https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Plague&feed=atom&action=historyThe Plague - Revision history2024-03-28T15:58:19ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Plague&diff=55062&oldid=prevBarichD at 03:36, 20 August 20102010-08-20T03:36:42Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===What is the Plague?===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===What is the Plague?===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Plague is a deadly epidemic disease that is transmitted to humans by fleas that are carrying bacterium <i>Yersinia pestis</i>. Natural reservoir for <i>Y. pestis</i> is a rodent, and fleas serve as a vector organism to spread the disease. When an infectious fleabites human, <i>Yersinia pestis</i> enters blood stream and is drained to lymph nodes, where it multiplies. Typical symptoms appear after 2-6 days of infection, and these symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, along with headache and sudden onset of high fever. Because of the visible lymphadenopathy, or bubos, such plague is categorized as bubonic plague. This type of plague is thought to be the cause of the Black Death, a pandemic in 14th century that reduced European population by 30%. Still in these days, about half of the patients presenting bubonic plague symptoms die [15].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The Plague is a deadly epidemic disease that is transmitted to humans by fleas that are carrying bacterium <i>Yersinia pestis</i>. Natural reservoir for <i>Y. pestis</i> is a rodent, and fleas serve as a vector organism to spread the disease. When an infectious fleabites human, <i>Yersinia pestis</i> enters blood stream and is drained to lymph nodes, where it multiplies. Typical symptoms appear after 2-6 days of infection, and these symptoms include swollen lymph nodes, along with headache and sudden onset of high fever. Because of the visible lymphadenopathy, or bubos, such plague is categorized as bubonic plague. This type of plague is thought to be the cause of the Black Death, a pandemic in 14th century that reduced European population by 30%. Still in these days, about half of the patients presenting bubonic plague symptoms die [15].</div></td></tr>
</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Plague&diff=54126&oldid=prevBarichD at 20:13, 21 May 20102010-05-21T20:13:25Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[</del>Andy Callen, Connie Tran, Sidney Choi, Kang Ko, Minh Ngo<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]</del>, students of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by Andy Callen, Connie Tran, Sidney Choi, Kang Ko, Minh Ngo, students of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen]</div></td></tr>
</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Plague&diff=47757&oldid=prevSschoi: /* What is being done to address this problem? */2009-08-28T18:33:28Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">What is being done to address this problem?</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===What is being done to address this problem?===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===What is being done to address this problem?===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Since the recent outbreak of the pneumonic plague that has taken the lives of three people in the small town of Ziketan, province of Qinghai, China, in early August of 2009, the government of China has taken strides to control and prevent the spread of this infectious lung disease [10]. Due to fast response, the Health Bureau of China <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were </del>able to quarantine the town of 10,000 to prevent the spread of the plague. In addition, anyone who experienced a fever or cough was warned to seek medical treatment. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Since the recent outbreak of the pneumonic plague that has taken the lives of three people in the small town of Ziketan, province of Qinghai, China, in early August of 2009, the government of China has taken strides to control and prevent the spread of this infectious lung disease [10]. Due to fast response, the Health Bureau of China <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was </ins>able to quarantine the town of 10,000 to prevent the spread of the plague. In addition, anyone who experienced a fever or cough was warned to seek medical treatment. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Not only has China responded quickly in health scares, they have made further strides in protecting their people from infectious diseases and preparing themselves for a pandemic if one should occur by partnering with the World Health Organization to create China’s Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Team. Because 70% of the infectious disease stem from animals, together their main focus is the strong connection between the human-animal interface and public health implications [11]. To be effective, China also understands the importance of communication with the government, other health partners, international community, and the media. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Not only has China responded quickly in health scares, they have made further strides in protecting their people from infectious diseases and preparing themselves for a pandemic if one should occur by partnering with the World Health Organization to create China’s Communicable Disease Surveillance and Response Team. Because 70% of the infectious disease stem from animals, together their main focus is the strong connection between the human-animal interface and public health implications [11]. To be effective, China also understands the importance of communication with the government, other health partners, international community, and the media. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To prevent and take control of this virulent bacterium, <i>Y. pestis</i>, researchers in China have made progress in studying its pathogen. Focusing on the Qinghai province where cases are predominant, they were able to successfully isolate 8 types of genome among 80 strains of <i>Y. pestis</i> [12]. By understanding the disease’s bacterium, this aids China in developing programs to avoid and eliminate future deaths.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To prevent and take control of this virulent bacterium, <i>Y. pestis</i>, researchers in China have made progress in studying its pathogen. Focusing on the Qinghai province where cases are predominant, they were able to successfully isolate 8 types of genome among 80 strains of <i>Y. pestis</i> [12]. By understanding the disease’s bacterium, this aids China in developing programs to avoid and eliminate future deaths.</div></td></tr>
</table>Sschoihttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Plague&diff=47739&oldid=prevSschoi: /* Why is this disease a problem in China? */2009-08-28T18:18:22Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Why is this disease a problem in China?</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Why is this disease a problem in China?===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Why is this disease a problem in China?===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <i>Yersinia pestis</i> is far from being eradicated and has spread through countries worldwide. The pathogen’s long term survival is mainly credited to its ability to thrive in over 200 species of wild rodents [6]. Most developed countries have reduced the occurrences of the plague by controlling rodent populations in both <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">urbran </del>and rural areas [7]. However, China has been unable to accomplish this. As a result, natural populations of rodents and fleas have been able to flourish and ultimately increase the risk of infecting human inhabitants. A recent sign of this event took place between July and August of 2009. Twelve people in Ziketan of the Qinghai province contracted the pneumonic plague. It resulted in three deaths [8] and the quarantine of the entire town. According to the World Health Organization, it originated from a wild marmot (a rodent species) that transferred the disease to a dog through a flea which then transferred it to its owner through close contact. Yersinia pestis, therefore, continues to be an issue in China today due to its lack of proper control over rodent populations.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> <i>Yersinia pestis</i> is far from being eradicated and has spread through countries worldwide. The pathogen’s long term survival is mainly credited to its ability to thrive in over 200 species of wild rodents [6]. Most developed countries have reduced the occurrences of the plague by controlling rodent populations in both <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">urban </ins>and rural areas [7]. However, China has been unable to accomplish this. As a result, natural populations of rodents and fleas have been able to flourish and ultimately increase the risk of infecting human inhabitants. A recent sign of this event took place between July and August of 2009. Twelve people in Ziketan of the Qinghai province contracted the pneumonic plague. It resulted in three deaths [8] and the quarantine of the entire town. According to the World Health Organization, it originated from a wild marmot (a rodent species) that transferred the disease to a dog through a flea which then transferred it to its owner through close contact. Yersinia pestis, therefore, continues to be an issue in China today due to its lack of proper control over rodent populations.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> However, it is likely that the lack of control over the natural reservoirs of rodents is not the sole contributor to the pathogen’s prevalence. It is suspected that climate changes have played a role in it as well. Specifically, it has been reported that increased cases of the human plague have been connected to global environmental changes, such as ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation). In China, changes in ENSO have been reported to correspond to increases of precipitation and warm temperatures, which are favorable conditions to facilitate rodent outbreaks and human plagues [9].</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> However, it is likely that the lack of control over the natural reservoirs of rodents is not the sole contributor to the pathogen’s prevalence. It is suspected that climate changes have played a role in it as well. Specifically, it has been reported that increased cases of the human plague have been connected to global environmental changes, such as ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation). In China, changes in ENSO have been reported to correspond to increases of precipitation and warm temperatures, which are favorable conditions to facilitate rodent outbreaks and human plagues [9].</div></td></tr>
