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===Species===
===Species===
''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum''
''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum'' Type strain: MBIC 4355T (= IFO 16310T)


The genus name "Tenacibaculum" comes from the Latin words ''tenax'' meaning "holding fast" and ''baculum'' meaning "a stick." The name "amylolyticum" was created using the Greek words ''amylum'' and ''lyticos'', which translate to "starch" and "loosening/dissolving," respectively.[[#References|[1]]]
The genus name "Tenacibaculum" comes from the Latin words ''tenax'' meaning "holding fast" and ''baculum'' meaning "a stick." The name "amylolyticum" was created using the Greek words ''amylum'' and ''lyticos'', which translate to "starch" and "loosening/dissolving," respectively.[[#References|[1]]]


==Description and Significance==
==Description and Significance==
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''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum'' is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative, flexirubin-negative bacterium. It shows gliding motility, does not form gas vesicles or spores, and is mesophilic. They are typically 2-5µm in length and 0.4µm in diameter. ''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum'' is cultured with a liquid medium and requires oxygen for growth. At least half-strength sea water must be used as the medium in order for the microbe to grow. These bacteria can survive in a pH between 5.3 and 8.3. Being a mesophile, ''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum'' grows best at moderate temperatures. It grows well between 19°C and 35°C with an optimal temperature occurring between 27°C and 33°C. These bacteria cannot live at temperatures below 15°C or above 40°C. When cultured and incubated, a yellow colony forms with irregular edges.[[#References|[1]]]
''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum'' is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative, flexirubin-negative bacterium. It shows gliding motility, does not form gas vesicles or spores, and is mesophilic. They are typically 2-5µm in length and 0.4µm in diameter. ''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum'' is cultured with a liquid medium and requires oxygen for growth. At least half-strength sea water must be used as the medium in order for the microbe to grow. These bacteria can survive in a pH between 5.3 and 8.3. Being a mesophile, ''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum'' grows best at moderate temperatures. It grows well between 19°C and 35°C with an optimal temperature occurring between 27°C and 33°C. These bacteria cannot live at temperatures below 15°C or above 40°C. When cultured and incubated, a yellow colony forms with irregular edges.[[#References|[1]]]


''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum'' is part of the ''Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides'' (CFB) complex. This group of bacteria decompose biomacromolecules and are an important player in the marine/aquatic portion of the carbon cycle.[[#References|[2]]] They also are known to affect the shape development of macroalgae. It is possible that ''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum'' has a role in climate change and has an effect on the morphogenesis of the algae it grows on.[[#References|[1]]]
These bacteria contain zeaxanthin as the major carotenoid pigment, giving it its bright yellow colony color, with beta-cyrptoxanthin and beta-carotene as lesser components.[[#References|[1]]]
 
''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum'' is part of the ''Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides'' (CFB) complex. This group of bacteria decompose biomacromolecules and are an important player in the marine/aquatic portion of the carbon cycle.[[#References|[2]]] They actively participate in the soil aggregate cycle by using enzymes that decompose and mineralize soil organic carbon faster than plants can fix carbon dioxide. This affects the formation of soil aggregates that sequester carbon dioxide and less plant productivity due to the loss of available organic carbon.[[#References|[3]]] They also are known to affect the shape development of macroalgae. It is possible that ''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum'' has a role in climate change and has an effect on the morphogenesis of the algae it grows on.[[#References|[1]]]
 
 


[[Image:Tenacibaculum_amylolyticum.jpg‎]]
Phase-contrast microphotograph of Tenacibaculum amylolyticum grown on 1/5 LBM agar at 20 degrees C for 3 days[[#References|[1]]]


==Genome Structure==
==Genome Structure==
Little specifics are known about the genome structure of ''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum''. It is known, however, to have a G+C content of 31 mol%. It has a 16S rDNA similarity of 95.5% with ''Tenacibaculum mesophilum'' and has a low DNA-DNA hybridization value with all members of the ''Tenacibaculum'' genus.[[#References|[1]]]
This bacteria is part of the marine MK-6 group of bacteria, meaning that analysis of the amino acid sequences of the gyrB gene, which encodes the subunit B protein of DNA gyrase [[#References|[4]]], contains methaquione-6 (MK-6). It has a G+C content of 31 mol% and a 16S rDNA similarity of 95.5% with ''Tenacibaculum mesophilum''. However, "Tenacibaculum amylolyticum" does not have high levels of DNA relatedness with other members of the ''Tenacibaculum'' genus and shows low levels of DNA-DNA hybridization with other strains. [[#References|[1]]]


The 16s rRNA and gyrB gene sequences are available here: [[#References|[5]]]


