https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_epidermidis&feed=atom&action=historyStaphylococcus epidermidis - Revision history2024-03-29T15:19:19ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_epidermidis&diff=151333&oldid=prevUnknown user: /* Genome structure */2022-03-22T21:45:43Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Genome structure</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''S. epidermidis'' RP62A genome was compared to ATCC 12228 genome to analyze and discover the evolution of the virulence and resistance of them. The nonsyntenic parts of the genome islands are where the differences of resistance and pathogenicity are located. Staphylococci and low-GC-content gram-positive bacteria assisted in changing their virulence and resistance. The cap operon which is the top virulence factor in ''Bacillus anthracis'' is also found in ''S. epidermidis'' (7). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''S. epidermidis'' RP62A genome was compared to ATCC 12228 genome to analyze and discover the evolution of the virulence and resistance of them. The nonsyntenic parts of the genome islands are where the differences of resistance and pathogenicity are located. Staphylococci and low-GC-content gram-positive bacteria assisted in changing their virulence and resistance. The cap operon which is the top virulence factor in ''Bacillus anthracis'' is also found in ''S. epidermidis'' (7). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When the whole <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">genome </del>of ''S. aureus'' and ''S. epidermidis'' <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </del>analyzed it showed that they are overall syntenic, but with differences in genome islands, integrated prophage, IS elements, composite transposons, and integrated plasmids (disease and virulence). TIGR found a new genomic island vSaγ which is contained in all ''S. aureus'' and ''S. epidermidis'' genomes (7).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>When the whole <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">genomes </ins>of ''S. aureus'' and ''S. epidermidis'' <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were </ins>analyzed<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>it showed that they are overall syntenic, but with differences in genome islands, integrated prophage, IS elements, composite transposons, and integrated plasmids (disease and virulence). TIGR found a new genomic island vSaγ which is contained in all ''S. aureus'' and ''S. epidermidis'' genomes (7).</div></td></tr>
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</table>Unknown userhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_epidermidis&diff=151332&oldid=prevUnknown user: /* Description and significance */2022-03-22T21:45:14Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Description and significance</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and significance==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and significance==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Staphylococcus epidermidis'' is a gram-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococcus (4). It typically lives on the human skin and mucosa and the most common infections on catheters and implants (5). ''S. epidermidis'' is one of five most common organisms that cause noscomial infections due to the increase in usage of biomaterials in the clinical environment (8). The nosocomial pathogen causes infections on prosthetic valves, cerebrospinal fluid shunts, joint prosthesis vascular prostheses, valves, and in postoperative wounds and the urinary tract. It is also the most frequent organism found in the blood of bone marrow transplant patients and on central venous catheters for patients of total parenteral nutrition (4). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Staphylococcus epidermidis'' is a gram-positive and coagulase-negative staphylococcus (4). It typically lives on the human skin and mucosa and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">causes </ins>the most common infections on catheters and implants (5). ''S. epidermidis'' is one of five most common organisms that cause noscomial infections due to the increase in usage of biomaterials in the clinical environment (8). The nosocomial pathogen causes infections on prosthetic valves, cerebrospinal fluid shunts, joint prosthesis vascular prostheses, valves, and in postoperative wounds and the urinary tract. It is also the most frequent organism found in the blood of bone marrow transplant patients and on central venous catheters for patients of total parenteral nutrition (4). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''S. epidermidis'' strain from healthy adult nares show that there are many kinds of the organism in each individual (9). A common ''S. epidermidis'' strain RP62a (ATCC 35984) was isolated in Memphis, Tennessee during 1979-1980 in a wide spread of intravascular catheter sepsis. RP62a is a strain that produces slime, grows collectively and forms biofilm. The treatment of ''S. epidermidis'' infections caused by biofilm with antibiotics is often ineffective and results in the necessity to remove the implants (5). Another strain is ''S. epidermidis'' ATCC 12228 which does not produce biofilm (7).