Thermotoga neapolitana: Difference between revisions

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The ecology of '' T. neapolitana '' has been largely unstudied.  However, of some interest is the fact that it, and sulfur-reducing bacteria like it, are implicated in the Permian mass extinction which occured 251.4 million years ago.  This phenomenon involved the build-up of atmospheric hydrogen sulfide, which weakened the ozone layer and exposed the earth to high levels of UV radiation.  It is theorized that these cascading events are what proved fatal to animal and plant life, with estimates of up to 70 percent of terrestrial vertabrate species and 96 percent of all marine species becoming extinct.
The ecology of '' T. neapolitana '' has been largely unstudied.  However, of some interest is the fact that it, and sulfur-reducing bacteria like it, are implicated in the Permian mass extinction which occured 251.4 million years ago.  This phenomenon involved the build-up of atmospheric hydrogen sulfide, which weakened the ozone layer and exposed the earth to high levels of UV radiation.  It is theorized that these cascading events are what proved fatal to animal and plant life, with estimates of up to 70 percent of terrestrial vertabrate species and 96 percent of all marine species becoming extinct.
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.


==Pathology==
==Pathology==

Revision as of 07:39, 29 August 2007

A Microbial Biorealm page on the genus Thermotoga neapolitana

Classification

Higher order taxa

Bacteria; Thermotogae; Thermotogae; Thermotogales; Thermotogaceae; Thermotoga

Species

NCBI: Taxonomy

Thermotoga neapolitana

Description and significance

Thermotoga neapolitana cells are gram-negative rods, approximately 1.5 to 11 ~tm long and 0.6 Ixm wide, and can occur singly and in pairs. They have an unusually thick periplasmic cell wall layer, which, when compared with characteristic gram-negative cell walls, is covered with a more electron-dense outer layer. Cells are immotile, possessing no flagella. They are surrounded by a sheath-like outer structure that usually balloons over the ends; a "toga," as it were, from which the genus name is derived. Its species name is in reference to the location of its original isolation in 1986: a shallow marine sediment in a volcanic region near Lucrino, Bay of Naples, Italy. As one would expect from its location of origin, T. neapolitana is an extremely thermophilic bacteria, growing between 55 and 90 degrees Celsius, with an optimum growth temperature of 77 degrees Celsius. It is viable between pH 5.5 and 9; at pH 7 its growth is at a maximum.

There are three lines of reasoning that outline the significance of T. neapolitana having its genome sequenced. Firstly, due to its requiring only minimal anoxic precautions, and its ability to be grown on both solid and liquid media via materials that are readily available, the utilization of T. neapolitana is a preferable method for understanding the basic molecular biology of extreme thermophiles. Secondly, as it is closely related to the type species Thermotoga maratima, comparison of these two genomes will enable researchers to identify chromosomal segments that have undergone DNA rearrangements after the lineages diverged from a common ancestor. Lastly, current research has implicated T. neapolitana as a potentially viable source of hydrogen production. Current methods of hydrogen production are both costly and environmentally unfriendly; in a market in which hydrogen demands are expected to only increase, a new biological method for hydrogen production is very desirable. Sequencing T. neapolitana's genome will further these ends by allowing for deeper understanding of its nature.

Genome structure

Thermotoga neapolitana has one circular chromosome, and a genome that is 1800kb in size. The molar ratio of guanine plus cytosine in the DNA has been calculated to be 41.3 mol%. Its DNA homology with Thermotoga maritima has been found to be approximately 24%. Thermotoga neopolitana strain ATCC 49045 (NS-E) is currently having its genome sequenced by the TIGR Institute for the purposes of comparative genome analysis. Its project ID is: 12534.

Cell structure and metabolism

Thermotoga neapolitana is a hyperthermophile, and as such has adopted certain strategies to cope with the extreme conditions of its natural habitat. It contains unusually high melting-point lipids within its cell membrane, meant to help maintain its structure. These in turn incorporate long-chain dicarboxylic fatty acids, which are thought to create a tightly bound polar layer within the membrane itself. In addition to this, T. neapolitana minimizes the amount of free water within its cells, and also utilizes reverse DNA gyrases, which cause its DNA to supercoil. Both of these methods help to inhibit DNA denaturing under the extreme thermal conditions to which it is exposed. Finally, T. neapolitana 's RNAs contain no extra sequences, as all bulges, mismatches, and other irregularities are cut out to minimize size. Shorter sequences are associated with fewer nonviable folding possibilities, which also serves to inhibit thermal denaturation.

Thermotoga neapolitana survives by scavenging biomolecules. Of all of the members of its order, T. neapolitana is thought to be the most robust, being adaptable to varying conditions and to different primary carbon sources. This is one of the characteristics that makes it such a desirable target for developmental commercial and industrial research. It catabolizes both mono- and polysaccharides, including galactose, glucose, lactose, maltose, ribose, starch, sucrose, and xylose. In contrast to other Thermotogales, amino acids do not support its growth, and it can therefore grow on a medium lacking proteins.

Rather than using oxygen as its final electron acceptor in metabolism, T. neapolitana uses sulfur. Therefore, instead of converting oxgyen to water, T. neapolitana reduces elemental sulfur to hydrogen sulfide. If the available sulfur is organically bound, considerable hydrogen gas can also be produced in this proccess. An interesting characteristic of T. neapolitana is that, despite its usual active particapation in the above process, it is not dependent on sulfur reduction for growth. While it has been shown that final cell yields are doubled by the inclusion of sulfur within the growth medium of T. neapolitana , their growth rates are unaffected.

Although it was once thought that T. neapolitana was an obligate anaerobe, recent research has shown that it is in fact a microaerophile, capable of utilizing reduced levels of oxygen to produce hydrogen as an endproduct.

Ecology

Thermotoga neapolitana is known to be a member of the deepest branch of the bacterial lineage. It's primary role in nature is to reduce sulfur to hydrogen sulfide via the oxidation of organic molecules. It in this way participates in the biogeochemical cycle of sulfur on Earth. This sulfur cycle involves the reduction of sulfur to hydrogen sulfide by certain sulfur-reducing bacteria for energy (of which T. neapolitana is one), and then the use of hydrogen sulfide as an energy source by a different set of bacteria, which by so doing oxidizes it back to elemental sulfur.

The ecology of T. neapolitana has been largely unstudied. However, of some interest is the fact that it, and sulfur-reducing bacteria like it, are implicated in the Permian mass extinction which occured 251.4 million years ago. This phenomenon involved the build-up of atmospheric hydrogen sulfide, which weakened the ozone layer and exposed the earth to high levels of UV radiation. It is theorized that these cascading events are what proved fatal to animal and plant life, with estimates of up to 70 percent of terrestrial vertabrate species and 96 percent of all marine species becoming extinct.

Pathology

As an extremely thermophilic eubacteria, Thermotoga neapolitana is not viable under the conditions that support most life. It therefore has no known diseases associated with it, and at present has not been found to be pathogenic.

Application to Biotechnology

Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?

A number of thermostable enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase are produced by this bacterium and may be of use for industrial purposes.

Current Research

Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required

References

[Sample reference] Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "Palaeococcus ferrophilus gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.

Edited by student of Rachel Larsen