https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Effects_of_Global_Climate_Change_on_Soil_Respiration&feed=atom&action=historyThe Effects of Global Climate Change on Soil Respiration - Revision history2024-03-29T10:16:21ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Effects_of_Global_Climate_Change_on_Soil_Respiration&diff=116568&oldid=prevBarichD at 15:25, 1 October 20152015-10-01T15:25:17Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== INTRODUCTION ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== INTRODUCTION ==</div></td></tr>
</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Effects_of_Global_Climate_Change_on_Soil_Respiration&diff=93683&oldid=prevYau.henry at 11:53, 29 November 20132013-11-29T11:53:00Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== INTRODUCTION ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== INTRODUCTION ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Yau.henryhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Effects_of_Global_Climate_Change_on_Soil_Respiration&diff=93679&oldid=prevYau.henry: Yau.henry moved page [[MicrobeWiki:The Effects of Global Climate Change on Soil Respiration == INTRODUCTION == A critical topic of climate change research examines how global warming, from elevated anthropogenic CO2 emissions, affects biological mechan...2013-11-29T11:44:49Z<p>Yau.henry moved page [[MicrobeWiki:The Effects of Global Climate Change on Soil Respiration == INTRODUCTION == A critical topic of climate change research examines how global warming, from elevated anthropogenic CO2 emissions, affects biological mechan...</p>
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</td></tr></table>Yau.henryhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Effects_of_Global_Climate_Change_on_Soil_Respiration&diff=93675&oldid=prevYau.henry: Yau.henry moved page User:Yau.henry to [[MicrobeWiki:The Effects of Global Climate Change on Soil Respiration == INTRODUCTION == A critical topic of climate change research examines how global warming, from elevated anthropogenic CO2 emissions, aff...2013-11-29T11:44:06Z<p>Yau.henry moved page <a href="/index.php/User:Yau.henry" class="mw-redirect" title="User:Yau.henry">User:Yau.henry</a> to [[MicrobeWiki:The Effects of Global Climate Change on Soil Respiration == INTRODUCTION == A critical topic of climate change research examines how global warming, from elevated anthropogenic CO2 emissions, aff...</p>
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</td></tr></table>Yau.henryhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Effects_of_Global_Climate_Change_on_Soil_Respiration&diff=93674&oldid=prevYau.henry: /* Rhizosphere Respiration */2013-11-29T11:39:07Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Rhizosphere Respiration</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:39, 29 November 2013</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interactions between plant root systems and microorganisms play an integral role in soil respiration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizosphere Rhizosphere] respiration is a symbiotic relationship between plant roots and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizobacteria rhizobacteria] that stimulate CO2 production in soil [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [9]]. One way plant roots assist rhizobacteria is by providing large fluxes of carbon rich molecules from the release of long carbohydrate chains and enzymes when the root sheds dead material [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10186400 [13]]. Soil microbes have adapted to this niche by forming biofilms on root surfaces to optimize organic carbon intake for CO2 production [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10186400 [13]]. In return for the supply of carbon, rhizobacteria have the ability to enhance plant growth by mineralizing normally poorly soluble nutrients, such as iron and phosphate via the secretion of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderophores siderophores] [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10658-007-9165-1 [14]]. Upon binding with Fe3+ ion, siderophores form a complex that can be taken up by plant root receptors [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10534-009-9233-4 [15]]. Iron is then reduced to its soluble form Fe2+ within the plant root cell [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10534-009-9233-4 [15]]. It is predicted that global climate change will increase primary production in plants, resulting in an increase of carbon release by roots into the soil, subsequently promoting rhizosphere respiration [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10186400 [13]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interactions between plant root systems and microorganisms play an integral role in soil respiration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizosphere Rhizosphere] respiration is a symbiotic relationship between plant roots and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizobacteria rhizobacteria] that stimulate CO2 production in soil [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [9]]. One way plant roots assist rhizobacteria is by providing large fluxes of carbon rich molecules from the release of long carbohydrate chains and enzymes when the root sheds dead material [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10186400 [13]]. Soil microbes have adapted to this niche by forming biofilms on root surfaces to optimize organic carbon intake for CO2 production [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10186400 [13]]. In return for the supply of carbon, rhizobacteria have the ability to enhance plant growth by mineralizing normally poorly soluble nutrients, such as iron and phosphate via the secretion of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderophores siderophores] [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10658-007-9165-1 [14]]. Upon binding with Fe3+ ion, siderophores form a complex that can be taken up by plant root receptors [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10534-009-9233-4 [15]]. Iron is then reduced to its soluble form Fe2+ within the plant root cell [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10534-009-9233-4 [15]]. It is predicted that global climate change will increase primary production in plants, resulting in an increase of carbon release by roots into the soil, subsequently promoting rhizosphere respiration [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10186400 [13]]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Fluorescent rhizosphere.jpeg|300px|thumb|right|FIG. 3 Fluorescence labelling reveal soil microbes forming aggregates around plant root systems to optimize uptake of organic carbon sources from dead root cells for rhizosphere respiration. In return, the rhizobacteria secrete siderophores that solubilize nutrients for plant root cells to absorb ]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Fluorescent rhizosphere.jpeg|300px|thumb|right|FIG. 3 Fluorescence labelling reveal soil microbes forming aggregates around plant root systems to optimize uptake of organic carbon sources from dead root cells for rhizosphere respiration. In return, the rhizobacteria secrete siderophores that solubilize nutrients for plant root cells to absorb<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ===</div></td></tr>
</table>Yau.henryhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Effects_of_Global_Climate_Change_on_Soil_Respiration&diff=93673&oldid=prevYau.henry: /* Soil Moisture */2013-11-29T11:38:55Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Soil Moisture</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Models.jpeg|300px|thumb|left|FIG. 1 Two different models that represent the idealized relationship between soil moisture and soil respiration activity. Both models indicate an optimum level of soil respiration at an intermediate soil saturation point. ]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Models.jpeg|300px|thumb|left|FIG. 1 Two different models that represent the idealized relationship between soil moisture and soil respiration activity. Both models indicate an optimum level of soil respiration at an intermediate soil saturation point. ]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Venn Diagram.jpeg|300px|thumb|left|FIG. 2 Venn diagram illustrating the effects of soil moisture on microbial function and soil respiration]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Venn Diagram.jpeg|300px|thumb|left|FIG. 2 Venn diagram illustrating the effects of soil moisture on microbial function and soil respiration<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== MECHANISMS ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== MECHANISMS ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Yau.henryhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Effects_of_Global_Climate_Change_on_Soil_Respiration&diff=93672&oldid=prevYau.henry: /* Rhizosphere Respiration */2013-11-29T11:37:32Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Rhizosphere Respiration</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interactions between plant root systems and microorganisms play an integral role in soil respiration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizosphere Rhizosphere] respiration is a symbiotic relationship between plant roots and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizobacteria rhizobacteria] that stimulate CO2 production in soil [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [9]]. One way plant roots assist rhizobacteria is by providing large fluxes of carbon rich molecules from the release of long carbohydrate chains and enzymes when the root sheds dead material [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10186400 [13]]. Soil microbes have adapted to this niche by forming biofilms on root surfaces to optimize organic carbon intake for CO2 production [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10186400 [13]]. In return for the supply of carbon, rhizobacteria have the ability to enhance plant growth by mineralizing normally poorly soluble nutrients, such as iron and phosphate via the secretion of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderophores siderophores] [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10658-007-9165-1 [14]]. Upon binding with Fe3+ ion, siderophores form a complex that can be taken up by plant root receptors [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10534-009-9233-4 [15]]. Iron is then reduced to its soluble form Fe2+ within the plant root cell [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10534-009-9233-4 [15]]. It is predicted that global climate change will increase primary production in plants, resulting in an increase of carbon release by roots into the soil, subsequently promoting rhizosphere respiration [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10186400 [13]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interactions between plant root systems and microorganisms play an integral role in soil respiration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizosphere Rhizosphere] respiration is a symbiotic relationship between plant roots and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizobacteria rhizobacteria] that stimulate CO2 production in soil [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [9]]. One way plant roots assist rhizobacteria is by providing large fluxes of carbon rich molecules from the release of long carbohydrate chains and enzymes when the root sheds dead material [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10186400 [13]]. Soil microbes have adapted to this niche by forming biofilms on root surfaces to optimize organic carbon intake for