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''S. epidermidis'' strain from healthy adult nares show that there are many kinds of the organism in each individual (9). A common ''S. epidermidis'' strain RP62a (ATCC 35984) was isolated in Memphis, Tennessee during 1979-1980 in a wide spread of intravascular catheter sepsis. RP62a is a strain that produces slime, grows collectively and forms biofilm. The treatment of ''S. epidermidis'' infections caused by biofilm with antibiotics is often ineffective and results in the necessity to remove the implants (5). Another strain is ''S. epidermidis'' ATCC 12228 which does not produce biofilm (7).</div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown userhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_epidermidis&diff=151331&oldid=prevUnknown user: /* Description and significance */2022-03-22T21:44:42Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Description and significance</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and significance==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and significance==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Staphylococcus epidermidis'' is a gram-positive and coagulase-negative <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">staphylococci </del>(4). It typically lives on the human skin and mucosa and the most common infections on catheters and implants (5). ''S. epidermidis'' is one of five most common organisms that cause noscomial infections due to the increase in usage of biomaterials in the clinical environment (8). The nosocomial pathogen causes infections on prosthetic valves, cerebrospinal fluid shunts, joint prosthesis vascular prostheses, valves, and in postoperative wounds and the urinary tract. It is also the most frequent organism found in the blood of bone marrow transplant patients and on central venous catheters for patients of total parenteral nutrition (4). </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Staphylococcus epidermidis'' is a gram-positive and coagulase-negative <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">staphylococcus </ins>(4). It typically lives on the human skin and mucosa and the most common infections on catheters and implants (5). ''S. epidermidis'' is one of five most common organisms that cause noscomial infections due to the increase in usage of biomaterials in the clinical environment (8). The nosocomial pathogen causes infections on prosthetic valves, cerebrospinal fluid shunts, joint prosthesis vascular prostheses, valves, and in postoperative wounds and the urinary tract. It is also the most frequent organism found in the blood of bone marrow transplant patients and on central venous catheters for patients of total parenteral nutrition (4). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''S. epidermidis'' strain from healthy adult nares show that there are many kinds of the organism in each individual (9). A common ''S. epidermidis'' strain RP62a (ATCC 35984) was isolated in Memphis, Tennessee during 1979-1980 in a wide spread of intravascular catheter sepsis. RP62a is a strain that produces slime, grows collectively and forms biofilm. The treatment of ''S. epidermidis'' infections caused by biofilm with antibiotics is often ineffective and results in the necessity to remove the implants (5). Another strain is ''S. epidermidis'' ATCC 12228 which does not produce biofilm (7).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''S. epidermidis'' strain from healthy adult nares show that there are many kinds of the organism in each individual (9). A common ''S. epidermidis'' strain RP62a (ATCC 35984) was isolated in Memphis, Tennessee during 1979-1980 in a wide spread of intravascular catheter sepsis. RP62a is a strain that produces slime, grows collectively and forms biofilm. The treatment of ''S. epidermidis'' infections caused by biofilm with antibiotics is often ineffective and results in the necessity to remove the implants (5). Another strain is ''S. epidermidis'' ATCC 12228 which does not produce biofilm (7).</div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown userhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_epidermidis&diff=151330&oldid=prevUnknown user: /* Current Research */2022-03-22T21:43:59Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Current Research</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In Tunisia, there is an increase of infections of the methicillin-resistant strain ''Staphylococcos epidermidis''. 32 ''S. epidermidis'' strains were isolated from samples of the dialysis water and needles removed from a dialysis center in Kairouan (Centre of Tunisia). An ATB staph kit was used to determine the antibiotic resistance of the strains for 18 different antibiotics. The results showed that most strains were penicillin resistant (93.8%), tetracyline (68.7%) and kanamycin (53.2%). PCR assay was also used to identify the genes icaA/icaD (intercellular adhesion), mecA (oxacillin resistance), ermA/ermB/ermC (erythromycin methylase resistance) and msrA and mef (macrolide efflux gene). The results showed 71.9% icaA/icaD, 78.1% mecA, 12.5% ermA, 31.3% ermB, 53.1% ermC, 68.8% msrA, and 0% mef. The susceptibility results from the ATB staph and the identified genes from the PCR did not match and shows that PCR is too fast in the investigation of staphylococci when compared to traditional methods. However, it can assist in understanding nosocomial infections by examining the transmission patterns and determining antibiotic susceptibilities (3). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In Tunisia, there is an increase of infections of the methicillin-resistant strain ''Staphylococcos epidermidis''. 32 ''S. epidermidis'' strains were isolated from samples of the dialysis water and needles removed from a dialysis center in Kairouan (Centre of Tunisia). An ATB staph kit was used to determine the antibiotic resistance of the strains for 18 different antibiotics. The results showed that most strains were penicillin resistant (93.8%), tetracyline (68.7%) and kanamycin (53.2%). PCR assay was also used to identify the genes icaA/icaD (intercellular adhesion), mecA (oxacillin resistance), ermA/ermB/ermC (erythromycin methylase resistance) and msrA and mef (macrolide efflux gene). The results showed 71.9% icaA/icaD, 78.1% mecA, 12.5% ermA, 31.3% ermB, 53.1% ermC, 68.8% msrA, and 0% mef. The susceptibility results from the ATB staph and the identified genes from the PCR did not match and shows that PCR is too fast in the investigation of staphylococci when compared to traditional methods. However, it can assist in understanding nosocomial infections by examining the transmission patterns and determining antibiotic susceptibilities (3). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Since biofilm is one of the known virulence of ''S. epidermis'', it is often the subject of research. Biocides such as hydrogen peroxide, povidone-iodine solution, 60% (v/v) N-propanol and a commercial mix of propanol/ethanol/chlorhexidine were added onto bacterial biofilms removed from cardiac implant infections and bacteraemia of catheters. The biofilms and controls were incubated for different lengths of times in the different biocides. The biofilms observed from the patients were thicker than the biofilms from the healthy volunteers (controls). The results showed that none of the ''S. epidermidis'' treated with alcohols, N-propanol or the propanol/ethanol/chlorhexidine mix were living in the biofilms. The incubation in hydrogen peroxide within 5 minutes reduced the living cells to <5. The cells <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">incubated </del>in povidine-iodine was less effective because there were many living cells after 30 minutes of incubation. Hydrogen peroxide (3%,5%) is the most efficient way to remove ''S. epidermidis'' because it effectivly reduces the amount of biofilm and kills the cells. Hydrogen peroxide can be used on biofilms in the clinical setting, but it is toxic and can irritate the skin when used for a prolonged time. Therefore, it can only be used on surfaces and must be analyzed before applying on wounds and fistulas (5).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Since biofilm is one of the known virulence of ''S. epidermis'', it is often the subject of research. Biocides such as hydrogen peroxide, povidone-iodine solution, 60% (v/v) N-propanol and a commercial mix of propanol/ethanol/chlorhexidine were added onto bacterial biofilms removed from cardiac implant infections and bacteraemia of catheters. The biofilms and controls were incubated for different lengths of times in the different biocides. The biofilms observed from the patients were thicker than the biofilms from the healthy volunteers (controls). The results showed that none of the ''S. epidermidis'' treated with alcohols, N-propanol or the propanol/ethanol/chlorhexidine mix were living in the biofilms. The incubation in hydrogen peroxide within 5 minutes reduced the living cells to <5. The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">incubation of </ins>cells in povidine-iodine was less effective because there were many living cells after 30 minutes of incubation. Hydrogen peroxide (3%,5%) is the most efficient way to remove ''S. epidermidis'' because it effectivly reduces the amount of biofilm and kills the cells. Hydrogen peroxide can be used on biofilms in the clinical setting, but it is toxic and can irritate the skin when used for a prolonged time. Therefore, it can only be used on surfaces and must be analyzed before applying on wounds and fistulas (5).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coagulase-negative staphylococci that are resistant to multiple treatments such as ''Staphylococcus epidermidis'' may be the cause of infection during bone marrow transplants. Two new antibiotics, daptomycin and tigecycline are effective towards gram-positive bacteria and staphylococci that are resistant to methicillin. A current study compares the effectivness of daptomycin and tigecycline to vancomycin and fosfomycin towards coagulase-negative staphylococci from infected bone marrow transpant patients. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) from in vitro susceptibility testing were used in comparison to determine the effectiveness of the antibiotics. The results show that all the staphylococci were susceptible by the new antibiotics and vancomycin. Vancomycin is still used during bone marrow transplants (12).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coagulase-negative staphylococci that are resistant to multiple treatments such as ''Staphylococcus epidermidis'' may be the cause of infection during bone marrow transplants. Two new antibiotics, daptomycin and tigecycline are effective towards gram-positive bacteria and staphylococci that are resistant to methicillin. A current study compares the effectivness of daptomycin and tigecycline to vancomycin and fosfomycin towards coagulase-negative staphylococci from infected bone marrow transpant patients. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) from in vitro susceptibility testing were used in comparison to determine the effectiveness of the antibiotics. The results show that all the staphylococci were susceptible by the new antibiotics and vancomycin. Vancomycin is still used during bone marrow transplants (12).</div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown userhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_epidermidis&diff=151329&oldid=prevUnknown user: /* Current Research */2022-03-22T21:43:27Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Current Research</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 21:43, 22 March 2022</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l65">Line 65:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In Tunisia, there is an increase of infections of the methicillin-resistant strain ''Staphylococcos epidermidis''. 32 ''S. epidermidis'' strains were isolated from samples of the dialysis water and needles removed from a dialysis center in Kairouan (Centre of Tunisia). An ATB staph kit was used to determine the antibiotic resistance of the strains for 18 different antibiotics. The results showed that most strains were penicillin resistant (93.8%), tetracyline (68.7%) and kanamycin (53.2%). PCR assay was also used to identify the genes icaA/icaD (intercellular adhesion), mecA (oxacillin resistance), ermA/ermB/ermC (erythromycin methylase resistance) and msrA and mef (macrolide efflux gene). The results showed 71.9% icaA/icaD, 78.1% mecA, 12.5% ermA, 31.3% ermB, 53.1% ermC, 68.8% msrA, and 0% mef. The susceptibility results from the ATB staph and the identified genes from the PCR did not match and shows that PCR is too fast in the investigation of staphylococci when compared to traditional methods. However, it can assist in understanding nosocomial infections by examining the transmission patterns and determining antibiotic susceptibilities (3). </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In Tunisia, there is an increase of infections of the methicillin-resistant strain ''Staphylococcos epidermidis''. 32 ''S. epidermidis'' strains were isolated from samples of the dialysis water and needles removed from a dialysis center in Kairouan (Centre of Tunisia). An ATB staph kit was used to determine the antibiotic resistance of the strains for 18 different antibiotics. The results showed that most strains were penicillin resistant (93.8%), tetracyline (68.7%) and kanamycin (53.2%). PCR assay was also used to identify the genes icaA/icaD (intercellular adhesion), mecA (oxacillin resistance), ermA/ermB/ermC (erythromycin methylase resistance) and msrA and mef (macrolide efflux gene). The results showed 71.9% icaA/icaD, 78.1% mecA, 12.5% ermA, 31.3% ermB, 53.1% ermC, 68.8% msrA, and 0% mef. The susceptibility results from the ATB staph and the identified genes from the PCR did not match and shows that PCR is too fast in the investigation of staphylococci when compared to traditional methods. However, it can assist in understanding nosocomial infections by examining the transmission patterns and determining antibiotic susceptibilities (3). </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Since biofilm is one of the known virulence of ''S. epidermis'', it is often the subject of research. Biocides such as hydrogen peroxide, povidone-iodine solution, 60% (v/v) N-propanol and a commercial mix of propanol/ethanol/chlorhexidine were added onto bacterial biofilms removed from cardiac implant infections and bacteraemia of catheters. The biofilms and controls were incubated for different lengths of times in the different biocides. The biofilms observed from the patients were thicker than the biofilms from the healthy volunteers (controls). The results showed that none of the ''S. epidermidis'' treated with alcohols, N-propanol or the propanol/ethanol/chlorhexidine mix were living in the biofilms. The incubation in hydrogen peroxide within 5 minutes reduced the living cells to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">></del>5<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>The cells incubated in povidine-iodine was less effective because there were many living cells after 30 minutes of incubation. Hydrogen peroxide (3%,5%) is the most efficient way to remove ''S. epidermidis'' because it effectivly reduces the amount of biofilm and kills the cells. Hydrogen peroxide can be used on biofilms in the clinical setting, but it is toxic and can irritate the skin when used for a prolonged time. Therefore, it can only be used on surfaces and must be analyzed before applying on wounds and fistulas (5).