https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Stomach&feed=atom&action=history
Stomach - Revision history
2024-03-28T11:28:18Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
MediaWiki 1.39.6
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Stomach&diff=106396&oldid=prev
Slonczewski: /* Omnivores: Human */
2015-02-11T14:55:28Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Omnivores: Human</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:55, 11 February 2015</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Enterococcus.jpg|thumb|230px|left|Gram Stain of Enterococcus faecium. From the [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http</del>://www.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">health</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gld.gov.au</del>/ <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Queensland Government</del>.]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Enterococcus.jpg|thumb|230px|left|Gram Stain of Enterococcus faecium. From the [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">https</ins>://www.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">microbelibrary</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">org</ins>/ <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ASM Microbe Library</ins>.]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Staphylococcus.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Gram Stain of Staphylococcus aureus. From the [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http</del>://www.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">health.gld.gov</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">au</del>/ <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Queensland Government</del>.]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Staphylococcus.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Gram Stain of Staphylococcus aureus. From the [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">https</ins>://www.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">microbelibrary</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">org</ins>/ <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ASM Microbe Library</ins>.]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Microbes===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Microbes===</div></td></tr>
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Slonczewski
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Stomach&diff=106395&oldid=prev
Slonczewski: /* Microbes */
2015-02-11T14:54:35Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Microbes</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Helicobacter pylori====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Helicobacter pylori====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:helicobacter.jpg|thumb|265px|right|Electron Micrograph of H. pylori. From the [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">http</del>://www.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">health</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">gld.gov.au</del>/ <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Queensland Government</del>.]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:helicobacter.jpg|thumb|265px|right|Electron Micrograph of H. pylori. From the [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">https</ins>://www.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">microbelibrary</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">org</ins>/ <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ASM Microbe Library</ins>.]]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Significant Discovery of ''H. pylori''</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Significant Discovery of ''H. pylori''</div></td></tr>
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Slonczewski
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Stomach&diff=54956&oldid=prev
BarichD at 03:04, 20 August 2010
2010-08-20T03:04:01Z
<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction to Stomach Niche==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction to Stomach Niche==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The stomach is an organ located between the esophagus and the small intestine. Food enters through the head of the stomach (cardia) and exits through the tail (pylorus) after digestion. The volume of the stomach increases at meal times and decreases as chyme leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine. The relaxed (empty) stomach has folds of lumen, which expands upon food arrival and almost disappears in a full stomach [11]. Enzymes and acids are secreted in the stomach to break down food molecules, which is stored for gradual energy use.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The stomach is an organ located between the esophagus and the small intestine. Food enters through the head of the stomach (cardia) and exits through the tail (pylorus) after digestion. The volume of the stomach increases at meal times and decreases as chyme leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine. The relaxed (empty) stomach has folds of lumen, which expands upon food arrival and almost disappears in a full stomach [11]. Enzymes and acids are secreted in the stomach to break down food molecules, which is stored for gradual energy use.</div></td></tr>
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BarichD
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Stomach&diff=38881&oldid=prev
Swkong: /* References */
2008-09-09T01:24:29Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by [Sohyun Ahn, Byoung Cho, Seong Kang, Geon Woo Kim, Yoo Na Kim, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Sukwoo </del>Kong] students of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by [Sohyun Ahn, Byoung Cho, Seong Kang, Geon Woo Kim, Yoo Na Kim, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Suk Woo </ins>Kong] students of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen]</div></td></tr>
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Swkong
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Stomach&diff=38823&oldid=prev
Sckang: /* Microbes */
2008-09-02T00:18:33Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Microbes</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Microbes===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Microbes===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Killing of bacteria requires a </del>pH of less than 2.0, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a </del>value <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which </del>is rarely maintained for any length of time, especially during food intake, which is when most bacteria enter the stomach. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Micro</del>-organisms ''[[Klebsiella]]'', ''[[Salmonella]]'', ''[[Shigella flexneri]]'', ''Proteus'', ''[[Enterobacter]]'', ''[[Enterococcus faecalis]]'', ''[[Enterococcus faecium]]'', ''[[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]'', ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' and ''Candida albicans'', did not survive pretreatment at pH 1.0 or 2.0, whereas at pH 4.0, all bacteria tested survived. [22]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>pH of less than 2.0 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">generally kills all bacteria</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but this pH </ins>value is rarely maintained for any length of time, especially during food intake, which is when most bacteria enter the stomach. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In an experient, micro</ins>-organisms <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>''[[Klebsiella]]'', ''[[Salmonella]]'', ''[[Shigella flexneri]]'', ''Proteus'', ''[[Enterobacter]]'', ''[[Enterococcus faecalis]]'', ''[[Enterococcus faecium]]'', ''[[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]'', ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' and ''Candida albicans'', did not survive pretreatment at pH 1.0 or 2.0, whereas at pH 4.0, all bacteria tested survived. [22]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Bacteria, however</del>, began to develop resistance to the effects of acid. [23] Acid resistance of bacteria such as ''E. coli'' and ''H. pylori'' is related to increased buffering capacity within the bacteria and the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">enhanced production of certain </del>membrane proteins [24] <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">To explain </del>''H. pylori'' <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">colonization of the stomach</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as little as </del>20 <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">min might be </del>sufficient for some bacterial cells to reach the mucosa, and survival <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">may be </del>more likely <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to occur </del>at slightly higher pHs <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and in the achlorhydric state </del>[25]. At pH 3.5 total kill <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is probably not </del>achieved <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">until 80 min</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>by this time more than 60% of the stomach contents has emptied, releasing the bacteria into the high pH (>7.0) of the duodenum and allowing <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">further multiplication</del>. [22] </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">However</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacteria </ins>began to develop resistance to the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">strong </ins>effects of acid. [23] Acid resistance of bacteria such as ''E. coli'' and ''H. pylori'' is related to increased buffering capacity within the bacteria and the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">increased </ins>membrane proteins <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">production. </ins>[24] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Observing the colonization of </ins>''H. pylori'', 20 <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">minutes is </ins>sufficient for some bacterial cells to reach the mucosa, and survival <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </ins>more likely <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in the achlorhydric state, </ins>at slightly higher pHs [25]. At pH 3.5<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, it takes approximately 80 minutes for </ins>total kill <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to be </ins>achieved, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">but </ins>by this time more than 60% of the stomach contents has emptied <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">out of the stomach</ins>, releasing the bacteria into the high pH (>7.0) of the duodenum and allowing <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacterial growth</ins>. [22] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are three specific conditions that allow bacteria to survive through the harsh acidic conditions of the stomach: bacteria can be protected from low pH by binding to food constituents, [26] usage of antacids or acid blockers would also substantially increase the chances of gastric survival and influence subsequent infection by increasing the stomach pH, [27] and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">they </del>[babies] produce lower levels of acid in their stomach allowing spores to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">escape being killed in </del>the stomach [28].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>There are three specific conditions that allow bacteria to survive through the harsh acidic conditions of the stomach: bacteria can be protected from low pH by binding to food constituents, [26] usage of antacids or acid blockers would also substantially increase the chances of gastric survival and influence subsequent infection by increasing the stomach pH, [27] and [babies] produce lower levels of acid in their stomach allowing spores to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">survive through </ins>the stomach [28]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Helicobacter pylori====</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====Helicobacter pylori====</div></td></tr>
</table>
Sckang
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Stomach&diff=38822&oldid=prev
Sckang: /* Microbes that survive the stomach's acidity */
2008-09-02T00:17:17Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Microbes that survive the stomach's acidity</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:17, 2 September 2008</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Norovirus.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Electron micrograph of norovirus. From [http://www.health.state.ri.gov/ Rhode Island Department of Health.]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Norovirus.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Electron micrograph of norovirus. From [http://www.health.state.ri.gov/ Rhode Island Department of Health.]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. ''Noroviruses'' (formerly called “Norwalk-like Viruses”) are the prototype of caliciviruses. They are single-stranded<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, non-enveloped </del>RNA<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">-</del>viruses and measure 28–35 nm. [19]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. ''Noroviruses'' (formerly called “Norwalk-like Viruses”) are the prototype of caliciviruses. They are single-stranded RNA viruses and measure 28–35 nm. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins>[19]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Infection site: Small intestine.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Infection site: Small intestine.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Symptoms: Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea nausea, abdominal cramps, headache, myalgia, chills and fever. Symptoms typically last between one and three days and recovery is usually rapid. [21] </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Symptoms: Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea nausea, abdominal cramps, headache, myalgia, chills and fever. Symptoms typically last between one and three days and recovery is usually rapid. [21] </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Transmission: ''Norovirus'' may be acquired through consuming contaminated food or water, or more commonly from an infected person via the oral route or by aerosol spread<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, particularly when a case vomits</del>. Semi-closed communities such as hotels, cruise ships and hospitals are particularly <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">prone </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">large </del>outbreaks. [21]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Transmission: ''Norovirus'' may be acquired through consuming contaminated food or water, or more commonly from an infected person via the oral route or by aerosol spread. Semi-closed communities such as hotels<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, schools, dormitories</ins>, cruise ships and hospitals are particularly <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">exposed </ins>to outbreaks. [21]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Treatment: None. Currently, there is no medication or vaccine for norovirus and it cannot be treated with antibiotics. By drinking fluids, such as juice or water, people can reduce their chance of becoming dehydrated. [20]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Treatment: None. Currently, there is no medication or vaccine for norovirus and it cannot be treated with antibiotics. By drinking fluids, such as juice or water, people can reduce their chance of becoming dehydrated. [20]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. ''Rotavirus'' is the leading cause of diarrhea hospitalization among children worldwide.