio-economic disadvantages faced by Black people, as well as comprehensive reform to healthcare facilities such to eliminate the racial discrimination against that contributes to lower access to high-quality healthcare.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to numerous studies, as well as data from organizations such as the CDC, there are clearly defined racial disparities in the incidence rates of MRSA infection in America. <ref name=comrsainfo/> <ref name=socio/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> In the cases of Hospital and Healthcare-acquired MRSA, these disparities have persisted despite overall declines in the number of MRSA cases nationally. <ref name=ballukarirace/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> <ref name=gualandiclass/> This signals that while efforts are being made to combat MRSA's prevalence in healthcare settings, nothing is being done to address the factors contributing to the disparities faced by Black Americans. <ref name=socio/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> In Figure 6, census data showing MRSA incidence of Black and White people of similar socioeconomic status (for specific categories) shows that when socioeconomic conditions are the same, the disparities between Black and White MRSA incidence rates are generally less drastic. <ref name=socio/> This lends credence to the notion that socioeconomic factors associated with race are a driving force between these inequities. <ref name=socio/> <ref name=conclusionsupport> [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jocn.15351Baptiste, D.‐L., Commodore‐Mensah, Y., Alexander, K.A., Jacques, K., Wilson, P.R., Akomah, J., Sharps, P. and Cooper, L.A. (2020), COVID‐19: Shedding light on racial and health inequities in the USA. J Clin Nurs, 29: 2734-2736.] </ref> Despite this, though, Black incidence rates for MRSA remain higher than those of White people even with similar socioeconomic factors at play. <ref name=iwamoto/> <ref name=socio/> A reason for this is that within the US, Black people that lack societal power and influence, live in urban areas and/or are below the poverty level in the USA are constantly challenged to access quality health care—free of discrimination. <ref name=conclusionsupport> [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jocn.15351Baptiste, D.‐L., Commodore‐Mensah, Y., Alexander, K.A., Jacques, K., Wilson, P.R., Akomah, J., Sharps, P. and Cooper, L.A. (2020), COVID‐19: Shedding light on racial and health inequities in the USA. J Clin Nurs, 29: 2734-2736.] </ref> Furthermore, these socioeconomic disadvantages and issues of inadequate healthcare access contribute to Black people having certain diseases and sicknesses at higher rates, which we now know places them at higher risk of MRSA infection as well. <ref name=ballukarirace/> <ref name=diabetesdata/> In order for these racial disparities in incidence rates of MRSA infection to be quelled, there must be serious work done to ameliorate the pre-existing socio-economic disadvantages faced by Black people, as well as comprehensive reform to healthcare facilities such to eliminate the racial discrimination <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">seen </ins>against <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Black people </ins>that contributes to lower access to high-quality healthcare.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown userhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Racial_Disparities_in_MRSA_Infections&diff=148650&oldid=prevUnknown user: /* Conclusion */2021-04-17T04:00:01Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Conclusion</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to numerous studies, as well as data from organizations such as the CDC, there are clearly defined racial disparities in the incidence rates of MRSA infection in America. <ref name=comrsainfo/> <ref name=socio/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> In the cases of Hospital and Healthcare-acquired MRSA, these disparities have persisted despite overall declines in the number of MRSA cases nationally. <ref name=ballukarirace/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> <ref name=gualandiclass/> This signals that while efforts are being made to combat MRSA's prevalence in healthcare settings, nothing is being done to address the factors contributing to the disparities faced by Black Americans. <ref name=socio/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> In Figure 6, census data showing MRSA incidence of Black and White people of similar socioeconomic status (for specific categories) shows that when socioeconomic conditions are the same, the disparities between Black and White MRSA incidence rates are generally less drastic. <ref name=socio/> This lends credence to the notion that socioeconomic factors associated with race are a driving force between these inequities. <ref name=socio/> <ref name=conclusionsupport> [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jocn.15351Baptiste, D.