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Rubella Virus - Revision history
2024-03-28T21:56:49Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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Ralsman: /* References */
2011-11-07T18:50:13Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:50, 7 November 2011</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[1] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002541/ A.D.A.M Medical Encyclopedia, "Rubella". PubMed Health, 2011]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[1] [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002541/ A.D.A.M Medical Encyclopedia, "Rubella". PubMed Health, 2011]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[2] [http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/congenital-rubella/overview.html A.D.A.M Medical Encyclopedia "Congenital Rubella". New York Times: Health Guide, 2011]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[2] [http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/congenital-rubella/overview.html A.D.A.M Medical Encyclopedia "Congenital Rubella". New York Times: Health Guide, 2011]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[3] [http://www.cdc.gov/rubella/ CDC, "Rubella homepage" CDC.gov 2009]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[3] [http://www.cdc.gov/rubella/ CDC, "Rubella homepage" CDC.gov 2009]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[4] Dominguez G., Wang C., Frey T. "Sequence of the genome RNA of rubella virus: Evidence for genetic rearrangement during togavirus evolution" Virology Vol 177, Issue 1, July 1990, p. 225</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[4] Dominguez G., Wang C., Frey T. "Sequence of the genome RNA of rubella virus: Evidence for genetic rearrangement during togavirus evolution" Virology Vol </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>177, Issue 1, July 1990, p. 225</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[5] [http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/13/4/571#B20 Lee J., Bowden S. "Rubella Virus Replication and Links to Teratogenicity" Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2000, Vol. 13, No. 4, p. 571-587]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[5] [http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/13/4/571#B20 Lee J., Bowden S. "Rubella Virus Replication and Links to Teratogenicity" Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2000, Vol. 13, No. 4, p. 571-587]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[6] Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., "M-M-R II Vaccine Live package insert" Merk & Co., Inc. 2010</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[6] Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., "M-M-R II Vaccine Live package insert" Merk & Co., Inc. 2010</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[7] [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002026.htm Kaneshiro N, "MMR vaccine". Medline Plus NIH, 2010]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[7] [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002026.htm Kaneshiro N, "MMR vaccine". Medline Plus NIH, 2010]</div></td></tr>
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Ralsman
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Rubella_Virus&diff=67472&oldid=prev
Ralsman at 21:41, 2 November 2011
2011-11-02T21:41:48Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:41, 2 November 2011</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and significance==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and significance==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The only member of the ''Rubivirus'' genus, Rubella Virus is only known to infect humans [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lee-Bowden</del>] and is responsible for the common childhood disease known as German Measles or Three Day Measles.[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CDC</del>] The disease presents primarily as a skin rash with other mild symptoms in adults who contract the disease. [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ADAM</del>] Rubella can also cause arthritic symptoms, most commonly in women [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lee-Bowden</del>] Rubella Virus can be prevented with the MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) Vaccine which makes the virus uncommon in countries where vaccines are available. [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Medline Plus</del>] Rubella Virus can cause serious harm to unborn fetuses of mothers who contract Rubella Virus within the first trimester. The virus causes CRS (Congenital Rubella Syndrome) causing birth defects. CRS can cause a variety of birth defects and can lead to miscarraige or stillbirth. [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lee-Bowden</del>] </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The only member of the ''Rubivirus'' genus, Rubella Virus is only known to infect humans [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[#References|[5]]</ins>] and is responsible for the common childhood disease known as German Measles or Three Day Measles.[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[#References|[3]]</ins>] The disease presents primarily as a skin rash with other mild symptoms in adults who contract the disease. [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[#References|[1]]</ins>] Rubella can also cause arthritic symptoms, most commonly in women [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[#References|[5]]</ins>] Rubella Virus can be prevented with the MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) Vaccine which makes the virus uncommon in countries where vaccines are available. [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[#References|[7]]</ins>] Rubella Virus can cause serious harm to unborn fetuses of mothers who contract Rubella Virus within the first trimester. The virus causes CRS (Congenital Rubella Syndrome) causing birth defects. CRS can cause a variety of birth defects and can lead to miscarraige or stillbirth. [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[#References|[5]]</ins>] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Rubella Virus genome is composed of 9757 nucleotides and has similar genomic structure to other [http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Togaviridae Togaviruses.] The Rubella Virus has the highest concentration of G/C nucleotides of any RNA virus with 69.5% of the genome consisting of those nucleotides. [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dominguez, Wang, Frey</del>] Rubella has been sequenced <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">completley </del>for three strains shwoing >95% homology between the three strains. [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lee-Bowden</del>]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Rubella Virus genome is composed of 9757 nucleotides and has similar genomic structure to other [http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Togaviridae Togaviruses.] The Rubella Virus has the highest concentration of G/C nucleotides of any RNA virus with 69.5% of the genome consisting of those nucleotides. [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[#References|[4]]</ins>] Rubella has been sequenced <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">completely </ins>for three strains shwoing >95% homology between the three strains. [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[#References|[5]]</ins>]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure & life cycle==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure & life cycle==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Rubella Virus is an enveloped virus, circular or oval in shape and 60nm in diameter. The <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">viron </del>is composed of a capsid core containing a single copy of genomic RNA. The outer membrane is a lipid bilayer containing <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">specilized </del>glycoproteins (E1 and E2) believed to be <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">responsable </del>for attachment to host cells. It is also believed that a pH of 6.0 or less induces conformational changes in the glycoproteins making attachment of the viral envelope to host cells more likely. