https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Salmonellosis&feed=atom&action=historySalmonellosis - Revision history2024-03-28T14:47:42ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Salmonellosis&diff=119653&oldid=prevBarichD at 16:42, 11 February 20162016-02-11T16:42:52Z<p></p>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Salmonellosis&diff=116390&oldid=prevBarichD at 00:49, 22 September 20152015-09-22T00:49:59Z<p></p>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Salmonellosis&diff=92011&oldid=prevBarichD at 19:49, 28 August 20132013-08-28T19:49:13Z<p></p>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Salmonellosis&diff=91773&oldid=prevTconway at 07:16, 26 July 20132013-07-26T07:16:55Z<p></p>
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</table>Tconwayhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Salmonellosis&diff=91752&oldid=prevBarichDMichael.N.Mccoy-1: /* Host Immune Response */2013-07-25T16:06:03Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Host Immune Response</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Host Immune Response==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Host Immune Response==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mucus lining in the intestines serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Other cells in the intestines also secrete amphipathic proteins that function like antimicrobials that create another line of defense against invading pathogens. As <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> invades the mucosal lining, the host inflammatory response <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">kicks in</del>. <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> uses the type III secretion system to invade the epithelial cells in the intestines. There is a positive feedback immune response that occurs between the <i>Salmonella</i> bacterium and the host immune system. The PRR's recognize the <i>Salmonella</i> to induce a pro-inflammatory response of cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators. The presence of the cytokines triggers a cascade of proteins to be released from <i>Salmonella</i> that positively trigger more cytokines to be released. Cytokines trigger the assembly NLRC4/NLRP3 in <i>Salmonella</i> which then activates Caspase-1 which leads to the release of other specific cytokines. Those cytokines then trigger the release of chemokines which creates an influx of neutrophils to the mucosal lining. Those neutrophils are important in killing the extracellular <i>Salmonella</i>. However, because of all the signals that have occurred for an inflammatory response the neutrophils also cause damage to the epithelial cells leading to diarrhea. [[#References|[17]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mucus lining in the intestines serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Other cells in the intestines also secrete amphipathic proteins that function like antimicrobials that create another line of defense against invading pathogens. As <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> invades the mucosal lining, the host inflammatory response <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is activated</ins>. <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> uses the type III secretion system to invade the epithelial cells in the intestines. There is a positive feedback immune response that occurs between the <i>Salmonella</i> bacterium and the host immune system. The PRR's recognize the <i>Salmonella</i> to induce a pro-inflammatory response of cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators. The presence of the cytokines triggers a cascade of proteins to be released from <i>Salmonella</i> that positively trigger more cytokines to be released. Cytokines trigger the assembly NLRC4/NLRP3 in <i>Salmonella</i> which then activates Caspase-1 which leads to the release of other specific cytokines. Those cytokines then trigger the release of chemokines which creates an influx of neutrophils to the mucosal lining. Those neutrophils are important in killing the extracellular <i>Salmonella</i>. However, because of all the signals that have occurred for an inflammatory response the neutrophils also cause damage to the epithelial cells leading to diarrhea. [[#References|[17]]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>BarichDMichael.N.Mccoy-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Salmonellosis&diff=91751&oldid=prevBarichDMichael.N.Mccoy-1: /* Host Immune Response */2013-07-25T16:05:48Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Host Immune Response</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Host Immune Response==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Host Immune Response==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mucus lining in the intestines serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Other cells in the intestines also secrete amphipathic proteins that function like antimicrobials that create another line of defense against invading pathogens. As <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> invades <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that </del>mucosal lining the host inflammatory response kicks in. <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> uses the type III secretion system to invade the epithelial cells in the intestines. There is a positive feedback immune response that occurs between the <i>Salmonella</i> bacterium and the host immune system. The PRR's recognize the <i>Salmonella</i> to induce a pro-inflammatory response of cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators. The presence of the cytokines triggers a cascade of proteins to be released from <i>Salmonella</i> that positively trigger more cytokines to be released. Cytokines trigger the assembly NLRC4/NLRP3 in <i>Salmonella</i> which then activates Caspase-1 which leads to the release of other specific cytokines. Those cytokines then trigger the release of chemokines which creates an influx of neutrophils