Suppression of Peptidoglycan Remodeling: Difference between revisions

From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource
No edit summary
Line 10: Line 10:
Many antibiotics target this component to kill the bacteria. For example, penicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins and inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, weakening the cell wall of bacteria. It has been discovered that a new mechanism could be used by antibiotics on peptidoglycan— blocking the action of autolysins, a peptidoglycan hydrolase that is essential for remodeling the bacterial cell wall during growth.<ref name=antiremo> [https://www-nature-com.libproxy.kenyon.edu/articles/s41586-020-1990-9] Culp, Elizabeth J., Nicholas Waglechner, Wenliang Wang, Aline A. Fiebig-Comyn, Yen-Pang Hsu, Kalinka Koteva, David Sychantha, Brian K. Coombes, Michael S. Van Nieuwenhze, Yves V. Brun, and Gerard D. Wright. 2020. “Evolution-Guided Discovery of Antibiotics That Inhibit Peptidoglycan Remodelling.” <i>Nature</i> 578(7796):582–87. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-1990-9.</ref> Studying how this new mechanism works could give us insight into developing new antibiotics against resistant strains.
Many antibiotics target this component to kill the bacteria. For example, penicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins and inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, weakening the cell wall of bacteria. It has been discovered that a new mechanism could be used by antibiotics on peptidoglycan— blocking the action of autolysins, a peptidoglycan hydrolase that is essential for remodeling the bacterial cell wall during growth.<ref name=antiremo> [https://www-nature-com.libproxy.kenyon.edu/articles/s41586-020-1990-9] Culp, Elizabeth J., Nicholas Waglechner, Wenliang Wang, Aline A. Fiebig-Comyn, Yen-Pang Hsu, Kalinka Koteva, David Sychantha, Brian K. Coombes, Michael S. Van Nieuwenhze, Yves V. Brun, and Gerard D. Wright. 2020. “Evolution-Guided Discovery of Antibiotics That Inhibit Peptidoglycan Remodelling.” <i>Nature</i> 578(7796):582–87. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-1990-9.</ref> Studying how this new mechanism works could give us insight into developing new antibiotics against resistant strains.
<br>
<br>
Sample citations: <ref name=aa>[http://www.plosbiology.org/article/fetchObject.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000005&representation=PDF Hodgkin, J. and Partridge, F.A. "<i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> meets microsporidia: the nematode killers from Paris." 2008. PLoS Biology 6:2634-2637.]</ref>
 
<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847443/ Bartlett et al.: Oncolytic viruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines. Molecular Cancer 2013 12:103.]</ref>
<br><br>A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.
<br><br>A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.
<br>To repeat the citation for other statements, the reference needs to have a names: "<ref name=aa>"
<br>To repeat the citation for other statements, the reference needs to have a names: "<ref name=aa>"
Line 17: Line 16:


==Structure and Function==
==Structure and Function==
Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.<br>
 
<br>
<br> The peptidoglycan layer is located in the bacterial cell wall, consisting of chains of two alternating amino sugars, N-acetylglucosamine (an amide derivative of the monosaccharide glucose) and N-acetylmuramic acid (a combination of N-acetylglucosamine and phosphoenolpyruvate). The alternating amino sugars are linked by Teichoic acids, which are chains of phosphodiester-linked glycerol or ribitol.<ref name=slon/> Parallel chains of amino sugars can also be connected by cross-bridges made of extensions of peptides to form tetrapeptides, with m-Diaminopimelic acid binding D-Alanine.<ref>[] Bruslind, Linda. n.d. “Bacteria: Cell Walls.” in <i>General Microbiology.<i/> Oregon State University.<ref/>
Every point of information REQUIRES CITATION using the citation tool shown above.
 
Peptidoglycan sacculi cross-linked by peptides form a closed, sac-shaped structure that surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane. Peptidoglycan sacculi have been purified from Escherichia coli by incubation with boiling 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate.<ref>[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18194336/] Vollmer, Waldemar, Didier Blanot, and Miguel A. de Pedro. 2008. “Peptidoglycan Structure and Architecture.” <i>FEMS Microbiology Reviews<i/> 32(2):149–67. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00094.x.<ref/> While a bacterial cell contains a significant number of different kinds of molecules, there is only one peptidoglycan molecule in each bacterial cell, which contributes to 0.8% of the mass of the whole cell.<ref name=aa/>
 
[[Image:Peptidoglycan.png|thumb|500px|right|Structure of Peptidoglycan.By Linda Bruslind. [https://open.oregonstate.education/generalmicrobiology/chapter/bacteria-cell-walls/].]]
[[Image:Peptidoglycan.png|thumb|500px|right|Structure of Peptidoglycan.By Linda Bruslind. [https://open.oregonstate.education/generalmicrobiology/chapter/bacteria-cell-walls/].]]



