The role of Bifidobacterium longum in a healthy human gut community: Difference between revisions

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(Digestive health can be influenced by the foods you eat, which is directly linked to the microorganisms inhabiting the human gut. Bifidobacterium is a genera of bacterium that has been linked to impro)
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==Overview of Digestive Health==
==Overview of Digestive Health==


A healthy human gut is imperative to living a healthy life. Faulty digestion can limit the amount of nutrients extracted from healthy food sources. Unhealthy immune systems lend themselves to having a ‘leaky gut’ [[#References|[1]]]. Leaky guts are caused by weak intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Although the intestines are deep within humans, the intestinal barrier is a primary barrier from the external environment. Although, it is not typically viewed this way, a leaky gut is similar to having an open wound. Intestinal wounds occur when pathogenic microflora out compete healthy gut microflora. When flourishing, pathogenic microflora release toxins and inflammatory factors, which compromises IECs [[#References|[1]]]. Compromised IECs allow those toxins and undigested food particles into the bloodstream, activating the immune system. If this is a continuous problem, the immune system can become overactive causing various autoimmune diseases where the immune system attacks its own cells. Autoimmune diseases include lupus, alopecia, and arthritis and affect approximately 50 million Americans, nearly 20% of the population [[#References|[2]]]. Autoimmune diseases are not life threatening, yet they dramatically inconvenience life and distract the immune system, thus making those with autoimmune diseases more susceptible to contracting and being effected by minor illnesses. Autoimmune responses can be triggered by environmental toxins, foreign bacteria, and viruses in individuals who are genetically predisposed [[#References|[2]]]. Improving digestive health can decrease autoimmune incidences improving the overall health of populations in developed countries.  
A healthy human gut is imperative to living a healthy life. Faulty digestion can limit the amount of nutrients extracted from healthy food sources. Unhealthy immune systems lend themselves to having a ‘leaky gut’ [[#References|[1]]]. Leaky guts are caused by weak intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Although the intestines are deep within humans, the intestinal barrier is a primary barrier from the external environment. Although, it is not typically viewed this way, a leaky gut is similar to having an open wound. Intestinal wounds occur when pathogenic microflora out compete healthy gut microflora. When flourishing, pathogenic microflora release toxins and inflammatory factors, which compromises IECs [[#References|[1]]]. Compromised IECs allow those toxins and undigested food particles into the bloodstream, activating the immune system. If this is a continuous problem, the immune system can become overactive causing various autoimmune diseases where the immune system attacks its own cells. Autoimmune diseases include lupus, alopecia, and arthritis and affect approximately 50 million Americans, nearly 20% of the population [[#References|[2]]]. Autoimmune diseases are not life threatening, yet they dramatically inconvenience life and distract the immune system, thus making those with autoimmune diseases more susceptible to contracting and being effected by minor illnesses. Autoimmune responses can be triggered by environmental toxins, foreign bacteria, and viruses in individuals who are genetically predisposed [[#References|[2]]]. Improving digestive health can decrease autoimmune incidences improving the overall health of populations in developed countries. <br>
Digestive health can be influenced by the foods you eat, which is directly linked to the microorganisms inhabiting the human gut. Bifidobacterium is a genera of bacterium that has been linked to improving digestive health.  


[[Image:B. longum plot.png|thumb|300px|right|Scatter plot representing the effect of <i> Bifidobacterium longum </i> subsp. <i> infantis </i> on intestinal epithelial cell viability. The study was done by O'Hara et al in 2006 [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02358.x/full].]]  
[[Image:B. longum plot.png|thumb|300px|right|Scatter plot representing the effect of <i> Bifidobacterium longum </i> subsp. <i> infantis </i> on intestinal epithelial cell viability. The study was done by O'Hara et al in 2006 [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02358.x/full].]]  

Revision as of 02:11, 28 April 2016

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Classification

Kingdom Bacteria
Division Actinobacteria
Class Actinobacteria
Order Bifidobacteriales
Family Bifidobacteriaceae
Genus Bifidobacterium
Species longum

Scanning Electron Micrograph of Bifidobacterium cells cultured by Professor Gerald Tannock of the Royal Society of New Zealand in 2014 [1].