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</table>Sschoihttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Plague&diff=46572&oldid=prevC3tran: /* Researches on vaccinations to improve prevention? */2009-08-28T01:23:12Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Researches on vaccinations to improve prevention?</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Researches on vaccinations to improve prevention?===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Researches on vaccinations to improve prevention?===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of high virulence and possible use of Yersinia pestis for bioterrorism, discovery of an effective human vaccine is crucial. Numbers of plague vaccines are being tested on animal subjects to provide quick and prolonged immunity against this deadly disease. One of the studies showed that the potency of Y. pestis is caused by its ability to use LPS-lipid A to induce poor toll like receptor 4(TLR4) response. When the mice were vaccinated with nullified Y. pestis with modified lipid A, they developed immunity against both subcutaneous and respiratory tests by wild type Y. pestis [18]. However, there is a small chance that such nullified bacterium may mutate and become virulent, and therefore, tests on human subjects are not yet being implemented</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of high virulence and possible use of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Yersinia pestis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>for bioterrorism, discovery of an effective human vaccine is crucial. Numbers of plague vaccines are being tested on animal subjects to provide quick and prolonged immunity against this deadly disease. One of the studies showed that the potency of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Y. pestis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>is caused by its ability to use LPS-lipid A to induce poor toll like receptor 4(TLR4) response. When the mice were vaccinated with nullified <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Y. pestis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>with modified lipid A, they developed immunity against both subcutaneous and respiratory tests by wild type <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Y. pestis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>[18]. However, there is a small chance that such nullified bacterium may mutate and become virulent, and therefore, tests on human subjects are not yet being implemented</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of such danger, there are other researchers testing out effectiveness of virotherapy instead of nullified Y. pestis. One study demonstrated that they can insert a gene that codes for V-antigen, which is one of the virulence factors in Y. pestis, into a specifically designed adenovirus that is replication deficient. The result showed a rapid increase in T cell count in mice subjects after few days of single injection, indicating a strong developed immunity against Y. pestis antigen [19]. Such method, however, would be ineffective if the patient was already infected because the onset of plague occurs within a day or two. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of such danger, there are other researchers testing out effectiveness of virotherapy instead of nullified <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Y. pestis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i></ins>. One study demonstrated that they can insert a gene that codes for V-antigen, which is one of the virulence factors in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Y. pestis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i></ins>, into a specifically designed adenovirus that is replication deficient. The result showed a rapid increase in T cell count in mice subjects after few days of single injection, indicating a strong developed immunity against <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Y. pestis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>antigen [19]. Such method, however, would be ineffective if the patient was already infected because the onset of plague occurs within a day or two. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Currently, there is no approved vaccine against plague in the USA. This is chiefly due to the danger of its high lethality and transmission rate, which makes a clinical trial nearly impossible. Additionally, its prevalence being mainly in developing countries discourages development of a new pharmaceutical vaccine. If an outbreak were to happen in a densely populated country, there certainly will be a deadly consequence, and it will be too late to create a vaccine for the plague then.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Currently, there is no approved vaccine against plague in the USA. This is chiefly due to the danger of its high lethality and transmission rate, which makes a clinical trial nearly impossible. Additionally, its prevalence being mainly in developing countries discourages development of a new pharmaceutical vaccine. If an outbreak were to happen in a densely populated country, there certainly will be a deadly consequence, and it will be too late to create a vaccine for the plague then.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>C3tranhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Plague&diff=46558&oldid=prevC3tran: /* Researches on Vaccinations to Improve Prevention */2009-08-28T01:11:18Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Researches on Vaccinations to Improve Prevention</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