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Rubella Virus is an enveloped virus, circular or oval in shape and 60nm in diameter. The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">virion </ins>is composed of a capsid core containing a single copy of genomic RNA. The outer membrane is a lipid bilayer containing <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">specialized </ins>glycoproteins (E1 and E2) believed to be <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">responsible </ins>for attachment to host cells. It is also believed that a pH of 6.0 or less induces conformational changes in the glycoproteins making attachment of the viral envelope to host cells more likely. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Rubella virus likely enters cells via endocytosis. Once in the cell a conformational change occurs in the capsid shell releasing the genetic information into the cell. Replication is slow with a latency period of 8-12 hours, with structural proteins appearing at 12-16 hours and peak viral 36-48 hours after infection. In <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">volenter </del>subjects infected via <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">aresol </del>the characteristic rash typically appears 16-20 days from the time of exposure. [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lee-Bowden</del>] </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Rubella virus likely enters cells via endocytosis. Once in the cell a conformational change occurs in the capsid shell releasing the genetic information into the cell. Replication is slow with a latency period of 8-12 hours, with structural proteins appearing at 12-16 hours and peak viral 36-48 hours after infection. In <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">volunteer </ins>subjects infected via <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">aerosol </ins>the characteristic rash typically appears 16-20 days from the time of exposure. [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[#References|[5]]</ins>] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathogenesis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathogenesis==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If it is a pathogen, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Describe virulence factors and patient symptoms.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>If it is a pathogen, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Describe virulence factors and patient symptoms.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Rubella virus only infects humans and is spread from person to person through contact or from a cough or <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sneaze </del>as the rubella virus lives in the mucus of an infected person. The virus can be transmitted up to a week before the rash <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">apeares </del>and one to two weeks after. [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ADAM</del>] Rubella is also transmitted from an infected mother to her unborn child causing CRS. [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CDC</del>] Symptoms for postnatal Rubella virus include a rash spreading down from the face to the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">extremedies </del>and in some cases a runny nose, fever or joint pain. It is possible for the virus to be asymptomatic. [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lee-Bowden</del>] CRS causes a number of birth defects which include but are not limited to prenatal <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cataracs</del>, deafness, low birth weight and mental retardation. [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">NYT</del>] Rubella virus only has a large risk of infection if the disease is contracted by the mother in the first trimester, after which birth defects are less likely [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lee-Bowden</del>]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Rubella virus only infects humans and is spread from person to person through contact or from a cough or <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sneeze </ins>as the rubella virus lives in the mucus of an infected person. The virus can be transmitted up to a week before the rash <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">appears </ins>and one to two weeks after. [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[#References|[1]]</ins>] Rubella is also transmitted from an infected mother to her unborn child causing CRS. [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[#References|[1]]</ins>] Symptoms for postnatal Rubella virus include a rash spreading down from the face to the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">extremities </ins>and in some cases a runny nose, fever or joint pain. It is possible for the virus to be asymptomatic. [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[#References|[5]]</ins>] CRS causes a number of birth defects which include but are not limited to prenatal <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cataracts</ins>, deafness, low birth weight and mental retardation. [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[#References|[2]]</ins>] Rubella virus only has a large risk of infection if the disease is contracted by the mother in the first trimester, after which birth defects are less likely<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. [[#References|</ins>[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5]]</ins>] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">There is no known treatment for Rubella.