‐L., Commodore‐Mensah, Y., Alexander, K.A., Jacques, K., Wilson, P.R., Akomah, J., Sharps, P. and Cooper, L.A. (2020), COVID‐19: Shedding light on racial and health inequities in the USA. J Clin Nurs, 29: 2734-2736.] </ref> Despite this, though, Black incidence rates for MRSA remain higher than those of White people even with similar socioeconomic factors at play. <ref name=iwamoto/> <ref name=socio/> A reason for this is that within the US, Black people that lack societal power and influence, live in urban areas and/or are below the poverty level in the USA are constantly challenged to access quality health care—free of discrimination. <ref name=conclusionsupport> [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jocn.15351Baptiste, D.‐L., Commodore‐Mensah, Y., Alexander, K.A., Jacques, K., Wilson, P.R., Akomah, J., Sharps, P. and Cooper, L.A. (2020), COVID‐19: Shedding light on racial and health inequities in the USA. J Clin Nurs, 29: 2734-2736.] </ref> Furthermore, these socioeconomic disadvantages and issues of inadequate healthcare access contribute to Black people having certain diseases and sicknesses at higher rates, which we now know places them at higher risk of MRSA infection as well. <ref name=ballukarirace> <ref name=diabetesdata/> In order for these racial disparities in incidence rates of MRSA infection to be quelled, there must be serious work done to ameliorate the pre-existing socio-economic disadvantages faced by Black people, as well as comprehensive reform to healthcare facilities such to eliminate the racial discrimination against that contributes to lower access to high-quality healthcare.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to numerous studies, as well as data from organizations such as the CDC, there are clearly defined racial disparities in the incidence rates of MRSA infection in America. <ref name=comrsainfo/> <ref name=socio/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> In the cases of Hospital and Healthcare-acquired MRSA, these disparities have persisted despite overall declines in the number of MRSA cases nationally. <ref name=ballukarirace/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> <ref name=gualandiclass/> This signals that while efforts are being made to combat MRSA's prevalence in healthcare settings, nothing is being done to address the factors contributing to the disparities faced by Black Americans. <ref name=socio/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> In Figure 6, census data showing MRSA incidence of Black and White people of similar socioeconomic status (for specific categories) shows that when socioeconomic conditions are the same, the disparities between Black and White MRSA incidence rates are generally less drastic. <ref name=socio/> This lends credence to the notion that socioeconomic factors associated with race are a driving force between these inequities. <ref name=socio/> <ref name=conclusionsupport> [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jocn.15351Baptiste, D.‐L., Commodore‐Mensah, Y., Alexander, K.A., Jacques, K., Wilson, P.R., Akomah, J., Sharps, P. and Cooper, L.A. (2020), COVID‐19: Shedding light on racial and health inequities in the USA. J Clin Nurs, 29: 2734-2736.] </ref> Despite this, though, Black incidence rates for MRSA remain higher than those of White people even with similar socioeconomic factors at play. <ref name=iwamoto/> <ref name=socio/> A reason for this is that within the US, Black people that lack societal power and influence, live in urban areas and/or are below the poverty level in the USA are constantly challenged to access quality health care—free of discrimination. <ref name=conclusionsupport> [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jocn.15351Baptiste, D.‐L., Commodore‐Mensah, Y., Alexander, K.A., Jacques, K., Wilson, P.R., Akomah, J., Sharps, P. and Cooper, L.A. (2020), COVID‐19: Shedding light on racial and health inequities in the USA. J Clin Nurs, 29: 2734-2736.] </ref> Furthermore, these socioeconomic disadvantages and issues of inadequate healthcare access contribute to Black people having certain diseases and sicknesses at higher rates, which we now know places them at higher risk of MRSA infection as well. <ref name=ballukarirace<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/</ins>> <ref name=diabetesdata/> In order for these racial disparities in incidence rates of MRSA infection to be quelled, there must be serious work done to ameliorate the pre-existing socio-economic disadvantages faced by Black people, as well as comprehensive reform to healthcare facilities such to eliminate the racial discrimination against that contributes to lower access to high-quality healthcare.