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Since biofilm is one of the known virulence of ''S. epidermis'', it is often the subject of research. Biocides such as hydrogen peroxide, povidone-iodine solution, 60% (v/v) N-propanol and a commercial mix of propanol/ethanol/chlorhexidine were added onto bacterial biofilms removed from cardiac implant infections and bacteraemia of catheters. The biofilms and controls were incubated for different lengths of times in the different biocides. The biofilms observed from the patients were thicker than the biofilms from the healthy volunteers (controls). The results showed that none of the ''S. epidermidis'' treated with alcohols, N-propanol or the propanol/ethanol/chlorhexidine mix were living in the biofilms. The incubation in hydrogen peroxide within 5 minutes reduced the living cells to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><</ins>5<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </ins>The cells incubated in povidine-iodine was less effective because there were many living cells after 30 minutes of incubation. Hydrogen peroxide (3%,5%) is the most efficient way to remove ''S. epidermidis'' because it effectivly reduces the amount of biofilm and kills the cells. Hydrogen peroxide can be used on biofilms in the clinical setting, but it is toxic and can irritate the skin when used for a prolonged time. Therefore, it can only be used on surfaces and must be analyzed before applying on wounds and fistulas (5).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coagulase-negative staphylococci that are resistant to multiple treatments such as ''Staphylococcus epidermidis'' may be the cause of infection during bone marrow transplants. Two new antibiotics, daptomycin and tigecycline are effective towards gram-positive bacteria and staphylococci that are resistant to methicillin. A current study compares the effectivness of daptomycin and tigecycline to vancomycin and fosfomycin towards coagulase-negative staphylococci from infected bone marrow transpant patients. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) from in vitro susceptibility testing were used in comparison to determine the effectiveness of the antibiotics. The results show that all the staphylococci were susceptible by the new antibiotics and vancomycin. Vancomycin is still used during bone marrow transplants (12).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coagulase-negative staphylococci that are resistant to multiple treatments such as ''Staphylococcus epidermidis'' may be the cause of infection during bone marrow transplants. Two new antibiotics, daptomycin and tigecycline are effective towards gram-positive bacteria and staphylococci that are resistant to methicillin. A current study compares the effectivness of daptomycin and tigecycline to vancomycin and fosfomycin towards coagulase-negative staphylococci from infected bone marrow transpant patients. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) from in vitro susceptibility testing were used in comparison to determine the effectiveness of the antibiotics. The results show that all the staphylococci were susceptible by the new antibiotics and vancomycin. Vancomycin is still used during bone marrow transplants (12).</div></td></tr>
</table>Unknown userhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_epidermidis&diff=61402&oldid=prevBarichD at 19:14, 22 April 20112011-04-22T19:14:11Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:14, 22 April 2011</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Uncurated</del>}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Curated</ins>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Biorealm Genus}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Biorealm Genus}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_epidermidis&diff=55681&oldid=prevBarichD at 15:53, 16 September 20102010-09-16T15:53:33Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 15:53, 16 September 2010</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Biorealm Genus}}</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{Biorealm Genus}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_epidermidis&diff=27156&oldid=prevBarichD: Staphyloccocus epidermidis moved to Staphylococcus epidermidis2007-12-06T14:22:42Z<p><a href="/index.php/Staphyloccocus_epidermidis" class="mw-redirect" title="Staphyloccocus epidermidis">Staphyloccocus epidermidis</a> moved to <a href="/index.php/Staphylococcus_epidermidis" title="Staphylococcus epidermidis">Staphylococcus epidermidis</a></p>
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<td colspan="1" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:22, 6 December 2007</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-notice" lang="en"><div class="mw-diff-empty">(No difference)</div>
</td></tr></table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_epidermidis&diff=27118&oldid=prevBarichD: Staphyloccocus Epidermidis moved to Staphyloccocus epidermidis: Title correction2007-12-05T22:44:28Z<p><a href="/index.php/Staphyloccocus_Epidermidis" class="mw-redirect" title="Staphyloccocus Epidermidis">Staphyloccocus Epidermidis</a> moved to <a href="/index.php/Staphyloccocus_epidermidis" class="mw-redirect" title="Staphyloccocus epidermidis">Staphyloccocus epidermidis</a>: Title correction</p>
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<td colspan="1" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 22:44, 5 December 2007</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-notice" lang="en"><div class="mw-diff-empty">(No difference)</div>
</td></tr></table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_epidermidis&diff=26805&oldid=prevBuschurk at 14:57, 1 November 20072007-11-01T14:57:24Z<p></p>
<a href="https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_epidermidis&diff=26805&oldid=26775">Show changes</a>Buschurk