CO2 production [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10186400 [13]]. In return for the supply of carbon, rhizobacteria have the ability to enhance plant growth by mineralizing normally poorly soluble nutrients, such as iron and phosphate via the secretion of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderophores siderophores] [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10658-007-9165-1 [14]]. Upon binding with Fe3+ ion, siderophores form a complex that can be taken up by plant root receptors [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10534-009-9233-4 [15]]. Iron is then reduced to its soluble form Fe2+ within the plant root cell [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10534-009-9233-4 [15]]. It is predicted that global climate change will increase primary production in plants, resulting in an increase of carbon release by roots into the soil, subsequently promoting rhizosphere respiration [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10186400 [13]]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FIGURE 2</del>. Fluorescence labelling reveal soil microbes forming aggregates around plant root systems to optimize uptake of organic carbon sources from dead root cells for rhizosphere respiration. In return, the rhizobacteria secrete siderophores that solubilize nutrients for plant root cells to absorb<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Fluorescent rhizosphere</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">jpeg|300px|thumb|right|FIG. 3 </ins>Fluorescence labelling reveal soil microbes forming aggregates around plant root systems to optimize uptake of organic carbon sources from dead root cells for rhizosphere respiration. In return, the rhizobacteria secrete siderophores that solubilize nutrients for plant root cells to absorb <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle ===</div></td></tr>
</table>Yau.henryhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Effects_of_Global_Climate_Change_on_Soil_Respiration&diff=93671&oldid=prevYau.henry: /* Soil Moisture */2013-11-29T11:35:33Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Soil Moisture</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Soil moisture is another important factor that regulates CO2 efflux from soil respiration [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [9]]. Various models from previous research have shown optimal levels of heterotrophic respiration in wet but unsaturated soil [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [9]] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Fully saturated soils result in anaerobic conditions that depress aerobic microbial activity [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [9]] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Anaerobic conditions inhibit carbon dioxide production in soil in two ways. Firstly, the main product of decomposition during aerobic decomposition is carbon dioxide, whereas methane is the main product of anaerobic decomposition [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Secondly, the rate of anaerobic decomposition is 30-40% compared to the rate of aerobic decomposition [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Therefore, not only is CO2 generation depressed by anaerobic conditions, but also the rate of decomposition is reduced [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Similarly, dry soil conditions limit microbial activity and prevent nutrient diffusion, both of which are unfavorable for soil respiration [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Increased levels of infrared radiation on Earth’s surface from global warming have elevated the rate of evaporation [http://www.tandfonline.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/abs/10.1623/hysj.49.4.625.54429#.UphzVtJDs8k [11]], causing the depletion of water in soil and ultimately decreasing soil respiration activity [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [9]] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01415.x/abstract [12]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Soil moisture is another important factor that regulates CO2 efflux from soil respiration [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [9]]. Various models from previous research have shown optimal levels of heterotrophic respiration in wet but unsaturated soil [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [9]] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Fully saturated soils result in anaerobic conditions that depress aerobic microbial activity [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [9]] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Anaerobic conditions inhibit carbon dioxide production in soil in two ways. Firstly, the main product of decomposition during aerobic decomposition is carbon dioxide, whereas methane is the main product of anaerobic decomposition [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Secondly, the rate of anaerobic decomposition is 30-40% compared to the rate of aerobic decomposition [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Therefore, not only is CO2 generation depressed by anaerobic conditions, but also the rate of decomposition is reduced [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Similarly, dry soil conditions limit microbial activity and prevent nutrient diffusion, both of which are unfavorable for soil respiration [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Increased levels of infrared radiation on Earth’s surface from global warming have elevated the rate of evaporation [http://www.tandfonline.