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Genus larsen
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A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Genus larsen
 
Contents [hide]
1 Classification
1.1 Higher order taxa
1.2 Species
2 Description and significance
3 Genome structure
4 Cell structure and metabolism
5 Ecology
6 Pathology
7 Application to Biotechnology
8 Current Research
9 References


==Classification==
==Classification==
===Higher order taxa===
===Higher order taxa===
Domain:Bacteria
Domain:Bacteria,
Phylum: Proteobacteria Class: Rickettsiales Order: Rickettsiales Family: Rickettsiaceae  
Phylum: Proteobacteria, Class: Rickettsiales, Order: Rickettsiales, Family: Rickettsiaceae  


===Species===
===Species===
Line 30: Line 14:


==Description and significance==
==Description and significance==
Rickettsia typhi is a small Gram negative rod bacteria. Therefore, it has an outer membrane and a thin murein layer. Lipopolysaccharides which are unique to bacteria can be found on it’s outer membrane. Rickettsia typhi is the cause of murine typhus, a terrible disease his endemic or murine typhus is much milder than the epidemic form caused by R. prowazeki. Infection causes headache, fever, and leads to multisystem disease, including infection of the brain, lung, liver, kidney and heart. Humans become infected when the flea or tick deposits it's feces on the human's skin.  
''Rickettsia typhi'' is a small Gram-negative rod bacteria. Therefore, it has an outer membrane and a thin murein layer. Murein is a strong polymer found in the cell walls of prokaryotes. Lipopolysaccharides which are unique to bacteria can be found on it’s outer membrane as well(6). ''Rickettsia typhi'' is the cause of murine typhus. A terrible disease, this endemic typhus or murine typhus is much milder than the epidemic typhus caused by ''R. prowazeki''. Infection causes headache, fever, and can lead to multisystem disease, including infection of the brain, lung, liver, kidney and heart. Humans become infected when the flea or tick deposits its feces on the human's skin(1).  


Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated. Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.  
[[Image:rick2-an.jpeg|thumb|1000px|American Society for Microbiology-MicrobeLibrary.org: Rickettsia, Obligately Intracellular Bacteria, Pathogenic for Humans I [ http://www.microbelibrary.org/images/Walker/images/rick2-an.jpg ].]]


==Genome structure==
==Genome structure==
The complete genome sequence of ''R. typhi'' is 1,111,496 base pairs. There were 877 genes and 838 encode proteins and 24 were unique to R. typhi. The Guanine + Cytosine content in their DNA is 29-30% of it's DNA. ''R. typhi's'' genome size is 1080 Mdaltons. It has a circular chromosome
The complete genome sequence of ''R. typhi'' is 1,111,496 base pairs. There were 877 genes, 838 encode proteins and 24 were unique to ''R. typhi''(5). The Guanine + Cytosine(G+C) content in its DNA is roughly 29-30% of it's DNA. ''R. typhi's'' genome size is 1080 Mdaltons and it has the typical prokaryote circular chromosome(3). Currently, no plasmids have been found in this microbe.
 
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence? Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?


==Cell structure and metabolism==
==Cell structure and metabolism==
Rickettsiae thrive in environments of high potassium, usually in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. Membrane transport systems are used to acquire molecules such as ATP and amino acids from the host. However, they have and independent metabolism where they can produce their own ATP and proteins. Rickettsiae enter the cells by phagocytosis but escape and replicate in the cytoplasm. Its inability to maintain intracellular concentrations of several essential nutrients including ATP. Actin polymerization in the cytoplasm can move the microbe through the cytoplasm and into other cells. However this is done poorly and ''R. typhi'' remains relatively nonmotile. This allows accumulation of the microbe before the host cell lysis and spreads.  
Rickettsiae thrive in environments with a high concentration of potassium an a low concentration of glucose(sugar), usually this is the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. Cell membrane transport systems are used to acquire molecules such as ATP(energy) and amino acids from the host(3). This is one of many ways this microbe exploits its host. Its inability to maintain concentrations of essential nutrients like ATP, make ''R. typhi'' relatively non-motile. This non-motility allows for accumulation of the microbe in the host cell, which causes the cell to lyse/burst(2). However, they also have an independent metabolism where they can produce their own ATP and proteins. Rickettsiae enter the cells by phagocytosis, a process where a microorganism enters a cell through it's membrane. Later they escape and replicate in the cytoplasm of other cells.  
 
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.  
 
==Ecology==
==Ecology==
Humans are affected by this because ticks/fleas can carry this bacteria. Although typhus can be found worldwide, it is mostly present in warm coastal areas. Typhus is uncommon in the United States. It is usually seen in areas where hygiene is poor. Murine typhus is transmitted by exposure to rat fleas or rat feces, or exposure to other infected animals in the environment.
Humans are affected by this because ticks/fleas can carry this bacteria, spreading typhus. Although typhus can be found worldwide, it is mostly present in warm coastal areas. Typhus is uncommon in the United States. It is usually seen in areas where hygiene is poor. In the past, spread of typhus created many sick people, and determined the outcome of some wars.
 
