https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Sphingomonas_spp:_Agents_of_Bioremediation_and_Pathogenesis&feed=atom&action=historySphingomonas spp: Agents of Bioremediation and Pathogenesis - Revision history2024-03-29T13:48:33ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Sphingomonas_spp:_Agents_of_Bioremediation_and_Pathogenesis&diff=64005&oldid=prevSowaD at 12:11, 8 May 20112011-05-08T12:11:00Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:11, 8 May 2011</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l57">Line 57:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 57:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Uranium-Contaminated Environments===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Uranium-Contaminated Environments===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Often, soil around nuclear reactors and power plants or uranium mines contains uranium (IV) in forms such as [UO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−2</sup> and [UO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>−4</sup>, which can permeate groundwater and lead to health hazards (Figure 7). The <i>Sphingomonas</i> strain BSAR-1 was found to precipitate uranium thanks to an alkaline phosphatase secreted into the outside medium, thus preventing hazards. When the gene encoding this function, dubbed <i>phoK</i>, was inserted into <i>E. coli</i> and overexpressed, the bacteria became powerful uranium precipitators. This recombinant strain precipitated more than 90% of a provided quantity of uranium in less than 2 hrs, whereas the original <i>Sphingomonas</i> degraded this quantity in a little over 7 hrs. This study revealed both certain <i>Sphingomonas</i> species’ facility at bioprecipitation of contaminants, and the possibility that these traits could be transferred to other species to be used in bioremediation [19].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Often, soil around nuclear reactors and power plants or uranium mines contains uranium (IV) in forms such as [UO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−2</sup> and [UO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>−4</sup>, which can permeate groundwater and lead to health hazards (Figure 7). The <i>Sphingomonas</i> strain BSAR-1 was found to precipitate uranium thanks to an alkaline phosphatase secreted into the outside medium, thus preventing hazards. When the gene encoding this function, dubbed <i>phoK</i>, was inserted into <i>E. coli</i> and overexpressed, the bacteria became powerful uranium precipitators. This recombinant strain precipitated more than 90% of a provided quantity of uranium in less than 2 hrs, whereas the original <i>Sphingomonas</i> degraded this quantity in a little over 7 hrs. This study revealed both certain <i>Sphingomonas</i> species’ facility at bioprecipitation of contaminants, and the possibility that these traits could be transferred to other species to be used in bioremediation [19].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current <i>Sphingomonas</i> Research for Bioremediation==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current <i>Sphingomonas</i> Research for Bioremediation==</div></td></tr>
</table>SowaDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Sphingomonas_spp:_Agents_of_Bioremediation_and_Pathogenesis&diff=64004&oldid=prevSowaD: /* Uranium-Contaminated Environments */2011-05-08T12:10:24Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Uranium-Contaminated Environments</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:10, 8 May 2011</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l56">Line 56:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 56:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Uranium-Contaminated Environments===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Uranium-Contaminated Environments===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Often, soil around nuclear reactors and power plants or uranium mines contains uranium (IV) in forms such as [UO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−2</sup> and [UO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>−4</sup>, which can permeate groundwater and lead to health hazards (Figure 7). The <i>Sphingomonas</i> strain BSAR-1 was found to precipitate uranium thanks to an alkaline phosphatase secreted into the outside medium, thus preventing hazards. When the gene encoding this function, dubbed <i>phoK</i>, was inserted into <i>E. coli</i> and overexpressed, the bacteria became powerful uranium precipitators. This recombinant strain precipitated more than 90% of a provided quantity of uranium in less than 2 hrs, whereas the original <i>Sphingomonas</i> degraded this quantity in a little over 7 hrs. This study revealed both certain <i>Sphingomonas</i> species’ facility at <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bioprecipiation </del>of contaminants, and the possibility that these traits could be transferred to other species to be used in bioremediation [19].