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/abs/10.1623/hysj.49.4.625.54429#.UphzVtJDs8k [11]], causing the depletion of water in soil and ultimately decreasing soil respiration activity [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [9]] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01415.x/abstract [12]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FIGURE 1. Two different models that represent the idealized relationship between soil moisture and soil respiration activity. Both models indicate an optimum level of soil respiration at an intermediate soil saturation point. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Models.jpeg|300px|thumb|left|FIG. 1 Two different models that represent the idealized relationship between soil moisture and soil respiration activity. Both models indicate an optimum level of soil respiration at an intermediate soil saturation point. ]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">FIGURE </del>2<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </del>Venn diagram illustrating the effects of soil moisture on microbial function and soil respiration<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Venn Diagram.jpeg|300px|thumb|left|FIG. </ins>2 Venn diagram illustrating the effects of soil moisture on microbial function and soil respiration<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== MECHANISMS ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== MECHANISMS ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Yau.henryhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Effects_of_Global_Climate_Change_on_Soil_Respiration&diff=93667&oldid=prevYau.henry at 11:24, 29 November 20132013-11-29T11:24:20Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== INTRODUCTION ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== INTRODUCTION ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A critical topic of climate change research examines how global warming, from elevated anthropogenic CO2 emissions, affects biological mechanisms in soil microbes that regulate carbon cycling. [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[</del>Soil respiration<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</del>] is a biological process in microbes that convert organic carbon to atmospheric CO2 and is considered to be one of the largest global carbon fluxes on Earth [http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/stable/1469550 [1]]. Due to the temperature sensitivity in soil respiration, it is not surprising to see massive changes in Earth’s global carbon balance from global warming [http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ismej/journal/v2/n8/full/ismej200858a.html [2]]. Changes in environmental carbon fluxes holds strong relevance in human society, including changes in agricultural land use, atmospheric ozone concentration and preservation of natural resources [http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ismej/journal/v2/n8/full/ismej200858a.html [2]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A critical topic of climate change research examines how global warming, from elevated anthropogenic CO2 emissions, affects biological mechanisms in soil microbes that regulate carbon cycling. [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_respiration </ins>Soil respiration] is a biological process in microbes that convert organic carbon to atmospheric CO2 and is considered to be one of the largest global carbon fluxes on Earth [http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/stable/1469550 [1]]. Due to the temperature sensitivity in soil respiration, it is not surprising to see massive changes in Earth’s global carbon balance from global warming [http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ismej/journal/v2/n8/full/ismej200858a.html [2]]. Changes in environmental carbon fluxes holds strong relevance in human society, including changes in agricultural land use, atmospheric ozone concentration and preservation of natural resources [http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/ismej/journal/v2/n8/full/ismej200858a.html [2]]. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING IN SOIL ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING IN SOIL ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Yau.henryhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Effects_of_Global_Climate_Change_on_Soil_Respiration&diff=93666&oldid=prevYau.henry at 11:22, 29 November 20132013-11-29T11:22:30Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:22, 29 November 2013</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l9">Line 9:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Temperature ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Temperature ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Over the past century, global atmospheric temperatures have increased by approximately 0.5 degrees Celsius [http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/far/wg_I/ipcc_far_wg_I_chapter_07.pdf [3]]; a phenomenon many scientists believe to be caused by elevated greenhouse gas emissions [http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/003807179400242S [4]]. Increased soil temperature as a result of global warming has been shown to promote temperature dependent carbon cycling pathways in soil microbes, including decomposition and nutrient mineralization <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>5<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>6<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. In the case of decomposition, organic carbon substrates are often complex and require a high temperature activation energy, thus an increase in soil temperature will provide sufficient activation energy for rapid substrate degradation via enzymatic reactions by soil microbes [http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/nature/journal/v440/n7081/full/nature04514.html [6]]. Consequently, global warming will promote the release of carbon dioxide from soil microbes, resulting in a positive feedback cycle, amplifying the effects of global warming [http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/stable/3868382 [7]]. This theory was tested in a recent experiment that measured the response of soil microbes under an imposed soil warming environment. The results showed a 45% mean increase in carbon dioxide emission from promoted soil respiration activity [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10533-009-9297-9 [8]].