Roseobacter

From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource
This is a curated page. Report corrections to Microbewiki.

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Roseobacter

Roseobacter sp. Courtesy of Harbour Branch Marine Microbial Database.

Classification

Higher order taxa:

Bacteria, Proteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Rhodobacterales, Rhodobacteraceae

Species:

Roseobacter denitrificans; R. gallaeciensis; R. litoralis; R. pelophilus; R. prionitis; R. sp.

NCBI: Taxonomy Genome: R. denitrificans R. sp. MED193

Description and Significance

Roseobacters were first described in 1991 with the discovery of Resobacter litoralis and Roseobacter denitrificans. Both of these were pink-pigmented bacterialchlorophyll strains from marine algae. Since this time it has been found that 17 genera are represented with 36 species and many more un-characterized isolates.

Roseobacters have been found to play a large part in marine biogeochemical cycles and in climate change and are well-known for processing a large amount of marine carbon. They make up approximately 25% of coastal marine bacteria and they are represented across many diverse habitats including coastal, open oceans, sea ice and sea floor.

Genome Structure

Currently two species of Roseobacter are being sequenced: R. denitrificans (Arizona State University) and R. sp. MED193 (Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation). The sample of R. sp. MED193 being sequenced was collected one meter down in the waters of the Northwest Mediterranean Sea. According to Boettcher et. al., the principal fatty acid in whole cells is C(18:1)omega7c and other characteristic fatty acids are C(16:0), C(10:0) 3-OH, 11-methyl C(18:1)omega7c and C(18:0). In addition, nearly without exception, all isolates have 16S rRNA gene sequences that are identical (Boettcher et. al.). While little is currently known about these strains, there is promising knowledge ahead as the sequencing continues.

Cell Structure and Metabolism

Roseobacter gallaeciensis Courtesy of Harbour Branch Marine Microbial Database.

The Gram-negative Roseobacter species have been identified as both oval and rod-like shaped cells with either one or two flagella present, making them fully mobile. Their size can range from 4.3 kilobases to 821.7 kilobases. They have a have a mesophilic temperature range, are heterotrophs and anaerobic (as they are a marine species).

Roseobacter can have major implications for turnover of organic material in the ocean as they consume decomposing organisms, also known as marine snow (phytoplankton or organic "aggregates". They freely swim throughout the water until they find a particle to colonize.

It has been suggested that Roseobacter bacteria benefit from association with dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP)-producing dinoflagellates because of the high metabolic rate at which Roseobacter can degrade them. The result of such associating is the use of both lyase and demethylation pathways (Miller).

Ecology

Roseobacter strains have been found in a variety of places including the Mediterranean and New England. One of the most striking feature of Roseobacter is the exceptional amount of variation between the strains in the different locations in which Roseobacter has been identified. One potential cause for concern is the number of unconfirmed strains that have been identified as of the Roseobacter species, which could lead to incorrect information if wrongly indentified.

Pathology

A strain of Roseobacter(deemed R. crassotreae) has been identified as an oyster pathogen leading to a disease called Juvenile Oyster Disease (JOD), severely affecting oysters in New England. What is most concerning about this recent increased mortality rate is the discovery of Roseobacter strains in apparently healthy oysters up a week prior to the outbreaks. Roseobacter has been affecting oysters older than two years (Boettcher).

References

Boettcher, K.J. and A.P. Maloy. "Juvenile Oyster Disease in the Northeast: Shifting Patterns of Roseobacter-related Mortalities and Implications for Regional Management."

Boettcher KJ, Geaghan KK, Maloy AP, Barber BJ. "Roseovarius crassostreae sp. nov., a member of the Roseobacter clade and the apparent cause of juvenile oyster disease (JOD) in cultured Eastern oysters." International journal of systematic and evolutionary microbiology. 2005 Jul;55:1531-7

Miller, Todd R. and Robert Belas. "Dimethylsulfoniopropionate Metabolism by Pfiesteria-Associated Roseobacter spp." Applied and Environmental Microbiology, June 2004, p. 3383-3391, Vol. 70, No. 6

Oz, Aia., Gazalah Sabehi, Michal Koblízek, Ramon Massana, and Oded Béjà."Roseobacter-Like Bacteria in Red and Mediterranean Sea Aerobic Anoxygenic Photosynthetic Populations." Appl Environ Microbiol. 2005 January; 71(1): 344–353.

Pinhassi J, Simo R, Gonzalez JM, Vila M, Alonso-Saez L, Kiene RP, Moran MA, Pedros-Alio C. "Dimethylsulfoniopropionate turnover is linked to the composition and dynamics of the bacterioplankton assemblage during a microcosm phytoplankton bloom. Applied and environmental microbiology. 2005 Dec;71(12):7650-60