https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Streptococcus_salivarius&feed=atom&action=historyStreptococcus salivarius - Revision history2024-03-29T01:10:16ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Streptococcus_salivarius&diff=132507&oldid=prevLilytan at 21:08, 10 December 20172017-12-10T21:08:18Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>S. salivarius has been linked to cases of sepsis in people with neutropenia, a disease associated with a depleted level of white blood cells in the body (3). Sepsis occurs when the immune system becomes compromised, which allows the bacteria to attack when immune cells are weakened. They can also cause disease if they enter the bloodstream via dental work (3).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>S. salivarius has been linked to cases of sepsis in people with neutropenia, a disease associated with a depleted level of white blood cells in the body (3). Sepsis occurs when the immune system becomes compromised, which allows the bacteria to attack when immune cells are weakened. They can also cause disease if they enter the bloodstream via dental work (3).</div></td></tr>
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</table>Lilytanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Streptococcus_salivarius&diff=132506&oldid=prevLilytan at 21:06, 10 December 20172017-12-10T21:06:59Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Streptococcus salivarius strain JIM8777. Journal of Bacteriology, 193(18): 5024–5025.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Streptococcus salivarius strain JIM8777. Journal of Bacteriology, 193(18): 5024–5025.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(6) Salako NO, Rotimi VO, Preeta R, Khodakhast F. (2004) The Bacteriology of the </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(6) Salako NO, Rotimi VO, Preeta R, Khodakhast F. (2004) The Bacteriology of the </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Supragingival Plaque of Child Dental Patients in Kuwait. Medical Principles and Practice 13:191-195.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Supragingival Plaque of Child Dental Patients in Kuwait. Medical Principles and Practice 13:191-195.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(7) Burton JP, Chilcott CN, Moore CJ, Speiser G and Tagg JR. (2006) A preliminary study of the effect of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 on oral malodour parameters. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 100: 754–764.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(7) Burton JP, Chilcott CN, Moore CJ, Speiser G and Tagg JR. (2006) A preliminary study of the effect of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 on oral malodour parameters. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 100: 754–764.<br></div></td></tr>
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</table>Lilytanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Streptococcus_salivarius&diff=132505&oldid=prevLilytan at 21:06, 10 December 20172017-12-10T21:06:38Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>928–34.10.1128/AEM.03133-13. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>928–34.10.1128/AEM.03133-13. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(3) Tunkel, A. R. and Sepkowitz, K. A. (2002). Infections Caused by Viridans Streptococci in </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(3) Tunkel, A. R. and Sepkowitz, K. A. (2002). Infections Caused by Viridans Streptococci in </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Patients with Neutropenia. Clinical Infectious Diseases 34:1524-9.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Patients with Neutropenia. Clinical Infectious Diseases 34:1524-9.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(4) Delorme C, Guédon E, Pons N, Cruaud C, et al. (2011) Complete Genome Sequence of the Clinical Streptococcus salivarius Strain CCHSS3. Journal of Bacteriology, 193(18), </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(4) Delorme C, Guédon E, Pons N, Cruaud C, et al. (2011) Complete Genome Sequence of the Clinical Streptococcus salivarius Strain CCHSS3. Journal of Bacteriology, 193(18), </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>5041–5042.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>5041–5042.<br></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(8) Barbour, A and Philip, K. (2014) Variable characteristics of bacteriocin-producing </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(8) Barbour, A and Philip, K. (2014) Variable characteristics of bacteriocin-producing </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Streptococcus salivarius strains isolated from Malaysian subjects. PLoS One 9(6).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Streptococcus salivarius strains isolated from Malaysian subjects. PLoS One 9(6).<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(9) Burton JP, Drummond BK, Chilcott CN et al. (2013) Influence of the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius strain M18 on indices of dental health in children: a randomized double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 62: 875-884.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(9) Burton JP, Drummond BK, Chilcott CN et al. (2013) Influence of the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius strain M18 on indices of dental health in children: a randomized double-blind, placebo controlled trial. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 62: 875-884.<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(10) Pierro F, Pasquale D, and Cicco M. (2015) Oral Use of Streptococcus Salivarius K12 in </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(10) Pierro F, Pasquale D, and Cicco M. (2015) Oral Use of Streptococcus Salivarius K12 in </div></td></tr>