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Over the past century, global atmospheric temperatures have increased by approximately 0.5 degrees Celsius [http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/far/wg_I/ipcc_far_wg_I_chapter_07.pdf [3]]; a phenomenon many scientists believe to be caused by elevated greenhouse gas emissions [http://www.sciencedirect.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/science/article/pii/003807179400242S [4]]. Increased soil temperature as a result of global warming has been shown to promote temperature dependent carbon cycling pathways in soil microbes, including decomposition and nutrient mineralization <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/stable/1311862 [</ins>5<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] [http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/nature/journal/v440/n7081/full/nature04514.html [</ins>6<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>. In the case of decomposition, organic carbon substrates are often complex and require a high temperature activation energy, thus an increase in soil temperature will provide sufficient activation energy for rapid substrate degradation via enzymatic reactions by soil microbes [http://www.nature.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/nature/journal/v440/n7081/full/nature04514.html [6]]. Consequently, global warming will promote the release of carbon dioxide from soil microbes, resulting in a positive feedback cycle, amplifying the effects of global warming [http://www.jstor.org.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/stable/3868382 [7]]. This theory was tested in a recent experiment that measured the response of soil microbes under an imposed soil warming environment. The results showed a 45% mean increase in carbon dioxide emission from promoted soil respiration activity [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10533-009-9297-9 [8]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Soil Moisture ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Soil Moisture ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Soil moisture is another important factor that regulates CO2 efflux from soil respiration [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [9]]. Various models from previous research have shown optimal levels of heterotrophic respiration in wet but unsaturated soil <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>9<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>10<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Fully saturated soils result in anaerobic conditions that depress aerobic microbial activity <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>9<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>10<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. Anaerobic conditions inhibit carbon dioxide production in soil in two ways. Firstly, the main product of decomposition during aerobic decomposition is carbon dioxide, whereas methane is the main product of anaerobic decomposition [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Secondly, the rate of anaerobic decomposition is 30-40% compared to the rate of aerobic decomposition [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Therefore, not only is CO2 generation depressed by anaerobic conditions, but also the rate of decomposition is reduced [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Similarly, dry soil conditions limit microbial activity and prevent nutrient diffusion, both of which are unfavorable for soil respiration [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Increased levels of infrared radiation on Earth’s surface from global warming have elevated the rate of evaporation [http://www.tandfonline.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/abs/10.1623/hysj.49.4.625.54429#.UphzVtJDs8k [11]], causing the depletion of water in soil and ultimately decreasing soil respiration activity <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</del>9<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>12<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Soil moisture is another important factor that regulates CO2 efflux from soil respiration [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [9]]. Various models from previous research have shown optimal levels of heterotrophic respiration in wet but unsaturated soil <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [</ins>9<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [</ins>10<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>. Fully saturated soils result in anaerobic conditions that depress aerobic microbial activity <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [</ins>9<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [</ins>10<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>. Anaerobic conditions inhibit carbon dioxide production in soil in two ways. Firstly, the main product of decomposition during aerobic decomposition is carbon dioxide, whereas methane is the main product of anaerobic decomposition [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Secondly, the rate of anaerobic decomposition is 30-40% compared to the rate of aerobic decomposition [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Therefore, not only is CO2 generation depressed by anaerobic conditions, but also the rate of decomposition is reduced [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Similarly, dry soil conditions limit microbial activity and prevent nutrient diffusion, both of which are unfavorable for soil respiration [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1029/2010GB003938/abstract;jsessionid=4FB689279570FD86F811279D5D24F596.f04t02 [10]]. Increased levels of infrared radiation on Earth’s surface from global warming have elevated the rate of evaporation [http://www.tandfonline.