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Often, soil around nuclear reactors and power plants or uranium mines contains uranium (IV) in forms such as [UO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−2</sup> and [UO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>−4</sup>, which can permeate groundwater and lead to health hazards (Figure 7). The <i>Sphingomonas</i> strain BSAR-1 was found to precipitate uranium thanks to an alkaline phosphatase secreted into the outside medium, thus preventing hazards. When the gene encoding this function, dubbed <i>phoK</i>, was inserted into <i>E. coli</i> and overexpressed, the bacteria became powerful uranium precipitators. This recombinant strain precipitated more than 90% of a provided quantity of uranium in less than 2 hrs, whereas the original <i>Sphingomonas</i> degraded this quantity in a little over 7 hrs. This study revealed both certain <i>Sphingomonas</i> species’ facility at <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bioprecipitation </ins>of contaminants, and the possibility that these traits could be transferred to other species to be used in bioremediation [19].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current <i>Sphingomonas</i> Research for Bioremediation==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current <i>Sphingomonas</i> Research for Bioremediation==</div></td></tr>
</table>SowaDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Sphingomonas_spp:_Agents_of_Bioremediation_and_Pathogenesis&diff=64003&oldid=prevSowaD: /* The BP Oil Spill */2011-05-08T12:08:57Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The BP Oil Spill</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:08, 8 May 2011</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l77">Line 77:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 77:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On April 20, 2010, an explosion shook the BP Deepwater Horizon oil rig, resulting in billions of dollars in losses to British Petroleum, massive trauma to local ecosystems, and the jeopardization of many peoples' livelihood. It was estimated that millions of gallons of petroleum were leaking into the surrounding ocean per day. This was the worst spill in American history (moreso than the Exxon Valdez spill) and the largest anthropogenic input of petroleum into the environment ever. Though local ecosystems are slowly recovering, research continues to find ways to assist in PAH degradation [7] [http://www.care2.com/causes/environment/blog/10-most-horrifying-facts-about-the-gulf-oill-spill/].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>On April 20, 2010, an explosion shook the BP Deepwater Horizon oil rig, resulting in billions of dollars in losses to British Petroleum, massive trauma to local ecosystems, and the jeopardization of many peoples' livelihood. It was estimated that millions of gallons of petroleum were leaking into the surrounding ocean per day. This was the worst spill in American history (moreso than the Exxon Valdez spill) and the largest anthropogenic input of petroleum into the environment ever. Though local ecosystems are slowly recovering, research continues to find ways to assist in PAH degradation [7] [http://www.care2.com/causes/environment/blog/10-most-horrifying-facts-about-the-gulf-oill-spill/].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Recently, Dr. Waltena Simpson, an associate professor of microbiology at South Carolina State University, has been conducting research on Sphingomonads as a possible remedy for the high quantity of PAHs released by the Deepwater Horizon spill (Figure 8). Her research is focused on a strain of <i>Sphingomonas</i> that was isolated from sludge at a Polish oil refinery once operated by BP. Because these bacteria clearly already possess the ability to degrade PAHs, Dr. Simpson and her partner are seeking to identify the genes that grant the useful catabolic abilities to this strain. After identifying the genes, the researchers hope to be able to enhance their effect and increase the rate at which the microbes catabolize PAHs. This bioengineered strain could then be a useful agent of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bioremediaton </del>in the Gulf of Mexico and beyond [15].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Recently, Dr. Waltena Simpson, an associate professor of microbiology at South Carolina State University, has been conducting research on Sphingomonads as a possible remedy for the high quantity of PAHs released by the Deepwater Horizon spill (Figure 8). Her research is focused on a strain of <i>Sphingomonas</i> that was isolated from sludge at a Polish oil refinery once operated by BP. Because these bacteria clearly already possess the ability to degrade PAHs, Dr. Simpson and her partner are seeking to identify the genes that grant the useful catabolic abilities to this strain. After identifying the genes, the researchers hope to be able to enhance their effect and increase the rate at which the microbes catabolize PAHs. This bioengineered strain could then be a useful agent of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bioremediation </ins>in the Gulf of Mexico and beyond [15].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Pathological Implications=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Pathological Implications=</div></td></tr>