By Luke Calcei


Overview of Digestive Health

A healthy human gut is imperative to living a healthy life. Faulty digestion can limit the amount of nutrients extracted from healthy food sources. Unhealthy immune systems lend themselves to having a ‘leaky gut’ [1]. Leaky guts are caused by weak intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Although the intestines are deep within humans, the intestinal barrier is a primary barrier from the external environment. Although, it is not typically viewed this way, a leaky gut is similar to having an open wound. Intestinal wounds occur when pathogenic microflora out compete healthy gut microflora. When flourishing, pathogenic microflora release toxins and inflammatory factors, which compromises IECs [1]. Compromised IECs allow those toxins and undigested food particles into the bloodstream, activating the immune system. If this is a continuous problem, the immune system can become overactive causing various autoimmune diseases where the immune system attacks its own cells. Autoimmune diseases include lupus, alopecia, and arthritis and affect approximately 50 million Americans, nearly 20% of the population [2]. Autoimmune diseases are not life threatening, yet they dramatically inconvenience life and distract the immune system, thus making those with autoimmune diseases more susceptible to contracting and being effected by minor illnesses. Autoimmune responses can be triggered by environmental toxins, foreign bacteria, and viruses in individuals who are genetically predisposed [2]. Improving digestive health can decrease autoimmune incidences improving the overall health of populations in developed countries.
Digestive health can be influenced by the foods you eat, which is directly linked to the microorganisms inhabiting the human gut. Bifidobacterium is a genera of bacterium that has been linked to improving digestive health.

Scatter plot representing the effect of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis on intestinal epithelial cell viability. The study was done by O'Hara et al in 2006 [2].


Scatter plot representing bowel movement difficulty in subjects given Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis supplement in comparison with Lactobacillus salivarius supplement and a placebo. The study was done by O'Mahony et al in 2005 [3].

Section 2

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Section 3

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Section 4

Conclusion

References


1. Kathy, M. "The Surprising Link between Alopecia and the Gut." OptiBac Probiotics. Wren Laboratories, 9 Oct. 2015. Web. 11 Apr. 2016. <http://www.optibacprobiotics.co.uk/blog/2015/10/the-surprising-link-between-alopecia-and-the-gut>.

2. American Autoimmune Related Diseases Association. "Questions and Answers." AARDA. AARDA, 12 Dec. 2015. Web. 18 Apr. 2016. <http://www.aarda.org/autoimmune-information/questions-and-answers/>.

3. Oyetayo, V.O. and Oyetayo, F. L. 2004. Potential of probiotics as biotherapeutic agents targeting the innate immune system. African Journal of Biotechnology 4:123-127. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUKEwjyr5GanbDMAhUlroMKHQbAChkQFggfMAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.academicjournals.org%2Farticle%2Farticle1379957698_Oyetayo%2520and%2520Oyetayo.pdf&usg=AFQjCNGyDMebAZivghDU34h_isLC_XmQLA&bvm=bv.120853415,d.amc

4. "bifid". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 20 Apr. 2016. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/bifid>.

5. Sakata, S., Kitahara, M., Sakamoto, M., Hayashi, H., Fukuyama, M. & Benno, Y. 2002. Unification of Bifidobacterium infantis and Bifidobacterium suis as Bifidobacterium longum. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52: 1945–1951. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12508852

6. Mattarelli, P., C. Bonaparte, B. Pot, B. Biavati. 2008. Proposal to reclassify the three biotypes of Bifidobacterium longum as three subspecies. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58: 767-772. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18398167

7. Schell, M. A., M. Karmirantzou, B. Snell, D. Vilanova, B. Berger, G. Pessi, M. C. Zwahlen, F. Desiere, P. Bork, M. Delley, R. D. Pridmore, F. Arigoni. 2002. The genome sequence of Bifidobacterium longum reflects its adaptation to the human gastrointestinal tract. PNAS 99: 14422-14427. http://www.pnas.org/content/99/22/14422.full

8. Bode, L. 2012. Human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama. Glycobiology 22: 1147-1162. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22513036

9. National Library of Medicine. "Oligosaccharides." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 2011. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2011/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Oligosaccharides>.