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<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:11, 28 August 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l26">Line 26:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To prevent and take control of this virulent bacterium, <i>Y. pestis</i>, researchers in China have made progress in studying its pathogen. Focusing on the Qinghai province where cases are predominant, they were able to successfully isolate 8 types of genome among 80 strains of <i>Y. pestis</i> [12]. By understanding the disease’s bacterium, this aids China in developing programs to avoid and eliminate future deaths.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To prevent and take control of this virulent bacterium, <i>Y. pestis</i>, researchers in China have made progress in studying its pathogen. Focusing on the Qinghai province where cases are predominant, they were able to successfully isolate 8 types of genome among 80 strains of <i>Y. pestis</i> [12]. By understanding the disease’s bacterium, this aids China in developing programs to avoid and eliminate future deaths.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Researches on <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Vaccinations </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Improve Prevention</del>===</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Researches on <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">vaccinations </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">improve prevention?</ins>===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of high virulence and possible use of Yersinia pestis for bioterrorism, discovery of an effective human vaccine is crucial. Numbers of plague vaccines are being tested on animal subjects to provide quick and prolonged immunity against this deadly disease. One of the studies showed that the potency of Y. pestis is caused by its ability to use LPS-lipid A to induce poor toll like receptor 4(TLR4) response. When the mice were vaccinated with nullified Y. pestis with modified lipid A, they developed immunity against both subcutaneous and respiratory tests by wild type Y. pestis [18]. However, there is a small chance that such nullified bacterium may mutate and become virulent, and therefore, tests on human subjects are not yet being implemented</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of high virulence and possible use of Yersinia pestis for bioterrorism, discovery of an effective human vaccine is crucial. Numbers of plague vaccines are being tested on animal subjects to provide quick and prolonged immunity against this deadly disease. One of the studies showed that the potency of Y. pestis is caused by its ability to use LPS-lipid A to induce poor toll like receptor 4(TLR4) response. When the mice were vaccinated with nullified Y. pestis with modified lipid A, they developed immunity against both subcutaneous and respiratory tests by wild type Y. pestis [18]. However, there is a small chance that such nullified bacterium may mutate and become virulent, and therefore, tests on human subjects are not yet being implemented</div></td></tr>
</table>C3tranhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Plague&diff=46557&oldid=prevC3tran: /* References */2009-08-28T01:10:43Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:10, 28 August 2009</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[16] Kool JL. Risk of person-to-person transmission of pneumonic plague. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Apr 15;40(8):1166-72.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[16] Kool JL. Risk of person-to-person transmission of pneumonic plague. Clin Infect Dis. 2005 Apr 15;40(8):1166-72.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[17] "Plague: Clinical Presentation." Plague: Clinical Presentation. CDC, 7 Sept. 2004. Web. 18 Aug. 2009. <http://smg.photobucket.com/albums/v224/Con05/?action=view&current=24_Plague_gangrene.jpg>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[17] "Plague: Clinical Presentation." Plague: Clinical Presentation. CDC, 7 Sept. 2004. Web. 18 Aug. 2009. <http://smg.photobucket.com/albums/v224/Con05/?action=view&current=24_Plague_gangrene.jpg>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[18] Lien et al. "Virulence factors of Yersinia pestis are overcome by a strong lipopolysaccharide response." Nature Immunology. Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA., 17 Sep. 2006.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[19] Crystal et al. “Genetic Vaccinatino Against Yersinia pestis Using Recombinant Adenovirus Vectors Expressing the V Antigen.” Molecular Therapy. Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, USA., 1 May 2004.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by [Andy Callen, Connie Tran, Sidney Choi, Kang Ko, Minh Ngo], students of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Edited by [Andy Callen, Connie Tran, Sidney Choi, Kang Ko, Minh Ngo], students of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen]</div></td></tr>
</table>C3tranhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Plague&diff=46556&oldid=prevC3tran: /* Researches on Vaccinations to Improve Prevention */2009-08-28T01:09:14Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Researches on Vaccinations to Improve Prevention</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
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<col class="diff-marker" />