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown userhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Racial_Disparities_in_MRSA_Infections&diff=148649&oldid=prevUnknown user: /* Conclusion */2021-04-17T03:59:29Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Conclusion</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 03:59, 17 April 2021</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to numerous studies, as well as data from organizations such as the CDC, there are clearly defined racial disparities in the incidence rates of MRSA infection in America. <ref name=comrsainfo/> <ref name=socio/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> In the cases of Hospital and Healthcare-acquired MRSA, these disparities have persisted despite overall declines in the number of MRSA cases nationally. <ref name=ballukarirace/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> <ref name=gualandiclass/> This signals that while efforts are being made to combat MRSA's prevalence in healthcare settings, nothing is being done to address the factors contributing to the disparities faced by Black Americans. <ref name=socio/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> In Figure 6, census data showing MRSA incidence of Black and White people of similar socioeconomic status (for specific categories) shows that when socioeconomic conditions are the same, the disparities between Black and White MRSA incidence rates are generally less drastic. <ref name=socio/> This lends credence to the notion that socioeconomic factors associated with race are a driving force between these inequities. <ref name=socio/> <ref name=conclusionsupport> [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jocn.15351Baptiste, D.‐L., Commodore‐Mensah, Y., Alexander, K.A., Jacques, K., Wilson, P.R., Akomah, J., Sharps, P. and Cooper, L.A. (2020), COVID‐19: Shedding light on racial and health inequities in the USA. J Clin Nurs, 29: 2734-2736.] </ref> Despite this, though, Black incidence rates for MRSA remain higher than those of White people even with similar socioeconomic factors at play. <ref name=socio/> A reason for this is that within the US, Black people that lack societal power and influence, live in urban areas and/or are below the poverty level in the USA are constantly challenged to access quality health care—free of discrimination. <ref name=conclusionsupport> [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jocn.15351Baptiste, D.‐L., Commodore‐Mensah, Y., Alexander, K.A., Jacques, K., Wilson, P.R., Akomah, J., Sharps, P. and Cooper, L.A. (2020), COVID‐19: Shedding light on racial and health inequities in the USA. J Clin Nurs, 29: 2734-2736.] </ref> Furthermore, these socioeconomic disadvantages and issues of inadequate healthcare access contribute to Black people having certain diseases and sicknesses at higher rates, which we now know places them at higher risk of MRSA infection as well. <ref name=ballukarirace> <ref name=diabetesdata/> In order for these racial disparities in incidence rates of MRSA infection to be quelled, there must be serious work done to ameliorate the pre-existing socio-economic disadvantages faced by Black people, as well as comprehensive reform to healthcare facilities such to eliminate the racial discrimination against that contributes to lower access to high-quality healthcare.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>According to numerous studies, as well as data from organizations such as the CDC, there are clearly defined racial disparities in the incidence rates of MRSA infection in America. <ref name=comrsainfo/> <ref name=socio/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> In the cases of Hospital and Healthcare-acquired MRSA, these disparities have persisted despite overall declines in the number of MRSA cases nationally. <ref name=ballukarirace/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> <ref name=gualandiclass/> This signals that while efforts are being made to combat MRSA's prevalence in healthcare settings, nothing is being done to address the factors contributing to the disparities faced by Black Americans. <ref name=socio/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> In Figure 6, census data showing MRSA incidence of Black and White people of similar socioeconomic status (for specific categories) shows that when socioeconomic conditions are the same, the disparities between Black and White MRSA incidence rates are generally less drastic. <ref name=socio/> This lends credence to the notion that socioeconomic factors associated with race are a driving force between these inequities. <ref name=socio/> <ref name=conclusionsupport> [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jocn.15351Baptiste, D.‐L., Commodore‐Mensah, Y., Alexander, K.A., Jacques, K., Wilson, P.R., Akomah, J., Sharps, P. and Cooper, L.A. (2020), COVID‐19: Shedding light on racial and health inequities in the USA. J Clin Nurs, 29: 2734-2736.] </ref> Despite this, though, Black incidence rates for MRSA remain higher than those of White people even with similar socioeconomic factors at play. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref name=iwamoto/> </ins><ref name=socio/> A reason for this is that within the US, Black people that lack societal power and influence, live in urban areas and/or are below the poverty level in the USA are constantly challenged to access quality health care—free of discrimination. <ref name=conclusionsupport> [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jocn.15351Baptiste, D.