to the mucosal lining. Those neutrophils are important in killing the extracellular <i>Salmonella</i>. However, because of all the signals that have occurred for an inflammatory response the neutrophils also cause damage to the epithelial cells leading to diarrhea. [[#References|[17]]] </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The mucus lining in the intestines serves as the first line of defense against invading pathogens. Other cells in the intestines also secrete amphipathic proteins that function like antimicrobials that create another line of defense against invading pathogens. As <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> invades <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </ins>mucosal lining<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>the host inflammatory response kicks in. <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> uses the type III secretion system to invade the epithelial cells in the intestines. There is a positive feedback immune response that occurs between the <i>Salmonella</i> bacterium and the host immune system. The PRR's recognize the <i>Salmonella</i> to induce a pro-inflammatory response of cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators. The presence of the cytokines triggers a cascade of proteins to be released from <i>Salmonella</i> that positively trigger more cytokines to be released. Cytokines trigger the assembly NLRC4/NLRP3 in <i>Salmonella</i> which then activates Caspase-1 which leads to the release of other specific cytokines. Those cytokines then trigger the release of chemokines which creates an influx of neutrophils to the mucosal lining. Those neutrophils are important in killing the extracellular <i>Salmonella</i>. However, because of all the signals that have occurred for an inflammatory response the neutrophils also cause damage to the epithelial cells leading to diarrhea. [[#References|[17]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>BarichDMichael.N.Mccoy-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Salmonellosis&diff=90990&oldid=prevTconway: /* =Virulence Factors */2013-07-23T13:28:37Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">=Virulence Factors</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The number of <i>Salmonella</i> organisms that need to be ingested in order to cause disease in a human host is approximately just over 100,000 bacterial cells. [[#References|[11]]] The incubation period, or the time it takes for an individual to present with symptoms after ingestion, is between 12 hours and three days. [[#References|[4]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The number of <i>Salmonella</i> organisms that need to be ingested in order to cause disease in a human host is approximately just over 100,000 bacterial cells. [[#References|[11]]] The incubation period, or the time it takes for an individual to present with symptoms after ingestion, is between 12 hours and three days. [[#References|[4]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=</del>==Virulence Factors==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Virulence Factors==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: Type 3 Secretion System.jpeg |thumb|400px|right| <i>Salmonella</i> type three secretion system. From: https://thetightropeblog.wordpress.com/category/type-iii-secretion/]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: Type 3 Secretion System.jpeg |thumb|400px|right| <i>Salmonella</i> type three secretion system. From: https://thetightropeblog.wordpress.com/category/type-iii-secretion/]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Salmonella</i> bacteria possess a number of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenesis. <i>Salmonella</i> invades the epithelial cells of the human intestines using a type three secretion system (TTSS) to inject its outer proteins into the host's intestinal cells. The TTSS is a needle-like structure that helps the bacteria find the host and then insert effector proteins. As soon as the needle comes into contact with the host cell it starts secreting these effector molecules. The host cell then engulfs the bacteria, consequently allowing the bacteria to reproduce and cause infection. The effectors that are inserted into the host cell signal the host to take-up the bacteria. This happens by the effectors taking control of the actin polymerization process. The actin polymerizes to the point where it causes the host cell wall to begin to raise on either side of the bacteria. Once the bacteria is surrounded on all sides by the cell wall it is engulfed into the host and encased in a vesicle. <I>Salmonella</I> mature within the cell inside of "<i>Salmonella</i> containing vacuoles" (SCVs) thereby evading the host’s immune response. Additionally, <i>Salmonella</i> bacteria have at least 16 adhesion factors which allow them to better adhere to the intestinal epithelium. [[#References|[8]]][[#References|[14]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Salmonella</i> bacteria possess a number of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenesis. <i>Salmonella</i> invades the epithelial cells of the human intestines using a type three secretion system (TTSS) to inject its outer proteins into the host's intestinal cells. The TTSS is a needle-like structure that helps the bacteria find the host and then insert effector proteins. As soon as the needle comes into contact with the host cell it starts secreting these effector molecules. The host cell then engulfs the bacteria, consequently allowing the bacteria to reproduce and cause infection. The effectors that are inserted into the host cell signal the host to take-up the bacteria. This happens by the effectors taking control of the actin polymerization process. The actin polymerizes to the point where it causes the host cell wall to begin to raise on either side of the bacteria. Once the bacteria is surrounded on all sides by the cell wall it is engulfed into the host and encased in a vesicle. <I>Salmonella</I> mature within the cell inside