</table>Lilytanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Streptococcus_salivarius&diff=132504&oldid=prevLilytan: /* 9. References */2017-12-10T20:55:51Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">9. References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=9. References=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=9. References=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is required that you add at least five primary research articles </del>(in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">same format as </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sample reference below</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that corresponds to </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">info that you added to this page</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1) Chastanet, A and Msadek, T. (2003) clpP of Streptococcus salivarius Is a Novel Member of </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[Sample reference] Faller</del>, A., and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Schleifer</del>, K. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">"Modified Oxidase and Benzidine Tests for Separation </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Staphylococci </del>from <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Micrococci"</del>. Journal of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Clinical </del>Microbiology. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1981</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Volume 13</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">p</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1031</del>-<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1035</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the Dually Regulated Class of Stress Response Genes in Gram-Positive Bacteria. Journal </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(2) Kaci G, Goudercourt D, Dennin V, Pot B, Dore J, Ehrlich SD, et al. (2014)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Anti-inflammatory properties of Streptococcus salivarius, a commensal bacterium of the </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">oral cavity and digestive tract. Appl Environ Microbiol 80(3): </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">928–34.10.1128/AEM.03133-13. <br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(3) Tunkel, A. R. and Sepkowitz, K. A. (2002). Infections Caused by Viridans Streptococci </ins>in </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Patients with Neutropenia. Clinical Infectious Diseases 34:1524-9.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(4) Delorme C, Guédon E, Pons N, Cruaud C, et al. (2011) Complete Genome Sequence of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Clinical Streptococcus salivarius Strain CCHSS3. Journal of Bacteriology, 193(18), </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5041–5042.<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(5</ins>) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Guedon E, Delorme C, Pons N et al. (2011) Complete genome sequence of the commensal </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Streptococcus salivarius strain JIM8777. Journal of Bacteriology, 193(18): 5024–5025.<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(6) Salako NO, Rotimi VO, Preeta R, Khodakhast F. (2004) The Bacteriology of </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Supragingival Plaque of Child Dental Patients in Kuwait. Medical Principles and Practice 13:191-195</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(7) Burton JP, Chilcott CN, Moore CJ</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Speiser G and Tagg JR. (2006) </ins>A <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">preliminary study of the effect of probiotic Streptococcus salivarius K12 on oral malodour parameters. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 100: 754–764</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(8) Barbour</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Philip</ins>, K. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(2014) Variable characteristics </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacteriocin-producing </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Streptococcus salivarius strains isolated </ins>from <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Malaysian subjects. PLoS One 9(6).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(9) Burton JP, Drummond BK, Chilcott CN et al. (2013) Influence of the probiotic Streptococcus salivarius strain M18 on indices of dental health in children: a randomized double-blind, placebo controlled trial</ins>. Journal of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Medical </ins>Microbiology<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, 62: 875-884.<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(10) Pierro F, Pasquale D, and Cicco M</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(2015) Oral Use of Streptococcus Salivarius K12 in </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Children with Secretory Otitis Media: Preliminary Results of a Pilot, Uncontrolled Study</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">International Journal of General Medicine, 8: 303–308</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(11) Manning J, Dunne EM, Wescombe PA et al</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(2016) Investigation of Streptococcus </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">salivarius</ins>-<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mediated inhibition of pneumococcal adherence to pharyngeal epithelial cells. BMC Microbiology, 16: 225</ins>.</div></td></tr>