</table>SowaDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Sphingomonas_spp:_Agents_of_Bioremediation_and_Pathogenesis&diff=64002&oldid=prevSowaD at 12:05, 8 May 20112011-05-08T12:05:01Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:05, 8 May 2011</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l57">Line 57:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 57:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Uranium-Contaminated Environments===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Uranium-Contaminated Environments===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Often, soil around nuclear reactors and power plants or uranium mines contains uranium (IV) in forms such as [UO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−2</sup> and [UO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>−4</sup>, which can permeate groundwater and lead to health hazards (Figure 7). The <i>Sphingomonas</i> strain BSAR-1 was found to precipitate uranium thanks to an alkaline phosphatase secreted into the outside medium, thus preventing hazards. When the gene encoding this function, dubbed <i>phoK</i>, was inserted into <i>E. coli</i> and overexpressed, the bacteria became powerful uranium precipitators. This recombinant strain precipitated more than 90% of a provided quantity of uranium in less than 2 hrs, whereas the original <i>Sphingomonas</i> degraded this quantity in a little over 7 hrs. This study revealed both certain <i>Sphingomonas</i> species’ facility at bioprecipiation of contaminants, and the possibility that these traits could be transferred to other species to be used in bioremediation [19].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Often, soil around nuclear reactors and power plants or uranium mines contains uranium (IV) in forms such as [UO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−2</sup> and [UO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>−4</sup>, which can permeate groundwater and lead to health hazards (Figure 7). The <i>Sphingomonas</i> strain BSAR-1 was found to precipitate uranium thanks to an alkaline phosphatase secreted into the outside medium, thus preventing hazards. When the gene encoding this function, dubbed <i>phoK</i>, was inserted into <i>E. coli</i> and overexpressed, the bacteria became powerful uranium precipitators. This recombinant strain precipitated more than 90% of a provided quantity of uranium in less than 2 hrs, whereas the original <i>Sphingomonas</i> degraded this quantity in a little over 7 hrs. This study revealed both certain <i>Sphingomonas</i> species’ facility at bioprecipiation of contaminants, and the possibility that these traits could be transferred to other species to be used in bioremediation [19].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>SowaDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Sphingomonas_spp:_Agents_of_Bioremediation_and_Pathogenesis&diff=64001&oldid=prevSowaD: /* Conclusion */2011-05-08T12:03:40Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Conclusion</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:03, 8 May 2011</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l112">Line 112:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 112:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These values are interesting because they represent the relative respiratory activities of diseased or healthy coral tissue. This is because in the darkness, the only source of oxygen for zooxanthellae (coral tissue) and microorganisms on the coral was the surrounding water. Thus, since the water surrounding healthy coral had the lowest [O<sub>2</sub>] in the dark, this coral had the highest O<sub>2</sub> demand and was consuming the gas. With the lights on photosynthesis was occurring and producing O<sub>2</sub>, so the concentration spiked (relieving O<sub>2</sub> demand and leaving O<sub>2</sub> in the surrounding water). Likewise, diseased tissue showed the same trend but at a lower rate than healthy coral, because metabolic activity (as indicated by oxygen demand) was decreasing as the coral died. Along these lines, it made sense that the dead tissue had the highest surrounding [O<sub>2</sub>], since there was very little demand for O<sub>2</sub> for metabolism. This study evidenced that the main pathogen behind the infection was probably the oxygen-producing <i>Sphingomonas</i>: the disease line moved upwards, where healthy tissue was producing [O<sub>2</sub>], and away from dead and diseased tissues, which exhibited diminished O<sub>2</sub> production [20].