of "<i>Salmonella</i> containing vacuoles" (SCVs) thereby evading the host’s immune response. Additionally, <i>Salmonella</i> bacteria have at least 16 adhesion factors which allow them to better adhere to the intestinal epithelium. [[#References|[8]]][[#References|[14]]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Tconwayhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Salmonellosis&diff=90501&oldid=prevLaura.M.Boucher-1: /* =Virulence Factors */2013-07-22T18:06:17Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">=Virulence Factors</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Virulence Factors==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Virulence Factors==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: Type 3 Secretion System.jpeg |thumb|400px|right| <i>Salmonella</i> type three secretion system. From: https://thetightropeblog.wordpress.com/category/type-iii-secretion/]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: Type 3 Secretion System.jpeg |thumb|400px|right| <i>Salmonella</i> type three secretion system. From: https://thetightropeblog.wordpress.com/category/type-iii-secretion/]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Salmonella</i> bacteria possess a number of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenesis. <i>Salmonella</i> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">invade </del>the epithelial cells of the human intestines using a type three secretion system (TTSS) to inject its outer proteins into the host's intestinal cells. The TTSS is a needle-like structure that helps the bacteria find the host and then insert proteins <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">known as effectors</del>. As soon as the needle comes into contact with the host cell it starts secreting these <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">effectors</del>. The host cell then engulfs the bacteria <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">so that </del>the bacteria <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">can </del>reproduce and cause infection. The effectors that are inserted into the host <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">via the needle </del>signal the host to take-up the bacteria. This happens by the effectors taking control of the actin polymerization process. The actin polymerizes to the point where it causes the host cell wall to begin to raise on either side of the bacteria. Once the bacteria is surrounded on all sides by the cell wall it is engulfed into the host and encased in a vesicle. <I>Salmonella</I> mature within the cell inside of "<i>Salmonella</i> containing vacuoles" (SCVs) thereby evading the host’s immune response. Additionally, <i>Salmonella</i> bacteria have at least 16 adhesion factors which allow them to better adhere to the intestinal epithelium. [[#References|[8]]][[#References|[14]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Salmonella</i> bacteria possess a number of virulence factors that contribute to its pathogenesis. <i>Salmonella</i> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">invades </ins>the epithelial cells of the human intestines using a type three secretion system (TTSS) to inject its outer proteins into the host's intestinal cells. The TTSS is a needle-like structure that helps the bacteria find the host and then insert <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">effector </ins>proteins. As soon as the needle comes into contact with the host cell it starts secreting these <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">effector molecules</ins>. The host cell then engulfs the bacteria<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, consequently allowing </ins>the bacteria <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to </ins>reproduce and cause infection. The effectors that are inserted into the host <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cell </ins>signal the host to take-up the bacteria. This happens by the effectors taking control of the actin polymerization process. The actin polymerizes to the point where it causes the host cell wall to begin to raise on either side of the bacteria. Once the bacteria is surrounded on all sides by the cell wall it is engulfed into the host and encased in a vesicle. <I>Salmonella</I> mature within the cell inside of "<i>Salmonella</i> containing vacuoles" (SCVs) thereby evading the host’s immune response. Additionally, <i>Salmonella</i> bacteria have at least 16 adhesion factors which allow them to better adhere to the intestinal epithelium. [[#References|[8]]][[#References|[14]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Salmonella</i> has acquired at least 5 SPI's (<i>Salmonella</i> Pathogenicity Islands) via horizontal gene transfer which contribute to its virulence. Specifically, SPI-1 and SPI-2 are the main contributors to <i>Salmonella's</i> virulence. In addition to its pathogenicity islands, <i>Salmonella</i>, like all Gram-negative bacteria, are surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS). <i>Salmonella</i> lipopolysaccharide contains the lipid A endotoxin which, upon release, can cause shock in the host. Another virulence factor of <i>Salmonella</i> its ability to synthesize enterobactin. Enterobactin, the strongest siderophore known, secreted by <i>Salmonella</i> allows it to commandeer iron from the hosts body which it can use for growth within the host. [[#References|[14]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Salmonella</i> has acquired at least 5 SPI's (<i>Salmonella</i> Pathogenicity Islands) via horizontal gene transfer which contribute to its virulence. Specifically, SPI-1 and SPI-2 are the main contributors to <i>Salmonella's</i> virulence. In addition to its pathogenicity islands, <i>Salmonella</i>, like all Gram-negative bacteria, are surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS). <i>Salmonella</i> lipopolysaccharide contains the lipid A endotoxin which, upon release, can cause shock in the host. Another virulence factor of <i>Salmonella</i> its ability