</table>Lilytanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Streptococcus_salivarius&diff=132503&oldid=prevLilytan: /* 8. Current Research */2017-12-10T20:50:36Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">8. Current Research</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Include this section if your Wiki page focuses on a microbial process, rather than a specific taxon/group of organisms</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Include this section if your Wiki page focuses on a microbial process, rather than a specific taxon/group of organisms</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=8. Current Research=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=8. Current Research=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Potential as a Probiotic<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Potential as a Probiotic<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Recent research has been done on S. salivarius investigating the efficacy of the use of certain strains of the bacteria as probiotics. Probiotics are defined as live organisms that are ingested in defined amounts to confer a health benefit to the host. Bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract have been the conventional source for probiotics. Administering probiotics using bacteria from the ear and oral cavity is therefore a relatively new concept, but has shown to have promise in enhancing overall health. This linkage is due to the fact that many human diseases are associated either directly (e.g. dental caries) or indirectly (e.g. cardiovascular diseases) to oral microbiota disequilibria (9).<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Recent research has been done on S. salivarius investigating the efficacy of the use of certain strains of the bacteria as probiotics. Probiotics are defined as live organisms that are ingested in defined amounts to confer a health benefit to the host. Bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract have been the conventional source for probiotics. Administering probiotics using bacteria from the ear and oral cavity is therefore a relatively new concept, but has shown to have promise in enhancing overall health. This linkage is due to the fact that many human diseases are associated either directly (e.g. dental caries) or indirectly (e.g. cardiovascular diseases) to oral microbiota disequilibria (9).<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The probiotic S. salivarius M18 was studied by Burton JP et al, and was shown to have potential as a probiotic in the oral microbiome (9). The study was performed on a randomized group of 100 children with active tooth decay conditions. After three months of M18 treatment administration, the participants were examined for their changes in plaque and overall tissue health. Plaque scores were significantly lower following the M18 treatment. The trial also revealed that this strain produces bacteriocins that target Streptococcus mutans, a tooth decay-causing bacteria found in the oral cavity. The production of enzymes that reduce dental plaque accumulation and acidification also proved the M18 strain to be a helpful probiotic (9).<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The probiotic S. salivarius M18 was studied by Burton JP et al, and was shown to have potential as a probiotic in the oral microbiome (9). The study was performed on a randomized group of 100 children with active tooth decay conditions. After three months of M18 treatment administration, the participants were examined for their changes in plaque and overall tissue health. Plaque scores were significantly lower following the M18 treatment. The trial also revealed that this strain produces bacteriocins that target Streptococcus mutans, a tooth decay-causing bacteria found in the oral cavity. The production of enzymes that reduce dental plaque accumulation and acidification also proved the M18 strain to be a helpful probiotic (9).<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ear Cavity Health Benefits<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Ear Cavity Health Benefits<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>S. salivarius K12 also has a beneficial effect on ear health in humans. A bacteriotherapy trial has been conducted which tested the potential benefits of S. salivarius by administering a nasal spray containing a strain of S. salivarius to children with recurrent acute otitis media, or middle ear infection (10). The invasion of bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pyogenes into the middle ear can cause acute otitis media (AOM), or middle ear infection, and on occasion secretory otitis media (SOM). More than 80% of preschool children have at least one episode of AOM or SOM (10). Spray treatment of S. salivarius K12 showed that AOM incidence dropped by about 40% per month, and pure tone audiometry improved for both ears (10). In addition, no side effects were seen in any of the children in the clinical study (10). Although this study is only a starting point in this area of research, it provides a basis for investigating the treatment of ear infections and maintaining ear cavity health.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>S. salivarius K12 also has a beneficial effect on ear health in humans. A bacteriotherapy trial has been conducted which tested the potential benefits of S. salivarius by administering a nasal spray containing a strain of S. salivarius to children with recurrent acute otitis media, or middle ear infection (10). The invasion of bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pyogenes into the middle ear can cause acute otitis media (AOM), or middle ear infection, and on occasion secretory otitis media (SOM). More than 80% of preschool children have at least one episode of AOM or SOM (10). Spray treatment of S. salivarius K12 showed that AOM incidence dropped by about 40% per month, and pure tone audiometry improved for both ears (10). In addition, no side effects were seen in any of the children in the clinical study (10). Although this study is only a starting point in this area of research, it provides a basis for investigating the treatment of ear infections and maintaining ear cavity health.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Use for Reduction of Halitosis<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Use for Reduction of Halitosis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Probiotic S. salivarius K12 was also tested on its ability to reduce the severity of halitosis (i.e. bad breath) (7). Twenty three subjects were given either a tablet containing the K12 strain or a placebo. Following the three-day regimen, the severity of halitosis was assessed by analyzing their volatile sulfur compound levels. The bacterial composition of their saliva was also analyzed in culture (7). Results indicated that the severity of halitosis did decrease, and S. salivarius K12 inhibited the growth of a black-pigmented bacteria as well as other bacteria linked to halitosis (7). Therefore, S. salivarius K12 competitively colonized the areas that other bacteria had colonized and could be an effective solution to reducing the severity of halitosis (7).