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.  


==Pathology==
==Pathology==
Rickettsia typhi can be transmitted to host by the bite of an infected flea or through the feces of the carrier. In the endothelium is where the microbe divides and transmits itself through feces of the infected. The microbe accumulates after binary fission then the host cell bursts releasing many rickettsia. Destruction of the endothelial cell causes damaged tissue, organs, and loss of blood. Antimicrobial agents are made to enter the host cells and aid in decreasing the effects or R. typhi. Some medications made are doxycycline, tetracycline and chloramphenicol.
''Rickettsia typhi'' can be transmitted to the host by the bite of an infected arthropod(tick or flea) or through the feces of the carrier, causing typhus. In people, typhus causes fever, chills, headache, and general pain. In the endothelium tissue is where the microbe divides and transmits its infection(4). The microbe accumulates then the host cell bursts releasing many rickettsia. Destruction of the endothelial cell causes damaged tissue, organs, and loss of blood. Sometimes a rash is found on the body. The disease is diagnosed through blood testing. Anti-biotics are made to enter the host cells and aid in decreasing the effects or ''R. typhi''. Some medications made are doxycycline, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Prevention of the disease is through rodent and flea control.
Developments of insecticides and rat control are being made to decrease the probability of typhus occurring.
 
In people, typhus causes fever, chills, headache, and general pain. Sometimes a rash is found on the body. The disease is diagnosed through blood testing and is treated with tetracycline, doxycycline, or chloramphenicol. Prevention of the disease is through rodent and flea control.
 
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.
 
==Application to Biotechnology==
==Application to Biotechnology==
Murine typhus is caused by ''R. typhi'', however no other useful compunds or enzymes have been found from this microbe that are useful to biotechnology. It's ability to be acquired via aerosol and it's painful sypmtoms make rickettsiae a potential bioweapon and bioterror agent.
Murine typhus is caused by ''R. typhi'', however no other useful compounds or enzymes have been found from this microbe that are useful to biotechnology. Its ability to be acquired via aerosol, its painful sypmtoms, and its rate of infection make rickettsiae a potential bioweapon and bioterror agent.
 
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?
 
==Current Research==
==Current Research==
Rickettsiae cannot be cultivated on an artificial medium in the lab. They must be grown in other ways such as in animals or cell cultures.
Rickettsiae cannot be cultivated on an artificial medium in the lab. The organism must be grown in other ways such as in animals or cell cultures. Currently, different oraganisms and different environments are being tested to find different ways to cultivate this microbe. Also, this microbe affects the pesticide industry, for developments of insecticides and rat control are being made to decrease the probability of typhus occurring.
 
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required


==References==
==References==
(1)Schaechter, Moselio, and Medoff, Gerald, and Eisenstein, Barry. Mechanisms of Microbial Disease, Second Edition. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilkins, 1993
(1)Schaechter, Moselio, and Medoff, Gerald, and Eisenstein, Barry. ''Mechanisms of Microbial Disease, Second Edition''. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilkins, 1993


(2)Schaechter, Moselio, and Engleberg, Cary, and Medoff, Gerald, and Eisenstein, Barry. Mechanisms of Microbial Disease, Third Edition. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilkins, 1998
(2)Schaechter, Moselio, and Engleberg, Cary, and Medoff, Gerald, and Eisenstein, Barry. ''Mechanisms of Microbial Disease, Third Edition''. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilkins, 1998


(3)Complete Genome Sequence of Rickettsia typhi and Comparison with Sequences of Other Rickettsiae. 6 April 2007 <http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=516817>
(3)Walker, David. ''Biology of Rickettsial Diseases''. Galveston, Texas: CRC Press, 1988


RICKETTSIA, CHLAMYDIA, MYCOPLASMA. 31 April 2007 <http://www.kcom.edu/faculty/chamberlain/Website/Lects/RICKETT.HTM>
(4)Goodman, Jesse, and Dennis, David, and Sonenshine, Daniel. ''Tick-Borne Diseases of Humans''. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press, 2005


(5)Complete Genome Sequence of Rickettsia typhi and Comparison with Sequences of Other Rickettsiae. 6 April 2007 <http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=516817>


[Sample reference] Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "Palaeococcus ferrophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.  
(6)RICKETTSIA, CHLAMYDIA, MYCOPLASMA. 31 April 2007 <http://www.kcom.edu/faculty/chamberlain/Website/Lects/RICKETT.HTM>


Edited by Omar Mendoza student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano  
Edited by Omar Mendoza student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano  


Retrieved from "http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Genus_larsen"
Retrieved from "http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Genus_larsen"
KMG

Latest revision as of 20:15, 29 April 2011

This is a curated page. Report corrections to Microbewiki.