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. ''Rotavirus'' is the leading cause of diarrhea hospitalization among children worldwide. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Infection: Cells of the small intestine.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Infection: Cells of the small intestine. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Symptoms: Rotavirus infection symptoms include: fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, watery diarrhea, cough, and runny nose.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Symptoms: Rotavirus infection symptoms include: fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, watery diarrhea, cough, and runny nose. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Transmission: The virus passes <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">stool of </del>infected persons before and after they have symptoms of the illness. Rotavirus infection outbreaks are most common during the winter and spring months.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Transmission: The virus passes <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">between individuals by </ins>the infected persons before and after they have symptoms of the illness. Rotavirus infection outbreaks are most common during the winter and spring months. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Prevention: Rotavirus vaccine is included in the lineup of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">routine immunizations </del>given to all infants. The immunization is given by mouth at around 2, 4, and 6 months of age. In general, frequent hand washing is the best <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tool </del>to limit the spread of rotavirus infection.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Prevention: Rotavirus vaccine is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">now </ins>included in the lineup of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">immunization shots </ins>given to all infants. The immunization is given by mouth at around 2, 4, and 6 months of age. In general, frequent hand washing is the best <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">method </ins>to limit the spread of rotavirus infection. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:*Treatment: Dehydration must be treated by bringing the body’s fluid and salt levels back to normal. A child can be treated in a hospital with intravenous (IV) fluids or treated at home by eating normally with more fluids. [34] </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">:*Treatment: Dehydration must be treated by bring the body’s fluid and salt levels back to normal. A child can be treated in a hospital with intravenous (IV) fluids or treated at home by eating normally with more fluids. [34]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Astrovirus.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Astrovirus. From [http://www.epa.gov/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Astrovirus.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Astrovirus. From [http://www.epa.gov/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l127">Line 127:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 128:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Adenovirus.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Adenovirus. From [http://www.epa.gov/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.]]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Adenovirus.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Adenovirus. From [http://www.epa.gov/ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.]]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>4. ''Adenovirus'' is an infectious <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">agent </del>that disrupts <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tissue cultures of </del>adenoidectomy <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">specimens from </del>children. Adenovirus is perhaps the best known cause of acute respiratory infection.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>4. ''Adenovirus'' is an infectious <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">virus </ins>that disrupts adenoidectomy <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">tissues in </ins>children. Adenovirus is perhaps the best known cause of acute respiratory infection.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Symptoms: Depending on which part of the body is affected, the symptoms of Adenovirus infection vary.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Symptoms: Depending on which part of the body is affected, the symptoms of Adenovirus infection vary.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l135">Line 135:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 136:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:- Eye infection: Symptoms of infection in the eye include: red eyes, discharge, tearing, and pain</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:- Eye infection: Symptoms of infection in the eye include: red eyes, discharge, tearing, and pain</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Transmission: Adenovirus is highly contagious and can be transmitted <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">through respiratory secretion </del>by coughing or sneezing, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and </del>ingested through contaminated food and water. Symptoms may appear as early as two days from exposure up to two weeks.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Transmission: Adenovirus is highly contagious and can be transmitted by coughing or sneezing, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">or </ins>ingested through contaminated food and water. Symptoms may appear as early as two days from exposure up to two weeks.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Prevention: There are currently no vaccine or anti-viral treatment against Adenovirus. To reduce the risk transmission, wash hands and clean surfaces frequently.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:*Prevention: There are currently no vaccine or anti-viral treatment against Adenovirus. To reduce the risk transmission, wash hands and clean surfaces frequently.</div></td></tr>
</table>
Sckang
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Stomach&diff=38821&oldid=prev
Sckang: /* Special Environment */