<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Probiotic S. salivarius K12 was also tested on its ability to reduce the severity of halitosis (i.e. bad breath) (7). Twenty three subjects were given either a tablet containing the K12 strain or a placebo. Following the three-day regimen, the severity of halitosis was assessed by analyzing their volatile sulfur compound levels. The bacterial composition of their saliva was also analyzed in culture (7). Results indicated that the severity of halitosis did decrease, and S. salivarius K12 inhibited the growth of a black-pigmented bacteria as well as other bacteria linked to halitosis (7). Therefore, S. salivarius K12 competitively colonized the areas that other bacteria had colonized and could be an effective solution to reducing the severity of halitosis (7).<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></ins><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Anti-Inflammatory Properties<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Anti-Inflammatory Properties<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins><br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another characteristic of S. salivarius includes its ability to inhabit the oral cavity soon after birth, providing an anti-inflammatory mechanism for the infant. S. salivarius can be used to treat atypical pneumonia. S. salivarius is a probiotic bacterium that can inhibit pneumococcal adherence to pharyngeal epithelial cells (11). A particular study closely examined the effects of two different strains of S. salivarius (K12 and M18) on a human pharyngeal epithelial cell line (Detroit 562/D562) to investigate the methods of inhibition (11). Results revealed that the bacterium utilizes a mechanism that blocks pneumococcal binding sites, which in turn reduces the pneumococcal adherence to pharyngeal epithelial cells (11). However, inhibition occurs depending on the strain of S. salivarius and its dosage (11). Therefore, further research is required to determine if the blockage of the pneumococcal binding site is coincidental to the presence of S. salivarius. Understanding how probiotics such as S. salivarius may work to inhibit pneumococcal adherence is key to the potential development of new strategies to prevent pneumococcus colonization (11).<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br></del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Another characteristic of S. salivarius includes its ability to inhabit the oral cavity soon after birth, providing an anti-inflammatory mechanism for the infant. S. salivarius can be used to treat atypical pneumonia. S. salivarius is a probiotic bacterium that can inhibit pneumococcal adherence to pharyngeal epithelial cells (11). A particular study closely examined the effects of two different strains of S. salivarius (K12 and M18) on a human pharyngeal epithelial cell line (Detroit 562/D562) to investigate the methods of inhibition (11). Results revealed that the bacterium utilizes a mechanism that blocks pneumococcal binding sites, which in turn reduces the pneumococcal adherence to pharyngeal epithelial cells (11). However, inhibition occurs depending on the strain of S. salivarius and its dosage (11). Therefore, further research is required to determine if the blockage of the pneumococcal binding site is coincidental to the presence of S. salivarius. Understanding how probiotics such as S. salivarius may work to inhibit pneumococcal adherence is key to the potential development of new strategies to prevent pneumococcus colonization (11).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is required that you add at least five primary research articles (in same format as the sample reference below) that corresponds to the info that you added to this page.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is required that you add at least five primary research articles (in same format as the sample reference below) that corresponds to the info that you added to this page.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[Sample reference] Faller, A., and Schleifer, K. "Modified Oxidase and Benzidine Tests for Separation of Staphylococci from Micrococci". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1981. Volume 13. p. 1031-1035.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[Sample reference] Faller, A., and Schleifer, K. "Modified Oxidase and Benzidine Tests for Separation of Staphylococci from Micrococci". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1981. Volume 13. p. 1031-1035.</div></td></tr>
</table>Lilytanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Streptococcus_salivarius&diff=132502&oldid=prevLilytan: /* 8. Current Research */2017-12-10T20:43:48Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">8. Current Research</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Include this section if your Wiki page focuses on a microbial process, rather than a specific taxon/group of organisms</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Include this section if your Wiki page focuses on a microbial process, rather than a specific taxon/group of organisms</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=8. Current Research=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=8. Current Research=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Include information </del>about <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">how </del>this <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">microbe </del>(or <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">related microbes</del>) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are currently being studied </del>and for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">what purpose</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Potential as a Probiotic<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Recent research has been done on S. salivarius investigating the efficacy of the use of certain strains of the bacteria as probiotics. Probiotics are defined as live organisms that are ingested in defined amounts to confer a health benefit to the host. Bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract have been the conventional source for probiotics. Administering probiotics using bacteria from the ear and oral cavity is therefore a relatively new concept, but has shown to have promise in enhancing overall health. This linkage is due to the fact that many human diseases are associated either directly (e.g. dental caries) or indirectly (e.g. cardiovascular diseases) to oral microbiota disequilibria (9).