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These values are interesting because they represent the relative respiratory activities of diseased or healthy coral tissue. This is because in the darkness, the only source of oxygen for zooxanthellae (coral tissue) and microorganisms on the coral was the surrounding water. Thus, since the water surrounding healthy coral had the lowest [O<sub>2</sub>] in the dark, this coral had the highest O<sub>2</sub> demand and was consuming the gas. With the lights on photosynthesis was occurring and producing O<sub>2</sub>, so the concentration spiked (relieving O<sub>2</sub> demand and leaving O<sub>2</sub> in the surrounding water). Likewise, diseased tissue showed the same trend but at a lower rate than healthy coral, because metabolic activity (as indicated by oxygen demand) was decreasing as the coral died. Along these lines, it made sense that the dead tissue had the highest surrounding [O<sub>2</sub>], since there was very little demand for O<sub>2</sub> for metabolism. This study evidenced that the main pathogen behind the infection was probably the oxygen-producing <i>Sphingomonas</i>: the disease line moved upwards, where healthy tissue was producing [O<sub>2</sub>], and away from dead and diseased tissues, which exhibited diminished O<sub>2</sub> production [20].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=</del>=Conclusion<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=</del>=</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Conclusion=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Genus <i>Sphingomonas</i> is an intriguing example of the variability of lifestyles and morphologies within a single group. These Proteobacteria have gained fame as useful agents of bioremediation, thanks to the assortment of metabolic pathways they exploit and most notably, their ability to break down PAHs. But though the power of these organisms can be harnessed for the good of mankind, within the same Genus exist pathogens such as <i>Sphingomonas paucimobilis</i> that cause infections in human hosts. Future research into this fascinating Genus will reveal more about how we can use some of them as a resource and how we can defend ourselves against others.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Genus <i>Sphingomonas</i> is an intriguing example of the variability of lifestyles and morphologies within a single group. These Proteobacteria have gained fame as useful agents of bioremediation, thanks to the assortment of metabolic pathways they exploit and most notably, their ability to break down PAHs. But though the power of these organisms can be harnessed for the good of mankind, within the same Genus exist pathogens such as <i>Sphingomonas paucimobilis</i> that cause infections in human hosts. Future research into this fascinating Genus will reveal more about how we can use some of them as a resource and how we can defend ourselves against others.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>SowaDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Sphingomonas_spp:_Agents_of_Bioremediation_and_Pathogenesis&diff=64000&oldid=prevSowaD at 12:03, 8 May 20112011-05-08T12:03:14Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:03, 8 May 2011</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l3">Line 3:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 3:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By David Sowa</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>By David Sowa</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=</del>=Introduction<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=</del>=</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Introduction=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Genus <i>Sphingomonas</i> includes a range of rod-shaped bacterium that are remarkable for their ability to break down polycyclic hydrocarbons (Figure 1). Bacteria in this genus have been detected in a variety of environments, both marine and terrestrial. In recent years, these bacteria have been a focus of study because of their possible applications for bioremediation (the use of biological agents to remove pollutants from the environment). In addition to these helpful functions, however, some strains of this Genus have also been found to cause illnesses.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Genus <i>Sphingomonas</i> includes a range of rod-shaped bacterium that are remarkable for their ability to break down polycyclic hydrocarbons (Figure 1). Bacteria in this genus have been detected in a variety of environments, both marine and terrestrial. In recent years, these bacteria have been a focus of study because of their possible applications for bioremediation (the use of biological agents to remove pollutants from the environment). In addition to these helpful functions, however, some strains of this Genus have also been found to cause illnesses.