==Metabolism==
==Metabolism==
''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum'' is an aerobic heterotroph. An organic source of nitrogen is necessary for growth to occur, and a singular source of amino acids can provide carbon and/or nitrogen to the organism. The microbe gets its energy through the process of amylolysis, hence the species name "amylolyticum." This process converts starch into sugar. The hydrolysis of starch into sugar is performed by certain enzymes in the microbe. Proteins (casein), proteinogenic amino acids (tyrosine), peptide-protein mixes (gelatin), and Polysorbate 80 are also degraded by ''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum''. These processes result in the creation of the enzymes oxidase and catalase.[[#References|[1]]]
''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum'' is an obligate aerobe and a heterotroph. This bacteria is catalase and oxidase positive. "Tenacibaculum amylolyticum" has the ability to hydrolyze starch, casein, proteinogenic amino acids (tyrosine), peptide-protein mixes (gelatin), Polysorbate 80, and DNA. The microbe gets its energy through the process of amylolysis, the process of using enzymes to split starch into soluble products [[#References|[6]]], hence the species name "amylolyticum." Growth can occur with peptone, typtone, Casamino acids, L-proline, and L-glutamate as the only carbon and nitrogen sources. This bacteria weakly reduces nitrate and is has less osmotic tolerance than closely related species, it is only weakly supported on 3 % (w/v) NaCl medium. [[#References|[1]]]
 


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum'' grows in marine environments. It has been found living on the surface of algae. Along with its discovery, one more species was found and two more warranted reclassification. The other new species found was ''Tenacibaculum mesophilum'', which is the closest known related species to ''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum''. ''Flexibacter ovolyticus'' and ''Flexibacter maritimus'' were reclassified as ''Tenacibaculum ovolyticum'' and ''Tenacibaculum maritimus'', respectively, due to their genomic evaluation. The interaction between these species is relatively unknown.[[#References|[1]]]
''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum'' grows in marine environments. It has been found living on the surface of algae, and is most associated with green algae. Along with its discovery, one more species was found and two more warranted reclassification. The other new species found was ''Tenacibaculum mesophilum'', which is the closest known related species to ''Tenacibaculum amylolyticum''. ''Flexibacter ovolyticus'' and ''Flexibacter maritimus'' were reclassified as ''Tenacibaculum ovolyticum'' and ''Tenacibaculum maritimus'', respectively, due to their genomic evaluation. The interaction between these species is relatively unknown.[[#References|[1]]]
 


==References==
==References==
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[2] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00910.x/full Kirchman, D. "The ecology of ''Cytophaga-Flavobacteria'' in aquatic environments". ''FEMS Microbiology Ecology''. 2006. Volume 39. p. 91-100.]
[2] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2002.tb00910.x/full Kirchman, D. "The ecology of ''Cytophaga-Flavobacteria'' in aquatic environments". ''FEMS Microbiology Ecology''. 2006. Volume 39. p. 91-100.]


[3] [http://etd.lib.msu.edu/islandora/object/etd%3A1028/datastream/OBJ/view Mayrberger, JM. "Studies of genera cytophaga-flavobacterium in context of the soil carbon cycle." Dissertation Abstracts International, 2011, Volume. 73, No. 01, Suppl. B. p. 1- 115.]
[4] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/57/8/1846.long Wang, L. T., F. L. Lee, C. J. Tai, and H. Kasai. 2007. Comparison of gyrB gene sequences, 16S rRNA gene sequences and DNA-DNA hybridization in the Bacillus subtilis group. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57:1846–1850.]
[5] [http://www.dsmz.de/catalogues/details/culture/DSM-13766.html DMZ "Tenacibaculum amylolyticum". DMZ catalogues. 2014. Web. 20 Apr 2014.]
[6] [http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/amylolytic "amylolytic". Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2014. Web. 20 Apr 2014.]


==Author==
==Author==
Page authored by Brian McElroy, student of Prof. Ned Walker at Michigan State University.
Page authored by Brian McElroy and Samantha Heinrich, students of Prof. Ned Walker at Michigan State University.
 
<!-- Do not remove this line-->[[Category:Pages edited by students of Jay Lennon at Indiana University]]

Latest revision as of 00:08, 31 March 2022

This student page has not been curated.

Classification

Domain: Bacteria

Phylum: Bacteroidetes

Class: Flavobacteriia

Order: Flavobacteriales

Family: Flavobacteriaceae

Species

Tenacibaculum amylolyticum Type strain: MBIC 4355T (= IFO 16310T)

The genus name "Tenacibaculum" comes from the Latin words tenax meaning "holding fast" and baculum meaning "a stick." The name "amylolyticum" was created using the Greek words amylum and lyticos, which translate to "starch" and "loosening/dissolving," respectively.[1]

Description and Significance

Tenacibaculum amylolyticum was originally discovered by members of the Marine Biotechnology Institute and the Institute for Fermentation in 2001. It and other bacterial strains were found living on samples of sponge and green algae that had been gathered from waters by the Pacific island of Palau and off the coast of Japan. Tenacibaculum amylolyticum was especially prominent on the surface of macroalgae, specifically Avrainvillea riukiuensisi collected from Palau.[1]