<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The probiotic S. salivarius M18 was studied by Burton JP et al, and was shown to have potential as a probiotic in the oral microbiome (9). The study was performed on a randomized group of 100 children with active tooth decay conditions. After three months of M18 treatment administration, the participants were examined for their changes in plaque and overall tissue health. Plaque scores were significantly lower following the M18 treatment. The trial also revealed that this strain produces bacteriocins that target Streptococcus mutans, a tooth decay-causing bacteria found in the oral cavity. The production of enzymes that reduce dental plaque accumulation and acidification also proved the M18 strain to be a helpful probiotic (9).<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ear Cavity Health Benefits<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">S. salivarius K12 also has a beneficial effect on ear health in humans. A bacteriotherapy trial has been conducted which tested the potential benefits of S. salivarius by administering a nasal spray containing a strain of S. salivarius to children with recurrent acute otitis media, or middle ear infection (10). The invasion of bacterial pathogens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Streptococcus pyogenes into the middle ear can cause acute otitis media (AOM), or middle ear infection, and on occasion secretory otitis media (SOM). More than 80% of preschool children have at least one episode of AOM or SOM (10). Spray treatment of S. salivarius K12 showed that AOM incidence dropped by </ins>about <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">40% per month, and pure tone audiometry improved for both ears (10). In addition, no side effects were seen in any of the children in the clinical study (10). Although this study is only a starting point in </ins>this <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">area of research, it provides a basis for investigating the treatment of ear infections and maintaining ear cavity health.<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Use for Reduction of Halitosis<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Probiotic S. salivarius K12 was also tested on its ability to reduce the severity of halitosis </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">i.e. bad breath) (7). Twenty three subjects were given either a tablet containing the K12 strain </ins>or <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a placebo. Following the three-day regimen, the severity of halitosis was assessed by analyzing their volatile sulfur compound levels. The bacterial composition of their saliva was also analyzed in culture (7</ins>)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Results indicated that the severity of halitosis did decrease, and S. salivarius K12 inhibited the growth of a black-pigmented bacteria as well as other bacteria linked to halitosis (7). Therefore, S. salivarius K12 competitively colonized the areas that other bacteria had colonized </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">could be an effective solution to reducing the severity of halitosis (7).<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Anti-Inflammatory Properties<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Another characteristic of S. salivarius includes its ability to inhabit the oral cavity soon after birth, providing an anti-inflammatory mechanism </ins>for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the infant. S. salivarius can be used to treat atypical pneumonia. S. salivarius is a probiotic bacterium that can inhibit pneumococcal adherence to pharyngeal epithelial cells (11). A particular study closely examined the effects of two different strains of S. salivarius (K12 and M18) on a human pharyngeal epithelial cell line (Detroit 562/D562) to investigate the methods of inhibition (11). Results revealed that the bacterium utilizes a mechanism that blocks pneumococcal binding sites, which in turn reduces the pneumococcal adherence to pharyngeal epithelial cells (11). However, inhibition occurs depending on the strain of S. salivarius and its dosage (11). Therefore, further research is required to determine if the blockage of the pneumococcal binding site is coincidental to the presence of S. salivarius. Understanding how probiotics such as S. salivarius may work to inhibit pneumococcal adherence is key to the potential development of new strategies to prevent pneumococcus colonization (11).<br></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is required that you add at least five primary research articles (in same format as the sample reference below) that corresponds to the info that you added to this page.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is required that you add at least five primary research articles (in same format as the sample reference below) that corresponds to the info that you added to this page.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[Sample reference] Faller, A., and Schleifer, K. "Modified Oxidase and Benzidine Tests for Separation of Staphylococci from Micrococci". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1981. Volume 13. p. 1031-1035.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[Sample reference] Faller, A., and Schleifer, K. "Modified Oxidase and Benzidine Tests for Separation of Staphylococci from Micrococci". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 1981. Volume 13. p. 1031-1035.</div></td></tr>