Revision as of 01:23, 8 April 2021

This is a curated page. Report corrections to Microbewiki.


By [Frank Zhao]

Introduction

Components of Gram-negative Cell Wall.By Linda Bruslind. [2].
Components of Gram-positive Cell Wall.By Linda Bruslind. [3].


Peptidoglycan is a polymer made of sugars and amino acids that forms a layer outside the plasma membrane of bacterial cells. Peptidoglycans are cross-linked by peptides, serving as the cell wall that protects bacteria from the environment. Peptidoglycan limits the volume of the cell and thus it generates turgor pressure as the water rushes into the cell.[1] Gram-positive bacteria obtain a thicker peptidoglycan layer than Gram-negative bacteria but this layer is crucial to the survival of both types of bacteria.[2]


Many antibiotics target this component to kill the bacteria. For example, penicillin binds to penicillin-binding proteins and inhibits the synthesis of peptidoglycan, weakening the cell wall of bacteria. It has been discovered that a new mechanism could be used by antibiotics on peptidoglycan— blocking the action of autolysins, a peptidoglycan hydrolase that is essential for remodeling the bacterial cell wall during growth.[3] Studying how this new mechanism works could give us insight into developing new antibiotics against resistant strains.



A citation code consists of a hyperlinked reference within "ref" begin and end codes.
To repeat the citation for other statements, the reference needs to have a names: "<ref name=aa>"
The repeated citation works like this, with a back slash.[4]

Structure and Function


The peptidoglycan layer is located in the bacterial cell wall, consisting of chains of two alternating amino sugars, N-acetylglucosamine (an amide derivative of the monosaccharide glucose) and N-acetylmuramic acid (a combination of N-acetylglucosamine and phosphoenolpyruvate). The alternating amino sugars are linked by Teichoic acids, which are chains of phosphodiester-linked glycerol or ribitol.[1] Parallel chains of amino sugars can also be connected by cross-bridges made of extensions of peptides to form tetrapeptides, with m-Diaminopimelic acid binding D-Alanine.<ref>[] Bruslind, Linda. n.d. “Bacteria: Cell Walls.” in General Microbiology. Oregon State University.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name

Peptidoglycan sacculi cross-linked by peptides form a closed, sac-shaped structure that surrounds the cytoplasmic membrane. Peptidoglycan sacculi have been purified from Escherichia coli by incubation with boiling 4% sodium dodecyl sulfate.<ref>[8] Vollmer, Waldemar, Didier Blanot, and Miguel A. de Pedro. 2008. “Peptidoglycan Structure and Architecture.” FEMS Microbiology Reviews 32(2):149–67. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00094.x.Cite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name While a bacterial cell contains a significant number of different kinds of molecules, there is only one peptidoglycan molecule in each bacterial cell, which contributes to 0.8% of the mass of the whole cell.[4]

Structure of Peptidoglycan.By Linda Bruslind. [4].
Electron Microscopy of Purified Sacculi. [5].

Biosynthesis

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Inhibitive Antibiotics Targeting Peptidoglycan

A vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus strain isolated from the patient after failed vancomycin therapy.[6].


Corbomycin and Complestatin

Bacteria treated with corbomycin or complestatin shows a twisted phenotype and failed to divide into progeny cells.[7].

Conclusion

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 Slonczewski, J., and Foster J. W.. Microbiology: An Evolving Science. New York
  2. Anon. n.d. “Bacteria.” Basic Biology. Retrieved April 8, 2021
  3. [1] Culp, Elizabeth J., Nicholas Waglechner, Wenliang Wang, Aline A. Fiebig-Comyn, Yen-Pang Hsu, Kalinka Koteva, David Sychantha, Brian K. Coombes, Michael S. Van Nieuwenhze, Yves V. Brun, and Gerard D. Wright. 2020. “Evolution-Guided Discovery of Antibiotics That Inhibit Peptidoglycan Remodelling.” Nature 578(7796):582–87. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-1990-9.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named aa



Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2021, Kenyon College.