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<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:09, 28 August 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l28">Line 28:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Researches on Vaccinations to Improve Prevention===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Researches on Vaccinations to Improve Prevention===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>Because of high virulence and possible use of Yersinia pestis for bioterrorism, discovery of an effective human vaccine is crucial. Numbers of plague vaccines are being tested on animal subjects to provide quick and prolonged immunity against this deadly disease. One of the studies showed that the potency of Y. pestis is caused by its ability to use LPS-lipid A to induce poor toll like receptor 4(TLR4) response. When the mice were vaccinated with nullified Y. pestis with modified lipid A, they developed immunity against both subcutaneous and respiratory tests by wild type Y. pestis [18]. However, there is a small chance that such nullified bacterium may mutate and become virulent, and therefore, tests on human subjects are not yet being implemented</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of high virulence and possible use of Yersinia pestis for bioterrorism, discovery of an effective human vaccine is crucial. Numbers of plague vaccines are being tested on animal subjects to provide quick and prolonged immunity against this deadly disease. One of the studies showed that the potency of Y. pestis is caused by its ability to use LPS-lipid A to induce poor toll like receptor 4(TLR4) response. When the mice were vaccinated with nullified Y. pestis with modified lipid A, they developed immunity against both subcutaneous and respiratory tests by wild type Y. pestis [18]. However, there is a small chance that such nullified bacterium may mutate and become virulent, and therefore, tests on human subjects are not yet being implemented</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of such danger, there are other researchers testing out effectiveness of virotherapy instead of nullified Y. pestis. One study demonstrated that they can insert a gene that codes for V-antigen, which is one of the virulence factors in Y. pestis, into a specifically designed adenovirus that is replication deficient. The result showed a rapid increase in T cell count in mice subjects after few days of single injection, indicating a strong developed immunity against Y. pestis antigen [19]. Such method, however, would be ineffective if the patient was already infected because the onset of plague occurs within a day or two. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>Because of such danger, there are other researchers testing out effectiveness of virotherapy instead of nullified Y. pestis. One study demonstrated that they can insert a gene that codes for V-antigen, which is one of the virulence factors in Y. pestis, into a specifically designed adenovirus that is replication deficient. The result showed a rapid increase in T cell count in mice subjects after few days of single injection, indicating a strong developed immunity against Y. pestis antigen [19]. Such method, however, would be ineffective if the patient was already infected because the onset of plague occurs within a day or two.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Currently, there is no approved vaccine against plague in the USA. This is chiefly due to the danger of its high lethality and transmission rate, which makes a clinical trial nearly impossible. Additionally, its prevalence being mainly in developing countries discourages development of a new pharmaceutical vaccine. If an outbreak were to happen in a densely populated country, there certainly will be a deadly consequence, and it will be too late to create a vaccine for the plague then.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> </del>Currently, there is no approved vaccine against plague in the USA. This is chiefly due to the danger of its high lethality and transmission rate, which makes a clinical trial nearly impossible. Additionally, its prevalence being mainly in developing countries discourages development of a new pharmaceutical vaccine. If an outbreak were to happen in a densely populated country, there certainly will be a deadly consequence, and it will be too late to create a vaccine for the plague then.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>C3tranhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Plague&diff=46554&oldid=prevC3tran: /* Researches on Vaccinations to Improve Prevention */2009-08-28T01:08:43Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Researches on Vaccinations to Improve Prevention</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:08, 28 August 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l28">Line 28:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Researches on Vaccinations to Improve Prevention===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Researches on Vaccinations to Improve Prevention===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Because of high virulence and possible use of Yersinia pestis for bioterrorism, discovery of an effective human vaccine is crucial. Numbers of plague vaccines are being tested on animal subjects to provide quick and prolonged immunity against this deadly disease. One of the studies showed that the potency of Y. pestis is caused by its ability to use LPS-lipid A to induce poor toll like receptor 4(TLR4) response. When the mice were vaccinated with nullified Y. pestis with modified lipid A, they developed immunity against both subcutaneous and respiratory tests by wild type Y. pestis [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">number x</del>]. However, there is a small chance that such nullified bacterium may mutate and become virulent, and therefore, tests on human subjects are not yet being implemented</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Because of high virulence and possible use of Yersinia pestis for bioterrorism, discovery of an effective human vaccine is crucial. Numbers of plague vaccines are being tested on animal subjects to provide quick and prolonged immunity against this deadly disease. One of the studies showed that the potency of Y. pestis is caused by its ability to use LPS-lipid A to induce poor toll like receptor 