</table>Lilytanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Streptococcus_salivarius&diff=132501&oldid=prevLilytan: /* 7. Pathology */2017-12-10T20:42:50Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">7. Pathology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=7. Pathology=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=7. Pathology=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">How does this organism </del>cause disease<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">S. salivarius has been linked to cases of sepsis in people with neutropenia, a disease associated with a depleted level of white blood cells in the body (3). Sepsis occurs when the immune system becomes compromised, which allows the bacteria to attack when immune cells are weakened. They can also </ins>cause disease <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">if they enter the bloodstream via dental work (3)</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Lilytanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Streptococcus_salivarius&diff=132500&oldid=prevLilytan: /* 6. Ecology */2017-12-10T20:42:35Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">6. Ecology</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=6. Ecology=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=6. Ecology=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Habitat; symbiosis; contributions </del>to the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">environment</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">S. salivarius is found in the upper respiratory tract and oral cavity of the human body. While the bacterium is part of the normal flora in those environments, its entrance </ins>to the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bloodstream causes it to become pathogenic (3).<br></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Several strains of S. salivarius are able to interfere with respiratory pathogens and metabolites present in S. salivarius can trigger inhibition of NF-κB activation in human IECs (2). Specific strains of S. salivarius, such as S. salivarius TOVE-R and K12, have been reported to be successful antagonists of virulent streptococci, which has been attributed to its bacteriocin production (2). S. salivarius K12’s production of bacteriocins show inhibitory activity against halitosis-associated species (7). Different strains of S. salivarius are capable of producing bacteriocins called lantibiotics. Lantibiotics have the potential to treat infectious diseases and thus further research on how S. salivarius can act as a probiotic can lead to new discoveries of treatments in medicine</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(8)</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=7. Pathology=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=7. Pathology=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.</div></td></tr>
</table>Lilytanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Streptococcus_salivarius&diff=132499&oldid=prevLilytan: /* 5. Metabolic processes */2017-12-10T20:42:15Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">5. Metabolic processes</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=5. Metabolic processes=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=5. Metabolic processes=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Describe important sources </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">energy</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">electrons</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and carbon (i</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">e. trophy) for the organism/organisms you are focusing on</del>, as well as <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">important molecules it/they synthesize</del>(<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">s</del>).</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">S. salivarius is a facultative anaerobe (6). Facultative anaerobes perform respiration in the presence </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">oxygen. In situations where oxygen is not readily available</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">facultative anaerobes can switch to fermentation or anaerobic respiration to generate ATP. Since food from the host enters the oral cavity</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the amount of nutrients that S</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">salivarius</ins>, as well as <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">other bacteria residing in the oral cavity, are essentially non-limiting. S. salivarius strain JIM8777 was found to contain a gene conferring lactose catabolism </ins>(<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">5</ins>)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, which allows the bacteria to thrive in areas such as the oral cavity where such sugars can be found</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Lilytanhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Streptococcus_salivarius&diff=132498&oldid=prevLilytan: /* 4. Cell structure */2017-12-10T20:41:59Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">4. Cell structure</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=4. Cell structure=</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=4. Cell structure=</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Interesting features </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">cell structure</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Can be combined with “metabolic processes”</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">S. salivarius is a Gram-positive cocci so Gram stain results would show a purple stain under the microscope due to crystal-violet dye’s affinity to the thick peptidoglycan layer. S. salivarius contains a peptidoglycan layer specifically called murein, which provides protection and rigidity, and helps shape the cell. Murein is a characteristic polymer </ins>of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacteria making it a good target for antibiotics</ins>.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Describe important sources of energy, electrons, and carbon (i.e. trophy) for the organism/organisms you are focusing on, as well as important molecules it/they synthesize(s).</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Describe important sources of energy, electrons, and carbon (i.e. trophy) for the organism/organisms you are focusing on, as well as important molecules it/they synthesize(s).</div></td></tr>
</table>Lilytan