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Rickettsia typhi

Classification

Higher order taxa

Domain:Bacteria, Phylum: Proteobacteria, Class: Rickettsiales, Order: Rickettsiales, Family: Rickettsiaceae

Species

NCBI: Taxonomy


Rickettsia typhi

Description and significance

Rickettsia typhi is a small Gram-negative rod bacteria. Therefore, it has an outer membrane and a thin murein layer. Murein is a strong polymer found in the cell walls of prokaryotes. Lipopolysaccharides which are unique to bacteria can be found on it’s outer membrane as well(6). Rickettsia typhi is the cause of murine typhus. A terrible disease, this endemic typhus or murine typhus is much milder than the epidemic typhus caused by R. prowazeki. Infection causes headache, fever, and can lead to multisystem disease, including infection of the brain, lung, liver, kidney and heart. Humans become infected when the flea or tick deposits its feces on the human's skin(1).

American Society for Microbiology-MicrobeLibrary.org: Rickettsia, Obligately Intracellular Bacteria, Pathogenic for Humans I [ http://www.microbelibrary.org/images/Walker/images/rick2-an.jpg ].

Genome structure

The complete genome sequence of R. typhi is 1,111,496 base pairs. There were 877 genes, 838 encode proteins and 24 were unique to R. typhi(5). The Guanine + Cytosine(G+C) content in its DNA is roughly 29-30% of it's DNA. R. typhi's genome size is 1080 Mdaltons and it has the typical prokaryote circular chromosome(3). Currently, no plasmids have been found in this microbe.

Cell structure and metabolism

Rickettsiae thrive in environments with a high concentration of potassium an a low concentration of glucose(sugar), usually this is the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. Cell membrane transport systems are used to acquire molecules such as ATP(energy) and amino acids from the host(3). This is one of many ways this microbe exploits its host. Its inability to maintain concentrations of essential nutrients like ATP, make R. typhi relatively non-motile. This non-motility allows for accumulation of the microbe in the host cell, which causes the cell to lyse/burst(2). However, they also have an independent metabolism where they can produce their own ATP and proteins. Rickettsiae enter the cells by phagocytosis, a process where a microorganism enters a cell through it's membrane. Later they escape and replicate in the cytoplasm of other cells.

Ecology

Humans are affected by this because ticks/fleas can carry this bacteria, spreading typhus. Although typhus can be found worldwide, it is mostly present in warm coastal areas. Typhus is uncommon in the United States. It is usually seen in areas where hygiene is poor. In the past, spread of typhus created many sick people, and determined the outcome of some wars.

Pathology

Rickettsia typhi can be transmitted to the host by the bite of an infected arthropod(tick or flea) or through the feces of the carrier, causing typhus. In people, typhus causes fever, chills, headache, and general pain. In the endothelium tissue is where the microbe divides and transmits its infection(4). The microbe accumulates then the host cell bursts releasing many rickettsia. Destruction of the endothelial cell causes damaged tissue, organs, and loss of blood. Sometimes a rash is found on the body. The disease is diagnosed through blood testing. Anti-biotics are made to enter the host cells and aid in decreasing the effects or R. typhi. Some medications made are doxycycline, tetracycline and chloramphenicol. Prevention of the disease is through rodent and flea control.

Application to Biotechnology

Murine typhus is caused by R. typhi, however no other useful compounds or enzymes have been found from this microbe that are useful to biotechnology. Its ability to be acquired via aerosol, its painful sypmtoms, and its rate of infection make rickettsiae a potential bioweapon and bioterror agent.

Current Research

Rickettsiae cannot be cultivated on an artificial medium in the lab. The organism must be grown in other ways such as in animals or cell cultures. Currently, different oraganisms and different environments are being tested to find different ways to cultivate this microbe. Also, this microbe affects the pesticide industry, for developments of insecticides and rat control are being made to decrease the probability of typhus occurring.

References

(1)Schaechter, Moselio, and Medoff, Gerald, and Eisenstein, Barry. Mechanisms of Microbial Disease, Second Edition. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilkins, 1993

(2)Schaechter, Moselio, and Engleberg, Cary, and Medoff, Gerald, and Eisenstein, Barry. Mechanisms of Microbial Disease, Third Edition. Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilkins, 1998

(3)Walker, David. Biology of Rickettsial Diseases. Galveston, Texas: CRC Press, 1988

(4)Goodman, Jesse, and Dennis, David, and Sonenshine, Daniel. Tick-Borne Diseases of Humans. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press, 2005

(5)Complete Genome Sequence of Rickettsia typhi and Comparison with Sequences of Other Rickettsiae. 6 April 2007 <http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=516817>

(6)RICKETTSIA, CHLAMYDIA, MYCOPLASMA. 31 April 2007 <http://www.kcom.edu/faculty/chamberlain/Website/Lects/RICKETT.HTM>

Edited by Omar Mendoza student of Rachel Larsen and Kit Pogliano

Retrieved from "http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Genus_larsen"

KMG