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l57">Line 57:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 57:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Uranium-Contaminated Environments===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Uranium-Contaminated Environments===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Often, soil around nuclear reactors and power plants or uranium mines contains uranium (IV) in forms such as [UO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−2</sup> and [UO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>−4</sup>, which can permeate groundwater and lead to health hazards (Figure 7). The <i>Sphingomonas</i> strain BSAR-1 was found to precipitate uranium thanks to an alkaline phosphatase secreted into the outside medium, thus preventing hazards. When the gene encoding this function, dubbed <i>phoK</i>, was inserted into <i>E. coli</i> and overexpressed, the bacteria became powerful uranium precipitators. This recombinant strain precipitated more than 90% of a provided quantity of uranium in less than 2 hrs, whereas the original <i>Sphingomonas</i> degraded this quantity in a little over 7 hrs. This study revealed both certain <i>Sphingomonas</i> species’ facility at bioprecipiation of contaminants, and the possibility that these traits could be transferred to other species to be used in bioremediation [19].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Often, soil around nuclear reactors and power plants or uranium mines contains uranium (IV) in forms such as [UO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>−2</sup> and [UO<sub>2</sub>(CO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>−4</sup>, which can permeate groundwater and lead to health hazards (Figure 7). The <i>Sphingomonas</i> strain BSAR-1 was found to precipitate uranium thanks to an alkaline phosphatase secreted into the outside medium, thus preventing hazards. When the gene encoding this function, dubbed <i>phoK</i>, was inserted into <i>E. coli</i> and overexpressed, the bacteria became powerful uranium precipitators. This recombinant strain precipitated more than 90% of a provided quantity of uranium in less than 2 hrs, whereas the original <i>Sphingomonas</i> degraded this quantity in a little over 7 hrs. This study revealed both certain <i>Sphingomonas</i> species’ facility at bioprecipiation of contaminants, and the possibility that these traits could be transferred to other species to be used in bioremediation [19].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current <i>Sphingomonas</i> Research for Bioremediation==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current <i>Sphingomonas</i> Research for Bioremediation==</div></td></tr>
</table>SowaDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Sphingomonas_spp:_Agents_of_Bioremediation_and_Pathogenesis&diff=63999&oldid=prevSowaD at 12:02, 8 May 20112011-05-08T12:02:14Z<p></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:02, 8 May 2011</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l108">Line 108:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 108:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These values are interesting because they represent the relative respiratory activities of diseased or healthy coral tissue. This is because in the darkness, the only source of oxygen for zooxanthellae (coral tissue) and microorganisms on the coral was the surrounding water. Thus, since the water surrounding healthy coral had the lowest [O<sub>2</sub>] in the dark, this coral had the highest O<sub>2</sub> demand and was consuming the gas. With the lights on photosynthesis was occurring and producing O<sub>2</sub>, so the concentration spiked (relieving O<sub>2</sub> demand and leaving O<sub>2</sub> in the surrounding water). Likewise, diseased tissue showed the same trend but at a lower rate than healthy coral, because metabolic activity (as indicated by oxygen demand) was decreasing as the coral died. Along these lines, it made sense that the dead tissue had the highest surrounding [O<sub>2</sub>], since there was very little demand for O<sub>2</sub> for metabolism. This study evidenced that the main pathogen behind the infection was probably the oxygen-producing <i>Sphingomonas</i>: the disease line moved upwards, where healthy tissue was producing [O<sub>2</sub>], and away from dead and diseased tissues, which exhibited diminished O<sub>2</sub> production [20].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These values are interesting because they represent the relative respiratory activities of diseased or healthy coral tissue. This is because in the darkness, the only source of oxygen for zooxanthellae (coral tissue) and microorganisms on the coral was the surrounding water. Thus, since the water surrounding healthy coral had the lowest [O<sub>2</sub>] in the dark, this coral had the highest O<sub>2</sub> demand and was consuming the gas. With the lights on photosynthesis was occurring and producing O<sub>2</sub>, so the concentration spiked (relieving O<sub>2</sub> demand and leaving O<sub>2</sub> in the surrounding water). Likewise, diseased tissue showed the same trend but at a lower rate than healthy coral, because metabolic activity (as indicated by oxygen demand) was decreasing as the coral died. Along these lines, it made sense that the dead tissue had the highest surrounding [O<sub>2</sub>], since there was very little demand for O<sub>2</sub> for metabolism. This study evidenced that the main pathogen behind the infection was probably the oxygen-producing <i>Sphingomonas</i>: the disease line moved upwards, where healthy tissue was producing [O<sub>2</sub>], and away from dead and diseased tissues, which exhibited diminished O<sub>2</sub> production [20].