‐L., Commodore‐Mensah, Y., Alexander, K.A., Jacques, K., Wilson, P.R., Akomah, J., Sharps, P. and Cooper, L.A. (2020), COVID‐19: Shedding light on racial and health inequities in the USA. J Clin Nurs, 29: 2734-2736.] </ref> Furthermore, these socioeconomic disadvantages and issues of inadequate healthcare access contribute to Black people having certain diseases and sicknesses at higher rates, which we now know places them at higher risk of MRSA infection as well. <ref name=ballukarirace> <ref name=diabetesdata/> In order for these racial disparities in incidence rates of MRSA infection to be quelled, there must be serious work done to ameliorate the pre-existing socio-economic disadvantages faced by Black people, as well as comprehensive reform to healthcare facilities such to eliminate the racial discrimination against that contributes to lower access to high-quality healthcare.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown userhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Racial_Disparities_in_MRSA_Infections&diff=148648&oldid=prevUnknown user: /* Community-Acquired MRSA Disparities */2021-04-17T03:57:35Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Community-Acquired MRSA Disparities</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Community-Acquired MRSA Disparities==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Community-Acquired MRSA Disparities==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For the majority of its history, MRSA was considered to be a nosocomial pathogen, however, in the late 90s MRSA appeared within communities independent of any connections to particular hospitals or health care settings. <ref name=socio/> This was the birth of community-acquired MRSA in the United States, which now has incidence rates exceeding those seen in hospital-acquisition cases. <ref name=comrsainfo> [https://www.cdc.gov/abcs/reports-findings/survreports/mrsa14.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ABCs report: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 2014.] </ref> <ref name=socio/> A large proportion of community-acquired MRSA cases are invasive in nature, meaning that the MRSA infection happens beyond the skin (i.e. within the bloodstream or organs). According to estimates from 2014, there are roughly 15,000 instances of invasive community-acquired MRSA per year, in addition to roughly 1000 deaths as a result. <ref name=comrsainfo/> <ref name=socio/> These numbers show how detrimental invasive community-acquired MRSA is to people's health, as it kills a sizable amount of those who are infected by it each year. Incidence rates for invasive community-acquired MRSA infections are significantly higher amongst Black people than they are White people. <ref name=socio/> Furthermore, when adjusting for age, sex, and year, Black people are 2.78 times more likely to have an incident of community-acquired MRSA infection. <ref name=gualandiclass/> This data plainly demonstrates that there are clear disparities in the number of incidents of community-acquired MRSA infection for Black and White people, with Black people once again suffering from higher rates of infection, hospitalization, and death. <ref name=socio/> <ref name=gualandiclass/></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For the majority of its history, MRSA was considered to be a nosocomial pathogen, however, in the late 90s MRSA appeared within communities independent of any connections to particular hospitals or health care settings. <ref name=socio/> This was the birth of community-acquired MRSA in the United States, which now has incidence rates exceeding those seen in hospital-acquisition cases. <ref name=comrsainfo> [https://www.cdc.gov/abcs/reports-findings/survreports/mrsa14.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. ABCs report: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 2014.] </ref> <ref name=socio/> A large proportion of community-acquired MRSA cases are invasive in nature, meaning that the MRSA infection happens beyond the skin (i.e. within the bloodstream or organs). According to estimates from 2014, there are roughly 15,000 instances of invasive community-acquired MRSA per year, in addition to roughly 1000 deaths as a result. <ref name=comrsainfo/> <ref name=socio/> These numbers show how detrimental invasive community-acquired MRSA is to people's health, as it kills a sizable amount of those who are infected by it each year. Incidence rates for invasive community-acquired MRSA infections are significantly higher amongst Black people than they are White people. <ref name=socio<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/> <ref name=iwamoto</ins>/> Furthermore, when adjusting for age, sex, and year, Black people are 2.78 times more likely to have an incident of community-acquired MRSA infection. <ref name=gualandiclass/> This data plainly demonstrates that there are clear disparities in the number of incidents of community-acquired MRSA infection for Black and White people, with Black people once again suffering from higher rates of infection, hospitalization, and death. <ref name=socio/> <ref name=gualandiclass<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">/> It is also worth noting that these disparities are consistent across all age ranges, children included. <ref name=iwamoto/> <ref name=ATLANTARACISM</ins>/></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>An Atlanta study ranging from 2002 to 2010 reveals further details about the nature of these disparities in community-acquired MRSA infection rates. The similarities in the highlighted areas in Figures 4 and 5 of Atlanta should be noted, as they visually demonstrate the fact that Black people are poor at disproportionate rates, while also living in more densely packed, crowded communities as a result of this poverty and urbanicity.<ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> Due to these factors, Black people are exposed to community-acquired MRSA at disproportionately high rates, which then leads to higher rates of MRSA infection. <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> When compared to White people, Black people were 87% more likely to suffer from a community-acquired MRSA infection in this study. <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> Both this data and the previous data are in line with the trends seen in hospital and healthcare-acquired MRSA, demonstrating that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">there are </del>racial disparities in incidence rates of MRSA infection <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">across the board</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>An Atlanta study ranging from 2002 to 2010 reveals further details about the nature of these disparities in community-acquired MRSA infection rates. The similarities in the highlighted areas in Figures 4 and 5 of Atlanta should be noted, as they visually demonstrate the fact that Black people are poor at disproportionate rates, while also living in more densely packed, crowded communities as a result of this poverty and urbanicity.<ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> Due to these factors, Black people are exposed to community-acquired MRSA at disproportionately high rates, which then leads to higher rates of MRSA infection. <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> When compared to White people, Black people were 87% more likely to suffer from a community-acquired MRSA infection in this study. <ref name=ATLANTARACISM/> Both this data and the previous data are in line with the trends seen in hospital and healthcare-acquired MRSA, demonstrating that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">these </ins>racial disparities in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </ins>incidence rates of MRSA infection <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are wide spread</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref name=iwamoto/></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusion==</div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown userhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Racial_Disparities_in_MRSA_Infections&diff=148647&oldid=prevUnknown user: /* Hospital and Healthcare Acquired MRSA Disparities */2021-04-17T03:54:14Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Hospital and Healthcare Acquired MRSA Disparities</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> <b> Hospital Acquired MRSA Disparities </b></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> <b> Hospital Acquired MRSA Disparities </b></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Methicillin-Resistant <I>Staphylococcus aureus</i> has been one of the most well-known and clinically relevant pathogens within hospitals and the broader healthcare industry for decades, and it has remained a constant source of infection within them, though its frequency has oscillated somewhat over time. <ref name=MRSArelevant> [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/1738718 Dantes R, Mu Y, Belflower R, et al. National Burden of Invasive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections, United States, 2011. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(21):1970–1978.] </ref> Hospital-acquired MRSA is typically acquired via nosocomial infection, often as a result of a surgical or invasive medical procedure during a hospital stay. <ref name=HealthcareDefinition> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK396238/ Sutton JP, Steiner CA. Hospital-, Health Care-, and Community-Acquired MRSA: Estimates From California Hospitals, 2013: Statistical Brief #212. 2016 Oct. In: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)] </ref> <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Methicillin-Resistant <I>Staphylococcus aureus</i> has been one of the most well-known and clinically relevant pathogens within hospitals and the broader healthcare industry for decades, and it has remained a constant source of infection within them, though its frequency has oscillated somewhat over time. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><ref name=iwamoto> [https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/132/4/e817.abstract Iwamoto, M., Mu, Y., Lynfield, R., Bulens, S. N., Nadle, J., Aragon, D., ... & Lessa, F. C. (2013). Trends in invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Pediatrics, 132(4), e817-e824.] </ref> </ins><ref name=MRSArelevant> [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/1738718 Dantes R, Mu Y, Belflower R, et al. National Burden of Invasive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections, United States, 2011. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(21):1970–1978.] </ref> Hospital-acquired MRSA is typically acquired via nosocomial infection, often as a result of a surgical or invasive medical procedure during a hospital stay. <ref name=HealthcareDefinition> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK396238/ Sutton JP, Steiner CA. Hospital-, Health Care-, and Community-Acquired MRSA: Estimates From California Hospitals, 2013: Statistical Brief #212. 2016 Oct. In: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)] </ref> <br></div></td></tr>