4(TLR4) response. When the mice were vaccinated with nullified Y. pestis with modified lipid A, they developed immunity against both subcutaneous and respiratory tests by wild type Y. pestis [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">18</ins>]. However, there is a small chance that such nullified bacterium may mutate and become virulent, and therefore, tests on human subjects are not yet being implemented</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Because of such danger, there are other researchers testing out effectiveness of virotherapy instead of nullified Y. pestis. One study demonstrated that they can insert a gene that codes for V-antigen, which is one of the virulence factors in Y. pestis, into a specifically designed adenovirus that is replication deficient. The result showed a rapid increase in T cell count in mice subjects after few days of single injection, indicating a strong developed immunity against Y. pestis antigen [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">number y</del>]. Such method, however, would be ineffective if the patient was already infected because the onset of plague occurs within a day or two.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Because of such danger, there are other researchers testing out effectiveness of virotherapy instead of nullified Y. pestis. One study demonstrated that they can insert a gene that codes for V-antigen, which is one of the virulence factors in Y. pestis, into a specifically designed adenovirus that is replication deficient. The result showed a rapid increase in T cell count in mice subjects after few days of single injection, indicating a strong developed immunity against Y. pestis antigen [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">19</ins>]. Such method, however, would be ineffective if the patient was already infected because the onset of plague occurs within a day or two.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Currently, there is no approved vaccine against plague in the USA. This is chiefly due to the danger of its high lethality and transmission rate, which makes a clinical trial nearly impossible. Additionally, its prevalence being mainly in developing countries discourages development of a new pharmaceutical vaccine. If an outbreak were to happen in a densely populated country, there certainly will be a deadly consequence, and it will be too late to create a vaccine for the plague then.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> Currently, there is no approved vaccine against plague in the USA. This is chiefly due to the danger of its high lethality and transmission rate, which makes a clinical trial nearly impossible. Additionally, its prevalence being mainly in developing countries discourages development of a new pharmaceutical vaccine. If an outbreak were to happen in a densely populated country, there certainly will be a deadly consequence, and it will be too late to create a vaccine for the plague then.</div></td></tr>
</table>C3tranhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=The_Plague&diff=46552&oldid=prevC3tran: /* Researches on Vaccinations to Improve Prevention */2009-08-28T01:08:03Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Researches on Vaccinations to Improve Prevention</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 01:08, 28 August 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l27">Line 27:</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Researches on Vaccinations to Improve Prevention===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Researches on Vaccinations to Improve Prevention===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Because of high virulence and possible use of Yersinia pestis for bioterrorism, discovery of an effective human vaccine is crucial. Numbers of plague vaccines are being tested on animal subjects to provide quick and prolonged immunity against this deadly disease. One of the studies showed that the potency of Y. pestis is caused by its ability to use LPS-lipid A to induce poor toll like receptor 4(TLR4) response. When the mice were vaccinated with nullified Y. pestis with modified lipid A, they developed immunity against both subcutaneous and respiratory tests by wild type Y. pestis [number x]. However, there is a small chance that such nullified bacterium may mutate and become virulent, and therefore, tests on human subjects are not yet being implemented</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Because of such danger, there are other researchers testing out effectiveness of virotherapy instead of nullified Y. pestis. One study demonstrated that they can insert a gene that codes for V-antigen, which is one of the virulence factors in Y. pestis, into a specifically designed adenovirus that is replication deficient. The result showed a rapid increase in T cell count in mice subjects after few days of single injection, indicating a strong developed immunity against Y. pestis antigen [number y]. Such method, however, would be ineffective if the patient was already infected because the onset of plague occurs within a day or two.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"> Currently, there is no approved vaccine against plague in the USA. This is chiefly due to the danger of its high lethality and transmission rate, which makes a clinical trial nearly impossible. Additionally, its prevalence being mainly in developing countries discourages development of a new pharmaceutical vaccine. If an outbreak were to happen in a densely populated country, there certainly will be a deadly consequence, and it will be too late to create a vaccine for the plague then.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
</table>C3tran