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Conclusion=</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=</ins>=Conclusion<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=</ins>=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Genus <i>Sphingomonas</i> is an intriguing example of the variability of lifestyles and morphologies within a single group. These Proteobacteria have gained fame as useful agents of bioremediation, thanks to the assortment of metabolic pathways they exploit and most notably, their ability to break down PAHs. But though the power of these organisms can be harnessed for the good of mankind, within the same Genus exist pathogens such as <i>Sphingomonas paucimobilis</i> that cause infections in human hosts. Future research into this fascinating Genus will reveal more about how we can use some of them as a resource and how we can defend ourselves against others.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Genus <i>Sphingomonas</i> is an intriguing example of the variability of lifestyles and morphologies within a single group. These Proteobacteria have gained fame as useful agents of bioremediation, thanks to the assortment of metabolic pathways they exploit and most notably, their ability to break down PAHs. But though the power of these organisms can be harnessed for the good of mankind, within the same Genus exist pathogens such as <i>Sphingomonas paucimobilis</i> that cause infections in human hosts. Future research into this fascinating Genus will reveal more about how we can use some of them as a resource and how we can defend ourselves against others.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>SowaDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Sphingomonas_spp:_Agents_of_Bioremediation_and_Pathogenesis&diff=63998&oldid=prevSowaD: /* Conclusion */2011-05-08T12:01:35Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Conclusion</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 12:01, 8 May 2011</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l109">Line 109:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 109:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Conclusion=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Conclusion=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Genus <i>Sphingomonas</i> is an intriguing example of the variability of lifestyles and morphologies within a single group. These Proteobacteria have gained fame as useful agents of bioremediation, thanks to the assortment of metabolic pathways they exploit and most notably, their ability to break down PAHs. But though the power of these organisms can be harnessed for the good of mankind, within the same Genus exist pathogens such as <i>Sphingomonas paucimobilis</i> that cause infections in human hosts. Future research into this fascinating Genus will reveal more about how we can use some of them as a resource<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>and how we can defend ourselves against others.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Genus <i>Sphingomonas</i> is an intriguing example of the variability of lifestyles and morphologies within a single group. These Proteobacteria have gained fame as useful agents of bioremediation, thanks to the assortment of metabolic pathways they exploit and most notably, their ability to break down PAHs. But though the power of these organisms can be harnessed for the good of mankind, within the same Genus exist pathogens such as <i>Sphingomonas paucimobilis</i> that cause infections in human hosts. Future research into this fascinating Genus will reveal more about how we can use some of them as a resource and how we can defend ourselves against others.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=References=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=References=</div></td></tr>
</table>SowaDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Sphingomonas_spp:_Agents_of_Bioremediation_and_Pathogenesis&diff=63997&oldid=prevSowaD: /* Unidentified Sphingomonas Targeting Coral */2011-05-08T11:59:41Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Unidentified Sphingomonas Targeting Coral</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:59, 8 May 2011</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l106">Line 106:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 106:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The results of the oxygen dynamics experiment were interesting in that the living portion only had an oxygen concentration of 45.2 μM with the lights off, which is about a quarter of the ambient oxygen concentration of 184 μM. Illumination with photosynthetically active light caused a sharp increase to 217 μM over the course of 2 minutes. Turning the light off caused oxygen concentration ([O<sub>2</sub>]) to level off after 2.5 minutes. In the diseased tissue a similar trend was observed, though at a slower rate: [O<sub>2</sub>] in the dark was 90.5 μM, illumination increased it to just above ambient [O<sub>2</sub>] after five minutes, and return to darkness caused [O<sub>2</sub>] to decrease to normal levels after 3 minutes. The dead portion of the coral had an [O<sub>2</sub>] of 117 μM regardless of light (Figure 12). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The results of the oxygen dynamics experiment were interesting in that the living portion only had an oxygen concentration of 45.2 μM with the lights off, which is about a quarter of the ambient oxygen concentration of 184 μM. Illumination with photosynthetically active light caused a sharp increase to 217 μM over the course of 2 minutes. Turning the light off caused oxygen concentration ([O<sub>2</sub>]) to level off after 2.5 minutes. In the diseased tissue a similar trend was observed, though at a slower rate: [O<sub>2</sub>] in the dark was 90.5 μM, illumination increased it to just above ambient [O<sub>2</sub>] after five minutes, and return to darkness caused [O<sub>2</sub>] to decrease to normal levels after 3 minutes. The dead portion of the coral had an [O<sub>2</sub>] of 117 μM regardless of light (Figure 12). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These values are interesting because they represent the relative respiratory activities of diseased or healthy coral tissue. This is because in the darkness, the only source of oxygen for zooxanthellae (coral tissue) and microorganisms on the coral was the surrounding water. Thus, since the water surrounding healthy coral had the lowest [O<sub>2</sub>] in the dark, this coral had the highest O<sub>2</sub> demand and was consuming the gas. With the lights on photosynthesis was occurring and producing O<sub>2</sub>, so the concentration spiked (relieving O<sub>2</sub> demand and leaving O<sub>2</sub> in the surrounding water). Likewise, diseased tissue showed the same trend but at a lower rate than healthy coral, because metabolic activity (as indicated by oxygen demand) was decreasing as the coral died. Along these lines, it made sense that the dead tissue had the highest surrounding [O<sub>2</sub>], since there was very little demand for O<sub>2</sub> for metabolism. This study evidenced that the main pathogen behind the infection was probably the oxygen-producing <i>Sphingomonas</i><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, since </del>the disease line moved upwards, where healthy tissue was producing [O<sub>2</sub>], and away from dead and diseased tissues, which exhibited diminished O<sub>2</sub> production [20].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These values are interesting because they represent the relative respiratory activities of diseased or healthy coral tissue. This is because in the darkness, the only source of oxygen for zooxanthellae (coral tissue) and microorganisms on the coral was the surrounding water. Thus, since the water surrounding healthy coral had the lowest [O<sub>2</sub>] in the dark, this coral had the highest O<sub>2</sub> demand and was consuming the gas. With the lights on photosynthesis was occurring and producing O<sub>2</sub>, so the concentration spiked (relieving O<sub>2</sub> demand and leaving O<sub>2</sub> in the surrounding water). Likewise, diseased tissue showed the same trend but at a lower rate than healthy coral, because metabolic activity (as indicated by oxygen demand) was decreasing as the coral died. Along these lines, it made sense that the dead tissue had the highest surrounding [O<sub>2</sub>], since there was very little demand for O<sub>2</sub> for metabolism. This study evidenced that the main pathogen behind the infection was probably the oxygen-producing <i>Sphingomonas</i><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">: </ins>the disease line moved upwards, where healthy tissue was producing [O<sub>2</sub>], and away from dead and diseased tissues, which exhibited diminished O<sub>2</sub> production [20].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Conclusion=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=Conclusion=</div></td></tr>
</table>SowaDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Sphingomonas_spp:_Agents_of_Bioremediation_and_Pathogenesis&diff=63996&oldid=prevSowaD: /* Unidentified Sphingomonas Targeting Coral */2011-05-08T11:56:58Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Unidentified Sphingomonas Targeting Coral</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:56, 8 May 2011</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l104">Line 104:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 104:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:CoralOxygen.jpg|thumb|right|300px|| Figure 12. O<sub>2</sub> concentrations surrounding living, dead, or diseased portions of <i>Dichocoenia stokesi</i> coral. “Live” measurements were taken within a live polyp, “dead” measurements were taken at the mucous covering the skeletal coral 5 mm from the disease line, and “diseased” measurements were taken from within the disease line [20].]