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</table>Unknown userhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Racial_Disparities_in_MRSA_Infections&diff=148644&oldid=prevUnknown user: /* Health Consequences of MRSA */2021-04-17T03:42:59Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Health Consequences of MRSA</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: MRSAabscess.jpg|thumb|300px|left| Figure 2. Photograph shows an abscess caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria on the arm of a Black patient. Photo credit belongs to Public Health Image Library. [https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/community/photos/photo-mrsa-5.html CDC].]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: MRSAabscess.jpg|thumb|300px|left| Figure 2. Photograph shows an abscess caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteria on the arm of a Black patient. Photo credit belongs to Public Health Image Library. [https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/community/photos/photo-mrsa-5.html CDC].]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:MRSADIABETES.jpeg|thumb|<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">300px</del>|left| Figure 3. Unadjusted healthcare-acquired community-onset cases of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus rates by race for cases among dialysis patients. Figure credits belong to the authors of the cited paper. <ref name=gualandiclass> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6232852/figure/F1/ Gualandi, Nicole et al. “Racial Disparities in Invasive Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections, 2005-2014.” Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America vol. 67,8 2018: 1175-1181. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy277] </ref> ]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:MRSADIABETES.jpeg|thumb|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">350px</ins>|left| Figure 3. Unadjusted healthcare-acquired community-onset cases of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus rates by race for cases among dialysis patients. Figure credits belong to the authors of the cited paper. <ref name=gualandiclass> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6232852/figure/F1/ Gualandi, Nicole et al. “Racial Disparities in Invasive Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections, 2005-2014.” Clinical infectious diseases: an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America vol. 67,8 2018: 1175-1181. doi:10.1093/cid/ciy277] </ref> ]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:atlmrsa.jpeg|thumb|300px|right| Figure 4. Image depicts the areas with a higher concentration of community-associated MRSA cases within Atlanta during the period of 2002–2004. Figure credits belong to the authors of the cited paper. <ref name=ATLANTARACISM>[http://doi.org/10.5334/egems.308 Ali, F., Immergluck, L. C., Leong, T., Waller, L., Malhotra, K., Jerris, R. C., … Rust, G. S. (2019.) A Spatial Analysis of Health Disparities Associated with Antibiotic Resistant Infections in Children Living in Atlanta (2002–2010). Egems (generating Evidence & Methods to Improve Patient Outcomes), 7(1), 50.]</ref> ]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:atlmrsa.jpeg|thumb|300px|right| Figure 4. Image depicts the areas with a higher concentration of community-associated MRSA cases within Atlanta during the period of 2002–2004. Figure credits belong to the authors of the cited paper. <ref name=ATLANTARACISM>[http://doi.org/10.5334/egems.308 Ali, F., Immergluck, L. C., Leong, T., Waller, L., Malhotra, K., Jerris, R. C., … Rust, G. S. (2019.) A Spatial Analysis of Health Disparities Associated with Antibiotic Resistant Infections in Children Living in Atlanta (2002–2010). Egems (generating Evidence & Methods to Improve Patient Outcomes), 7(1), 50.]</ref> ]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Unknown userhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Racial_Disparities_in_MRSA_Infections&diff=148636&oldid=prevUnknown user: /* Hospital and Healthcare Acquired MRSA Disparities */2021-04-16T19:38:18Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Hospital and Healthcare Acquired MRSA Disparities</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> <b> Hospital Acquired MRSA Disparities </b></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> <b> Hospital Acquired MRSA Disparities </b></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus has been one of the most well-known and clinically relevant pathogens within hospitals and the broader healthcare industry for decades, and it has remained a constant source of infection within them, though its frequency has oscillated somewhat over time. <ref name=MRSArelevant> [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/1738718 Dantes R, Mu Y, Belflower R, et al. National Burden of Invasive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections, United States, 2011. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(21):1970–1978.] </ref> Hospital-acquired MRSA is typically acquired via nosocomial infection, often as a result of a surgical or invasive medical procedure during a hospital stay. <ref name=HealthcareDefinition> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK396238/ Sutton JP, Steiner CA. Hospital-, Health Care-, and Community-Acquired MRSA: Estimates From California Hospitals, 2013: Statistical Brief #212. 2016 Oct. In: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)] </ref> <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Methicillin-Resistant <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><I></ins>Staphylococcus aureus<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>has been one of the most well-known and clinically relevant pathogens within hospitals and the broader healthcare industry for decades, and it has remained a constant source of infection within them, though its frequency has oscillated somewhat over time. <ref name=MRSArelevant> [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/1738718 Dantes R, Mu Y, Belflower R, et al. National Burden of Invasive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections, United States, 2011. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;173(21):1970–1978.] </ref> Hospital-acquired MRSA is typically acquired via nosocomial infection, often as a result of a surgical or invasive medical procedure during a hospital stay. <ref name=HealthcareDefinition> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK396238/ Sutton JP, Steiner CA. Hospital-, Health Care-, and Community-Acquired MRSA: Estimates From California Hospitals, 2013: Statistical Brief #212. 2016 Oct. In: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) Statistical Briefs [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US)] </ref> <br></div></td></tr>
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</table>Unknown userhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Racial_Disparities_in_MRSA_Infections&diff=148635&oldid=prevUnknown user: /* MRSA Overview */2021-04-16T19:37:51Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">MRSA Overview</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In most cases, the previously asymptomatic, commensal <I>S. aureus</i> that previously colonized different sections of individuals' microbiomes are responsible for their infection. <ref name=mrsaresevoir> [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.5172/conu.13.1.38 Rhonda Griffiths, Ritin Fernandez, Elizabeth Halcomb "Reservoirs of MRSA in the acute hospital setting: A systematic review" 2002. Contemporary Nurse, 13:1, 38-49] </ref> Within the world of public health and medicine, a hugely important factor associated with S. aureus is its significant level of acquisition of resistance against multiple antibiotic classes, which greatly complicates efforts to treat it clinically. <ref name=antibioticresistance> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4378521 Ventola, C Lee. “The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats.” 2015 P & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management vol. 40,4: 277-83.] </ref> Methicilin is an antibiotic class of particular interest with regard to resistance acquisition among <I>S. aureus</i>. According to the latest CDC data released in 2019, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and other, less prominent strains of <I>S. aureus</i> accounted for an estimated 119,247 bloodstream infections within the United States in 2017, while causing 19,832 of those infected to pass away from complications associated with infection. <ref name=staphdeaths> [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6809e1.htm Kourtis AP, Hatfield K, Baggs J, et al. "Vital Signs: Epidemiology and Recent Trends in Methicillin-Resistant and in Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections — United States." 2019 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:214–219.] </ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In most cases, the previously asymptomatic, commensal <I>S. aureus</i> that previously colonized different sections of individuals' microbiomes are responsible for their infection. <ref name=mrsaresevoir> [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.5172/conu.13.1.38 Rhonda Griffiths, Ritin Fernandez, Elizabeth Halcomb "Reservoirs of MRSA in the acute hospital setting: A systematic review" 2002. Contemporary Nurse, 13:1, 38-49] </ref> Within the world of public health and medicine, a hugely important factor associated with S. aureus is its significant level of acquisition of resistance against multiple antibiotic classes, which greatly complicates efforts to treat it clinically. <ref name=antibioticresistance> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4378521 Ventola, C Lee. “The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats.” 2015 P & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management vol. 40,4: 277-83.] </ref> Methicilin is an antibiotic class of particular interest