10. O'Hara, A., O'Regan, P., Fanning, A., O'Mahony, C., MacSharry, J., Lyons, A., Bienenstock, J., O'Mahony, L., Shanahan, F. "Functional modulation of human intestinal epithelial cell responses by Bifidobacterium infantis and Lactobacillus salivarius." 2006. Immunology 118:202-215.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02358.x/full

11. O’Mahony, L., J. McCarthy, P. Kelly, G. Hurley, F. Luo, K. Chen, G. C. O’Sullivan, B. Kiely, J. K. Collins, F. Shanahan, E. M. M. Quigley. 2005. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 128: 541-551. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016508504021559

12. Taylor, Paul. "C-section Babies Missing Crucial Gut Bacteria." The Globe and Mail. Health Navigator, 11 Feb. 2013. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <http://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/health-and-fitness/health-navigator/c-section-babies-missing-crucial-gut-bacteria-study-finds/article8440728/>.

13. Group, Edward. "Probiotic Foods." Global Healing Center. N.p., 21 Jan. 2011. Web. 25 Apr. 2016. <http://www.globalhealingcenter.com/natural-health/probiotic-foods/>.

14. Watson, Elaine. "US per Capita Spending on Probiotic Supplements Expected to Nearly Double by 2016." Nutra. William Reed Business Media, 2 Feb. 2012. Web. 18 Apr. 2016. <http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/Markets/US-per-capita-spending-on-probiotic-supplements-expected-to-nearly-double-by-2016>.

15. Jones, Linda B. "Anaerobic Bacteria Culture." Anaerobic Bacteria Culture. National Institues of Health, 5 Apr. 2003. Web. 15 Apr. 2016. <http://www.surgeryencyclopedia.com/A-Ce/Anaerobic-Bacteria-Culture.html>.

16. Hedges, Jones C., Cherie A. Singer, and William T. Gerthoffer. 2000. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases Regulate Cytokine Gene Expression in Human Airway Myocytes. American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology, 23: 86-94.http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1165/ajrcmb.23.1.4014#.Vx7MvD-R_R1

17. Eskdale, J., D. Kube, H. Tesch, G. Gallagher. 1997. Mapping the human IL10 gene and further characterization of the 5’ flanking sequence. Immunogenetics 46: 120-128. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs002510050250

18. Murphy, K. M., A. O’Garra, S. F. Wolf, C. S. Tripp, S. E. Macatonia, C. S. Hsieh. 1993. Development of TH1 CD4+ T cells through IL-12 produced by Listeria-induced macrophages. Science 260: 547-549. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/260/5107/547.long

19. International Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders. "Facts About IBS." About IBS. Nternational Foundation for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders, 21 Apr. 2016. Web. 20 Apr. 2016. <https://www.aboutibs.org/site/what-is-ibs/facts/>.

20. Holzer, P., A. Farzi. 2014. Neuropeptides and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis. Adv Exp Med Biol 817: 195-219. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4359909/

21. Sample, Ian. "Probiotic Bacteria May Aid against Anxiety and Memory Problems." The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, 18 Oct. 2015. Web. 19 Apr. 2016. <https://www.theguardian.com/science/2015/oct/18/probiotic-bacteria-bifidobacterium-longum-1714-anxiety-memory-study>.

22. Eveleth, Rose. "There Are 37.2 Trillion Cells in Your Body." Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution, 24 Oct. 2013. Web. 17 Apr. 2016. <http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/there-are-372-trillion-cells-in-your-body-4941473/?no-ist>.

23. Sparks, and Honey. "Humans: 10% Human and 90% Bacterial." Big Think. N.p., 22 May 2013. Web. 20 Apr. 2016. <http://bigthink.com/amped/humans-10-human-and-90-bacterial>.

24. Gest, H. 2004. The discovery of microorganisms by Robert Hooke and Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek, fellows of the Royal Society. Notes Rec R Soc Land 58: 187-201. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15209075





Authored for BIOL 238 Microbiology, taught by Joan Slonczewski, 2016, Kenyon College.