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Interesting feature</del>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rubella Vaccination</ins>==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Describe <i>in detail</i> one particularly interesting aspect </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">your organism </del>or <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">it's affect on </del>humans or the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">environment</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Included as a part </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the common childhood vaccination known as MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) vaccination. The Meruvax II </ins>or <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rubella vaccination effectively prevents the disease after a single injection in </ins>humans <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">12 moths </ins>or <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">older. While antibodies are usually developed after a single infection of the virus the vaccine is vital to prevent infection of expecting mothers who could pass on the virus to their unborn fetus. The vaccine is a freeze dried sample of the Wistar RA 27/3 strain of Rubella virus which when injected induces an immunity by causing a modified rubella infection. Rubella hemagglutinin antibodies are produced to prevent infection of wild rubella virus. [[#References|[6]]] The vaccination MMR is a required vaccination in most states for children wishing to enter school. [[#References|[1]]] It is not yet clearly known if </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">immunity is permanent but it is known to last at least 10 years</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[#References|[6]]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sample reference</del>] [http://<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ijs</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sgmjournals</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">org</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cgi</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">reprint</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">50</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">489 Takai</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">K</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sugai</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Itoh, </del>T., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and Horikoshi</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">K</del>. "<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nov</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sp</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nov</del>., <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sea hydrothermal vent chimney</del>". <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2000</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Volume 50</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">p</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">489-500</del>.]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1</ins>] [http://<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">www</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ncbi</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0002541/ A.D.A.M Medical Encyclopedia, "Rubella". PubMed Health, 2011]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[2] [http://health.nytimes.com</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">health</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">guides</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">disease</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">congenital-rubella</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">overview.html A.D.A.M Medical Encyclopedia "Congenital Rubella". New York Times: Health Guide</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2011]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[3] [http://www</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cdc.gov/rubella/ CDC</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"Rubella homepage" CDC.gov 2009]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[4] Dominguez G.</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Wang C</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Frey </ins>T. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"Sequence of the genome RNA of rubella virus: Evidence for genetic rearrangement during togavirus evolution" Virology Vol 177, Issue 1, July 1990</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">p. 225</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[5] [http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/13/4/571#B20 Lee J.</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bowden S</ins>. "<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rubella Virus Replication and Links to Teratogenicity" Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 2000, Vol</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">13, No</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">p</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">571-587]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[6] Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp</ins>., <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"M-M</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">R II Vaccine Live package insert</ins>" <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Merk & Co., Inc</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2010</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[7] [http://www</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nlm</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">nih</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002026</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">htm Kaneshiro N, "MMR vaccine"</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Medline Plus NIH, 2010</ins>]</div></td></tr>
</table>
Ralsman
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Rubella_Virus&diff=67442&oldid=prev
Ralsman at 14:55, 2 November 2011
2011-11-02T14:55:44Z
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:55, 2 November 2011</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and significance==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and significance==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The only member of the ''Rubivirus'' genus, Rubella Virus is responsible for the common childhood disease known as German Measles or Three Day Measles. [CDC] Rubella Virus <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">has only been known </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">infect humans under natural conditions </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The only member of the ''Rubivirus'' genus, Rubella Virus <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is only known to infect humans [Lee-Bowden] and </ins>is responsible for the common childhood disease known as German Measles or Three Day Measles.[CDC<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">] The disease presents primarily as a skin rash with other mild symptoms in adults who contract the disease. [ADAM] Rubella can also cause arthritic symptoms, most commonly in women [Lee-Bowden</ins>] Rubella Virus <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">can be prevented with the MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) Vaccine which makes the virus uncommon in countries where vaccines are available. [Medline Plus] Rubella Virus can cause serious harm to unborn fetuses of mothers who contract Rubella Virus within the first trimester. The virus causes CRS (Congenital Rubella Syndrome) causing birth defects. CRS can cause a variety of birth defects and can lead </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">miscarraige or stillbirth. [Lee-Bowden] </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Describe the size and content </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the genome. How many chromosomes </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">plasmids? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The Rubella Virus genome is composed </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9757 nucleotides </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">has similar genomic </ins>structure <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to other [http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">php/Togaviridae Togaviruses</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">] The Rubella Virus has </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">highest concentration of G</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">C nucleotides of any RNA virus with 69</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5% of the genome consisting of those nucleotides</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[Dominguez</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Wang</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Frey] Rubella has been sequenced completley for three strains shwoing >95% homology between the three strains</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[Lee-Bowden]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Cell </del>structure<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, metabolism & life cycle==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Provide a physical and biochemical description of the organism</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> What kind of organism is it, what does it look like, how is it built, what are its metabolic properties, how can it be identified, what is it's life cycle, &c</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In other words, describe </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">organism from <i>its<</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">i> perspective</del>.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Ecology (including pathogenesis)==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Describe its habitat, symbiosis, and contributions to environment</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">If it is a pathogen</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">how does this organism cause disease? Human</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">animal, plant hosts? Describe virulence factors and patient symptoms</del>.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Cell structure & life cycle==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rubella Virus is an enveloped virus, circular or oval in shape and 60nm in diameter. The viron is composed of a capsid core containing a single copy of genomic RNA. The outer membrane is a lipid bilayer containing specilized glycoproteins (E1 and E2) believed to be responsable for attachment to host cells. It is also believed that a pH of 6.0 or less induces conformational changes in the glycoproteins making attachment of the viral envelope to host cells more likely. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rubella virus likely enters cells via endocytosis. Once in the cell a conformational change occurs in the capsid shell releasing the genetic information into the cell. Replication is slow with a latency period of 8-12 hours, with structural proteins appearing at 12-16 hours and peak viral 36-48 hours after infection. In volenter subjects infected via aresol the characteristic rash typically appears 16-20 days from the time of exposure. [Lee-Bowden] </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Pathogenesis==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">If it is a pathogen, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Describe virulence factors and patient symptoms.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Rubella virus only infects humans and is spread from person to person through contact or from a cough or sneaze as the rubella virus lives in the mucus of an infected person. The virus can be transmitted up to a week before the rash apeares and one to two weeks after. [ADAM] Rubella is also transmitted from an infected mother to her unborn child causing CRS. [CDC] Symptoms for postnatal Rubella virus include a rash spreading down from the face to the extremedies and in some cases a runny nose, fever or joint pain. It is possible for the virus to be asymptomatic. [Lee-Bowden] CRS causes a number of birth defects which include but are not limited to prenatal cataracs, deafness, low birth weight and mental retardation. [NYT] Rubella virus only has a large risk of infection if the disease is contracted by the mother in the first trimester, after which birth defects are less likely [Lee-Bowden]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Interesting feature==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Interesting feature==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Describe <i>in detail</i> one particularly interesting aspect of your organism or it's affect on humans or the environment.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Describe <i>in detail</i> one particularly interesting aspect of your organism or it's affect on humans or the environment.</div></td></tr>
</table>
Ralsman
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Rubella_Virus&diff=67390&oldid=prev
Ralsman: Created page with "{{Uncurated}} {{Viral Biorealm}} ==Classification== Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA (+) viruses; Togavirdae; Rubivirus; Rubella Virus [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Brows..."
2011-11-02T05:31:27Z
<p>Created page with "{{Uncurated}} {{Viral Biorealm}} ==Classification== Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA (+) viruses; Togavirdae; Rubivirus; Rubella Virus [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Brows..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Uncurated}}<br />
{{Viral Biorealm}}<br />
<br />
==Classification==<br />
<br />
Viruses; ssRNA viruses; ssRNA (+) viruses; Togavirdae; Rubivirus; Rubella Virus [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=11040&lvl=3&p=mapview&p=has_linkout&p=blast_url&p=genome_blast&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI]]<br />
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==Description and significance==<br />
The only member of the ''Rubivirus'' genus, Rubella Virus is responsible for the common childhood disease known as German Measles or Three Day Measles. [CDC] Rubella Virus has only been known to infect humans under natural conditions <br />
==Genome structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes and plasmids? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?<br />
<br />
==Cell structure, metabolism & life cycle==<br />
Provide a physical and biochemical description of the organism. What kind of organism is it, what does it look like, how is it built, what are its metabolic properties, how can it be identified, what is it's life cycle, &c. In other words, describe the organism from <i>its</i> perspective.<br />
<br />
==Ecology (including pathogenesis)==<br />
Describe its habitat, symbiosis, and contributions to environment. If it is a pathogen, how does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Describe virulence factors and patient symptoms.<br />
<br />
==Interesting feature==<br />
Describe <i>in detail</i> one particularly interesting aspect of your organism or it's affect on humans or the environment.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]</div>
Ralsman