2008-09-02T00:12:30Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Special Environment</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 00:12, 2 September 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l143">Line 143:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 143:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Carnivores: Cats==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Carnivores: Cats==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Special Environment===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Special Environment===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The ability of the carnivore stomach to secrete hydrochloric acid is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">exceptional</del>. Carnivores are able to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">keep </del>their gastric pH <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">down </del>around 1-2 even with food present. This is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">necessary to facilitate protein breakdown and </del>to kill the abundant dangerous bacteria often found in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">decaying </del>flesh foods [9]<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The ability of the carnivore stomach to secrete hydrochloric acid is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">phenomenal</ins>. Carnivores are able to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">maintain </ins>their gastric pH around 1-2 even with food present. This is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mandatory </ins>to kill the abundant dangerous bacteria often found in flesh foods <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and to facilitate protein breakdown. </ins>[9]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Microbes===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Microbes===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bacteria such as ''[[Salmonella]]'', ''[[Shigella]]'', ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' (E.Coli) O157:H7 and other food borne pathogens are skillfully handled by the extended time in the strongly acidic environment of the stomach. The extremely low pH characteristic of the stomach is mandatory in order to deal with the bacteria that enter by consuming raw meat of the prey.[10]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bacteria such as ''[[Salmonella]]'', ''[[Shigella]]'', ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' (E.Coli) O157:H7 and other food borne pathogens are skillfully handled by the extended time in the strongly acidic environment of the stomach. The extremely low pH characteristic of the stomach is mandatory in order to deal with the bacteria that enter by consuming raw meat of the prey.[10]</div></td></tr>
</table>
Sckang
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Stomach&diff=38315&oldid=prev
Sckang: /* Summary */
2008-08-29T16:38:18Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Summary</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:38, 29 August 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l178">Line 178:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 178:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Summary==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Summary==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Stomach Niche is probably the most interesting and unique niche. Many microbes can enter the stomach, but most of them end up getting degraded by the low pH acidity of the stomach. Helicobacter pylori, and Clostridium botulinum are microbes that can survive the acidic environment of the stomach and induce deadly effects to the host. There are other microbes can also survive the acidity of the stomach. These microbes—norovirus, rotavirus, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">astrovirus—are </del>viruses that pass through the stomach to target the small intestine as their infection site.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Stomach Niche is probably the most interesting and unique niche. Many microbes can enter the stomach, but most of them end up getting degraded by the low pH acidity of the stomach. Helicobacter pylori, and Clostridium botulinum are microbes that can survive the acidic environment of the stomach and induce deadly effects to the host. There are other microbes can also survive the acidity of the stomach. These microbes—norovirus, rotavirus<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, astrovirus</ins>, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">adenovirus—are </ins>viruses that pass through the stomach to target the small intestine as their infection site <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with temporary discomfortable symptoms</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>
Sckang
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Stomach&diff=38282&oldid=prev
Sckang: /* Summary */
2008-08-29T16:27:53Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Summary</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:27, 29 August 2008</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Summary==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Summary==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Stomach Niche is probably the most interesting and unique niche. Many microbes can enter the stomach, but most of them end up getting degraded by the low pH acidity of the stomach. Helicobacter pylori, and Clostridium botulinum are microbes that can survive the acidic environment of the stomach. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Some </del>microbes can also survive the acidity of the stomach. These microbes—norovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus—are viruses that pass through the stomach to target the small intestine as their infection site.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Stomach Niche is probably the most interesting and unique niche. Many microbes can enter the stomach, but most of them end up getting degraded by the low pH acidity of the stomach. Helicobacter pylori, and Clostridium botulinum are microbes that can survive the acidic environment of the stomach <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and induce deadly effects to the host</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">There are other </ins>microbes can also survive the acidity of the stomach. These microbes—norovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus—are viruses that pass through the stomach to target the small intestine as their infection site.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
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Sckang
https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Stomach&diff=38266&oldid=prev
Sckang: /* Summary */
2008-08-29T16:24:40Z
<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Summary</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:24, 29 August 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l178">Line 178:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Summary==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Summary==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Stomach Niche is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">one of </del>the most unique niche <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">of one’s body</del>. Many microbes can enter the stomach, but most of them end up getting degraded by the low pH acidity of the stomach. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The few </del>microbes that can survive the environment of the stomach <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are Helicobacter pylori, and Clostridium botulinum</del>. Some microbes can also survive the acidity of the stomach. These microbes—norovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus—are viruses that pass through the stomach to target the small intestine as their infection site.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Stomach Niche is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">probably </ins>the most <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">interesting and </ins>unique niche. Many microbes can enter the stomach, but most of them end up getting degraded by the low pH acidity of the stomach. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Helicobacter pylori, and Clostridium botulinum are </ins>microbes that can survive the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">acidic </ins>environment of the stomach. Some microbes can also survive the acidity of the stomach. These microbes—norovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus—are viruses that pass through the stomach to target the small intestine as their infection site.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
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Sckang