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/abs/10.1623/hysj.49.4.625.54429#.UphzVtJDs8k [11]], causing the depletion of water in soil and ultimately decreasing soil respiration activity <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [</ins>9<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01415.x/abstract [</ins>12<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>FIGURE 1. Two different models that represent the idealized relationship between soil moisture and soil respiration activity. Both models indicate an optimum level of soil respiration at an intermediate soil saturation point. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>FIGURE 1. Two different models that represent the idealized relationship between soil moisture and soil respiration activity. Both models indicate an optimum level of soil respiration at an intermediate soil saturation point. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Rhizosphere Respiration ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Rhizosphere Respiration ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interactions between plant root systems and microorganisms play an integral role in soil respiration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizosphere Rhizosphere] respiration is a symbiotic relationship between plant roots and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizobacteria rhizobacteria] that stimulate CO2 production in soil [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [9]]. One way plant roots assist rhizobacteria is by providing large fluxes of carbon rich molecules from the release of long carbohydrate chains and enzymes when the root sheds dead material [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10186400 [13]]. Soil microbes have adapted to this niche by forming biofilms on root surfaces to optimize organic carbon intake for CO2 production [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10186400 [13]]. In return for the supply of carbon, rhizobacteria have the ability to enhance plant growth by mineralizing normally poorly soluble nutrients, such as iron and phosphate via the secretion of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderophores siderophores] [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10658-007-9165-1 [14]]. Upon binding with Fe3+ ion, siderophores form a complex that can be taken up by plant root receptors [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10534-009-9233-4 [15]]. Iron is then reduced to its soluble form Fe2+ within the plant root cell [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10534-009-9233-4 [15]]. It is predicted that global climate change will increase primary production in plants, resulting in an increase of carbon release by roots into the soil, subsequently promoting rhizosphere respiration <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(cardon)</del>. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Interactions between plant root systems and microorganisms play an integral role in soil respiration. [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizosphere Rhizosphere] respiration is a symbiotic relationship between plant roots and [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhizobacteria rhizobacteria] that stimulate CO2 production in soil [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10150580 [9]]. One way plant roots assist rhizobacteria is by providing large fluxes of carbon rich molecules from the release of long carbohydrate chains and enzymes when the root sheds dead material [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10186400 [13]]. Soil microbes have adapted to this niche by forming biofilms on root surfaces to optimize organic carbon intake for CO2 production [http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10186400 [13]]. In return for the supply of carbon, rhizobacteria have the ability to enhance plant growth by mineralizing normally poorly soluble nutrients, such as iron and phosphate via the secretion of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siderophores siderophores] [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10658-007-9165-1 [14]]. Upon binding with Fe3+ ion, siderophores form a complex that can be taken up by plant root receptors [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10534-009-9233-4 [15]]. Iron is then reduced to its soluble form Fe2+ within the plant root cell [http://link.springer.com.ezproxy.library.ubc.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10534-009-9233-4 [15]]. It is predicted that global climate change will increase primary production in plants, resulting in an increase of carbon release by roots into the soil, subsequently promoting rhizosphere respiration <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[http://site.ebrary.com/lib/ubc/docDetail.action?docID=10186400 [13]]</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>FIGURE 2. Fluorescence labelling reveal soil microbes forming aggregates around plant root systems to optimize uptake of organic carbon sources from dead root cells for rhizosphere respiration. In return, the rhizobacteria secrete siderophores that solubilize nutrients for plant root cells to absorb.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>FIGURE 2. Fluorescence labelling reveal soil microbes forming aggregates around plant root systems to optimize uptake of organic carbon sources from dead root cells for rhizosphere respiration. In return, the rhizobacteria secrete siderophores that solubilize nutrients for plant root cells to absorb.</div></td></tr>
</table>Yau.henry