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:CoralOxygen.jpg|thumb|right|300px|| Figure 12. O<sub>2</sub> concentrations surrounding living, dead, or diseased portions of <i>Dichocoenia stokesi</i> coral. “Live” measurements were taken within a live polyp, “dead” measurements were taken at the mucous covering the skeletal coral 5 mm from the disease line, and “diseased” measurements were taken from within the disease line [20].]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The results of the oxygen dynamics experiment were interesting in that the living portion only had an oxygen concentration of 45.2 μM with the lights off, which is about a quarter of the ambient oxygen concentration of 184 μM. Illumination with photosynthetically active light caused a sharp increase to 217 μM over the course of 2 minutes. Turning the light off caused [O<sub>2</sub>] to level off after 2.5 minutes. In the diseased tissue a similar trend was observed, though at a slower rate: [O<sub>2</sub>] in the dark was 90.5 μM, illumination increased it to just above ambient [O<sub>2</sub>] after five minutes, and return to darkness caused [O<sub>2</sub>] to decrease to normal levels after 3 minutes. The dead portion of the coral had an [O<sub>2</sub>] of 117 μM regardless of light (Figure 12). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The results of the oxygen dynamics experiment were interesting in that the living portion only had an oxygen concentration of 45.2 μM with the lights off, which is about a quarter of the ambient oxygen concentration of 184 μM. Illumination with photosynthetically active light caused a sharp increase to 217 μM over the course of 2 minutes. Turning the light off caused <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">oxygen concentration (</ins>[O<sub>2</sub>]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">) </ins>to level off after 2.5 minutes. In the diseased tissue a similar trend was observed, though at a slower rate: [O<sub>2</sub>] in the dark was 90.5 μM, illumination increased it to just above ambient [O<sub>2</sub>] after five minutes, and return to darkness caused [O<sub>2</sub>] to decrease to normal levels after 3 minutes. The dead portion of the coral had an [O<sub>2</sub>] of 117 μM regardless of light (Figure 12). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These values are interesting because they represent the relative respiratory activities of diseased or healthy coral tissue. This is because in the darkness, the only source of oxygen for zooxanthellae (coral tissue) and microorganisms on the coral was the surrounding water. Thus, since the water surrounding healthy coral had the lowest [O<sub>2</sub>] in the dark, this coral had the highest O<sub>2</sub> demand and was consuming the gas. With the lights on photosynthesis was occurring and producing O<sub>2</sub>, so the concentration spiked (relieving O<sub>2</sub> demand and leaving O<sub>2</sub> in the surrounding water). Likewise, diseased tissue showed the same trend but at a lower rate than healthy coral, because metabolic activity (as indicated by oxygen demand) was decreasing as the coral died. Along these lines, it made sense that the dead tissue had the highest surrounding [O<sub>2</sub>], since there was very little demand for O<sub>2</sub> for metabolism. This study evidenced that the main pathogen behind the infection was probably the oxygen-producing <i>Sphingomonas</i>, since the disease line moved upwards, where healthy tissue was producing [O<sub>2</sub>], and away from dead and diseased tissues, which exhibited diminished O<sub>2</sub> production [20].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>These values are interesting because they represent the relative respiratory activities of diseased or healthy coral tissue. This is because in the darkness, the only source of oxygen for zooxanthellae (coral tissue) and microorganisms on the coral was the surrounding water. Thus, since the water surrounding healthy coral had the lowest [O<sub>2</sub>] in the dark, this coral had the highest O<sub>2</sub> demand and was consuming the gas. With the lights on photosynthesis was occurring and producing O<sub>2</sub>, so the concentration spiked (relieving O<sub>2</sub> demand and leaving O<sub>2</sub> in the surrounding water). Likewise, diseased tissue showed the same trend but at a lower rate than healthy coral, because metabolic activity (as indicated by oxygen demand) was decreasing as the coral died. Along these lines, it made sense that the dead tissue had the highest surrounding [O<sub>2</sub>], since there was very little demand for O<sub>2</sub> for metabolism. This study evidenced that the main pathogen behind the infection was probably the oxygen-producing <i>Sphingomonas</i>, since the disease line moved upwards, where healthy tissue was producing [O<sub>2</sub>], and away from dead and diseased tissues, which exhibited diminished O<sub>2</sub> production [20].</div></td></tr>
</table>SowaD