with regard to resistance acquisition among <I>S. aureus</i>. According to the latest CDC data released in 2019, Methicillin-Resistant <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><I></ins>Staphylococcus aureus<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>and other, less prominent strains of <I>S. aureus</i> accounted for an estimated 119,247 bloodstream infections within the United States in 2017, while causing 19,832 of those infected to pass away from complications associated with infection. <ref name=staphdeaths> [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6809e1.htm Kourtis AP, Hatfield K, Baggs J, et al. "Vital Signs: Epidemiology and Recent Trends in Methicillin-Resistant and in Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections — United States." 2019 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:214–219.] </ref> </div></td></tr>
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</table>Unknown userhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Racial_Disparities_in_MRSA_Infections&diff=148634&oldid=prevUnknown user: /* MRSA Overview */2021-04-16T19:37:27Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">MRSA Overview</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In most cases, the previously asymptomatic, commensal S. aureus that previously colonized different sections of individuals' microbiomes are responsible for their infection. <ref name=mrsaresevoir> [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.5172/conu.13.1.38 Rhonda Griffiths, Ritin Fernandez, Elizabeth Halcomb "Reservoirs of MRSA in the acute hospital setting: A systematic review" 2002. Contemporary Nurse, 13:1, 38-49] </ref> Within the world of public health and medicine, a hugely important factor associated with S. aureus is its significant level of acquisition of resistance against multiple antibiotic classes, which greatly complicates efforts to treat it clinically. <ref name=antibioticresistance> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4378521 Ventola, C Lee. “The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats.” 2015 P & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management vol. 40,4: 277-83.] </ref> Methicilin is an antibiotic class of particular interest with regard to resistance acquisition among S. aureus. According to the latest CDC data released in 2019, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and other, less prominent strains of S. aureus accounted for an estimated 119,247 bloodstream infections within the United States in 2017, while causing 19,832 of those infected to pass away from complications associated with infection. <ref name=staphdeaths> [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6809e1.htm Kourtis AP, Hatfield K, Baggs J, et al. "Vital Signs: Epidemiology and Recent Trends in Methicillin-Resistant and in Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections — United States." 2019 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:214–219.] </ref> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In most cases, the previously asymptomatic, commensal <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><I></ins>S. aureus<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>that previously colonized different sections of individuals' microbiomes are responsible for their infection. <ref name=mrsaresevoir> [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.5172/conu.13.1.38 Rhonda Griffiths, Ritin Fernandez, Elizabeth Halcomb "Reservoirs of MRSA in the acute hospital setting: A systematic review" 2002. Contemporary Nurse, 13:1, 38-49] </ref> Within the world of public health and medicine, a hugely important factor associated with S. aureus is its significant level of acquisition of resistance against multiple antibiotic classes, which greatly complicates efforts to treat it clinically. <ref name=antibioticresistance> [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4378521 Ventola, C Lee. “The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats.” 2015 P & T : a peer-reviewed journal for formulary management vol. 40,4: 277-83.] </ref> Methicilin is an antibiotic class of particular interest with regard to resistance acquisition among <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><I></ins>S. aureus<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i></ins>. According to the latest CDC data released in 2019, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and other, less prominent strains of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><I></ins>S. aureus<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>accounted for an estimated 119,247 bloodstream infections within the United States in 2017, while causing 19,832 of those infected to pass away from complications associated with infection. <ref name=staphdeaths> [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6809e1.htm Kourtis AP, Hatfield K, Baggs J, et al. "Vital Signs: Epidemiology and Recent Trends in Methicillin-Resistant and in Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections — United States." 2019 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:214–219.] </ref> </div></td></tr>
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