to synthesize enterobactin. Enterobactin, the strongest siderophore known, secreted by <i>Salmonella</i> allows it to commandeer iron from the hosts body which it can use for growth within the host. [[#References|[14]]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Laura.M.Boucher-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Salmonellosis&diff=90491&oldid=prevLaura.M.Boucher-1: /* Description */2013-07-22T18:01:42Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Description</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Description===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Description===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are </del>Gram negative, non-spore forming <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacilli</del>. These facultative anaerobes are predominately motile with peritrichous flagella. <i> Salmonella typhimurium, </i> in particular, cause gastroenteritis in human hosts. [[#References|[14]]] This organism is easy to identify in a laboratory setting. All <i>Salmonella</i> species are oxidase negative, and the majority are lactose negative and produce hydrogen sulfide. [[#References|[11]]] <i>Salmonella</i> can be acquired by eating or drinking contaminated food or water and is especially common on turtles and poultry. <i>Salmonella</i> enters the body through ingestion and then makes its way through the stomach acid to its niche in the intestines. Since <i>Salmonella</i> does not contain an acid virulence factor, many of the bacteria are killed as they pass through the stomach. This is why an approximate dose of 100,000 bacterial cells must be ingested in order to cause disease. In the intestines, there are many bacteria that have already colonized.<i>Salmonella</i> has many adhesion factors that allow it to better adhere to the mucosal layer. Approximately 94 million <i> Salmonella typhimurium </i> infections are reported per year, along with 155,000 deaths. The disease is characterized by severe abdominal cramping, vomiting and diarrhea. In order to further confirm a <i> Salmonella typhimurium </i> infection, a stool sample or blood sample is taken for culturing. After confirmation of a severe infection, approved antibiotics may be prescribed. To prevent <i>Salmonella</i>, use caution when handling raw meat by washing hands and surfaces thoroughly. [[#References|[8]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is a </ins>Gram negative, non-spore forming <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacillus-shaped bacterium</ins>. These facultative anaerobes are predominately motile with peritrichous flagella. <i> Salmonella typhimurium, </i> in particular, cause gastroenteritis in human hosts. [[#References|[14]]] This organism is easy to identify in a laboratory setting. All <i>Salmonella</i> species are oxidase negative, and the majority are lactose negative and produce hydrogen sulfide. [[#References|[11]]] <i>Salmonella</i> can be acquired by eating or drinking contaminated food or water and is especially common on turtles and poultry. <i>Salmonella</i> enters the body through ingestion and then makes its way through the stomach acid to its niche in the intestines. Since <i>Salmonella</i> does not contain an acid virulence factor, many of the bacteria are killed as they pass through the stomach. This is why an approximate dose of 100,000 bacterial cells must be ingested in order to cause disease. In the intestines, there are many bacteria that have already colonized.<i>Salmonella</i> has many adhesion factors that allow it to better adhere to the mucosal layer. Approximately 94 million <i> Salmonella typhimurium </i> infections are reported per year, along with 155,000 deaths. The disease is characterized by severe abdominal cramping, vomiting and diarrhea. In order to further confirm a <i> Salmonella typhimurium </i> infection, a stool sample or blood sample is taken for culturing. After confirmation of a severe infection, approved antibiotics may be prescribed. To prevent <i>Salmonella</i>, use caution when handling raw meat by washing hands and surfaces thoroughly. [[#References|[8]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathogenesis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathogenesis==</div></td></tr>
</table>Laura.M.Boucher-1https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Salmonellosis&diff=90478&oldid=prevLillian.V.Flannigan-1: /* Taxonomy */2013-07-22T17:57:48Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Taxonomy</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:57, 22 July 2013</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: Salmonellapicture.jpeg |thumb|400px|right| <i>Salmonella</i> invading a host cell. From: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SalmonellaNIAID.jpg]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image: Salmonellapicture.jpeg |thumb|400px|right| <i>Salmonella</i> invading a host cell. From: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SalmonellaNIAID.jpg]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Taxonomy===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Taxonomy===</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Domain = [[Bacteria]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Domain = [[Bacteria]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Phylum = [[Proteobacteria]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>| Phylum = [[Proteobacteria]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=90371&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: <font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=salmonella+typhimurium Genome]</font>'''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=90371&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy] Genome: <font size="2">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/?term=salmonella+typhimurium Genome]</font>'''</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Description===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Description===</div></td></tr>
</table>Lillian.V.Flannigan-1