Tenacibaculum amylolyticum is a rod-shaped, Gram-negative, flexirubin-negative bacterium. It shows gliding motility, does not form gas vesicles or spores, and is mesophilic. They are typically 2-5µm in length and 0.4µm in diameter. Tenacibaculum amylolyticum is cultured with a liquid medium and requires oxygen for growth. At least half-strength sea water must be used as the medium in order for the microbe to grow. These bacteria can survive in a pH between 5.3 and 8.3. Being a mesophile, Tenacibaculum amylolyticum grows best at moderate temperatures. It grows well between 19°C and 35°C with an optimal temperature occurring between 27°C and 33°C. These bacteria cannot live at temperatures below 15°C or above 40°C. When cultured and incubated, a yellow colony forms with irregular edges.[1]

These bacteria contain zeaxanthin as the major carotenoid pigment, giving it its bright yellow colony color, with beta-cyrptoxanthin and beta-carotene as lesser components.[1]

Tenacibaculum amylolyticum is part of the Cytophaga-Flavobacterium-Bacteroides (CFB) complex. This group of bacteria decompose biomacromolecules and are an important player in the marine/aquatic portion of the carbon cycle.[2] They actively participate in the soil aggregate cycle by using enzymes that decompose and mineralize soil organic carbon faster than plants can fix carbon dioxide. This affects the formation of soil aggregates that sequester carbon dioxide and less plant productivity due to the loss of available organic carbon.[3] They also are known to affect the shape development of macroalgae. It is possible that Tenacibaculum amylolyticum has a role in climate change and has an effect on the morphogenesis of the algae it grows on.[1]


Tenacibaculum amylolyticum.jpg

Phase-contrast microphotograph of Tenacibaculum amylolyticum grown on 1/5 LBM agar at 20 degrees C for 3 days[1]

Genome Structure

This bacteria is part of the marine MK-6 group of bacteria, meaning that analysis of the amino acid sequences of the gyrB gene, which encodes the subunit B protein of DNA gyrase [4], contains methaquione-6 (MK-6). It has a G+C content of 31 mol% and a 16S rDNA similarity of 95.5% with Tenacibaculum mesophilum. However, "Tenacibaculum amylolyticum" does not have high levels of DNA relatedness with other members of the Tenacibaculum genus and shows low levels of DNA-DNA hybridization with other strains. [1]

The 16s rRNA and gyrB gene sequences are available here: [5]

Metabolism

Tenacibaculum amylolyticum is an obligate aerobe and a heterotroph. This bacteria is catalase and oxidase positive. "Tenacibaculum amylolyticum" has the ability to hydrolyze starch, casein, proteinogenic amino acids (tyrosine), peptide-protein mixes (gelatin), Polysorbate 80, and DNA. The microbe gets its energy through the process of amylolysis, the process of using enzymes to split starch into soluble products [6], hence the species name "amylolyticum." Growth can occur with peptone, typtone, Casamino acids, L-proline, and L-glutamate as the only carbon and nitrogen sources. This bacteria weakly reduces nitrate and is has less osmotic tolerance than closely related species, it is only weakly supported on 3 % (w/v) NaCl medium. [1]

Ecology

Tenacibaculum amylolyticum grows in marine environments. It has been found living on the surface of algae, and is most associated with green algae. Along with its discovery, one more species was found and two more warranted reclassification. The other new species found was Tenacibaculum mesophilum, which is the closest known related species to Tenacibaculum amylolyticum. Flexibacter ovolyticus and Flexibacter maritimus were reclassified as Tenacibaculum ovolyticum and Tenacibaculum maritimus, respectively, due to their genomic evaluation. The interaction between these species is relatively unknown.[1]

References

[1] Suzuki, M., Nakagawa, Y., Harayama, S., and Yamamoto, S. "Phylogenetic and taxonomic study of marine Cytophaga-like bacteria: proposal for Tenacibaculum gen. nov. with Tenacibaculum maritimum comb. nov. and Tenacibaculum ovolyticum comb. nov., and description of Tenacibaculum mesophilum sp. nov. and Tenacibaculum amylolyticum sp. nov.". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2001. Volume 51. p. 1639-1652.

[2] Kirchman, D. "The ecology of Cytophaga-Flavobacteria in aquatic environments". FEMS Microbiology Ecology. 2006. Volume 39. p. 91-100.

[3] Mayrberger, JM. "Studies of genera cytophaga-flavobacterium in context of the soil carbon cycle." Dissertation Abstracts International, 2011, Volume. 73, No. 01, Suppl. B. p. 1- 115.

[4] Wang, L. T., F. L. Lee, C. J. Tai, and H. Kasai. 2007. Comparison of gyrB gene sequences, 16S rRNA gene sequences and DNA-DNA hybridization in the Bacillus subtilis group. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57:1846–1850.

[5] DMZ "Tenacibaculum amylolyticum". DMZ catalogues. 2014. Web. 20 Apr 2014.

[6] "amylolytic". Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, 2014. Web. 20 Apr 2014.

Author

Page authored by Brian McElroy and Samantha Heinrich, students of Prof. Ned Walker at Michigan State University.