https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Thiomicrospira_crunogena&feed=atom&action=historyThiomicrospira crunogena - Revision history2024-03-29T12:45:00ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Thiomicrospira_crunogena&diff=55067&oldid=prevBarichD at 03:37, 20 August 20102010-08-20T03:37:27Z<p></p>
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</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Thiomicrospira_crunogena&diff=24679&oldid=prevX8zhang at 12:45, 29 August 20072007-08-29T12:45:30Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Thiomicrospira (Genus) crunogena (Species)<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>''Thiomicrospira<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>(Genus) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>(Species)</div></td></tr>
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</table>X8zhanghttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Thiomicrospira_crunogena&diff=24677&oldid=prevX8zhang at 12:45, 29 August 20072007-08-29T12:45:02Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and significance==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and significance==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Thiomicrospira crunogena is a colorless sulfur-oxidizing bacterium isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. It is a member of the genus Thiomicrospira, which are marine, spiral-shaped sulfur oxidizing bacteria. Much like photosynthetic bacteria and plants use the sun’s energy to fix carbon, T. crunogena uses the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds (sulfide, thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur) as an energy source for carbon fixation and cellular maintenance. Its major source of carbon are the CO2 released from the hydrothermal vents. (1)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Thiomicrospira crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is a colorless sulfur-oxidizing bacterium isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. It is a member of the genus <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Thiomicrospira<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>, which are marine, spiral-shaped sulfur oxidizing bacteria. Much like photosynthetic bacteria and plants use the sun’s energy to fix carbon, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>uses the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds (sulfide, thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur) as an energy source for carbon fixation and cellular maintenance. Its major source of carbon are the CO2 released from the hydrothermal vents. (1)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hydrothermal vents release hydrothermal fluid through fissures along the volcanically active mid-ocean ridge. These carbon dioxide and sulfide rich hot fluids periodically mix with cold, oxygenated bottom water, forcing T. crunogena to adapt to dramatic fluctuations in the environmental conditions. One way T. crunogena copes with these oscillations is by using carbon concentrating mechanism (see Cell Structure and Metabolism) that allow the cell’s growth to continue when carbon dioxide levels drop.(2)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hydrothermal vents release hydrothermal fluid through fissures along the volcanically active mid-ocean ridge. These carbon dioxide and sulfide rich hot fluids periodically mix with cold, oxygenated bottom water, forcing <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>to adapt to dramatic fluctuations in the environmental conditions. One way <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>copes with these oscillations is by using carbon concentrating mechanism (see Cell Structure and Metabolism) that allow the cell’s growth to continue when carbon dioxide levels drop.(2)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Thiomicrospira crunogena was originally isolated from the hydrothermal vents of East Pacific Rise. (1) It is the first deep-sea autotrophic hydrothermal vent bacterium to have its genome completely sequenced and annotate.(3) With the first complete genome of an autotrophic hydrothermal vent bacterium, researchers can further explore the genetic and physiological mechanisms that allow life to thrive in hostile environments such as the bottom of the sea. And by comparing the T. crunogena’s genome to the genomes of autotrophic bacteria living in other extreme environments around the world, they can begin to piece together the evolutionary history of these extreme organisms. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Thiomicrospira crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>was originally isolated from the hydrothermal vents of East Pacific Rise. (1) It is the first deep-sea autotrophic hydrothermal vent bacterium to have its genome completely sequenced and annotate.(3) With the first complete genome of an autotrophic hydrothermal vent bacterium, researchers can further explore the genetic and physiological mechanisms that allow life to thrive in hostile environments such as the bottom of the sea. And by comparing the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena’s<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>genome to the genomes of autotrophic bacteria living in other extreme environments around the world, they can begin to piece together the evolutionary history of these extreme organisms. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The T. crunogena genome is confined to a single circular chromosome consisting of 2.43 megabase pairs, with a GC content of 43.1% and a high coding density which codes for 2196 proteins and 55 RNAs. (4) The chromosome is densely packed with genes involved in electron transport (used to gain energy from sulfur compounds), energy and carbon metabolism, along with those required for nucleotide and amino acid synthesis and other cellular processes. The genome included a relative abundance of coding sequences encoding regulatory proteins: some proteins are used to control the expression of genes encoding carboxysomes, some are used to regulate multiple dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate transporters, as well as a phosphonate operon, which provide this species with a variety of options for acquiring these substrates from the environment. (4)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>genome is confined to a single circular chromosome consisting of 2.43 megabase pairs, with a GC content of 43.1% and a high coding density which codes for 2196 proteins and 55 RNAs. (4) The chromosome is densely packed with genes involved in electron transport (used to gain energy from sulfur compounds), energy and carbon metabolism, along with those required for nucleotide and amino acid synthesis and other cellular processes. The genome included a relative abundance of coding sequences encoding regulatory proteins: some proteins are used to control the expression of genes encoding carboxysomes, some are used to regulate multiple dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate transporters, as well as a phosphonate operon, which provide this species with a variety of options for acquiring these substrates from the environment. (4)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>All the components of the Sox system, a sulfur-oxidizing pathway, were found in the T. crunogena’s genome. Together, these Sox genes completely oxidize, or strip electrons, from a variety of reduced sulfur-related compounds (producing sulfate). The microbe also harbors an enzyme that stops short of complete oxidation to sulfate (producing elemental sulfur instead), which adds to the regulation and control of the system. (2)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>All the components of the Sox system, a sulfur-oxidizing pathway, were found in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena’s<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>genome. Together, these Sox genes completely oxidize, or strip electrons, from a variety of reduced sulfur-related compounds (producing sulfate). The microbe also harbors an enzyme that stops short of complete oxidation to sulfate (producing elemental sulfur instead), which adds to the regulation and control of the system. (2)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>T. crunogena has proportionally more regulatory and signaling molecules than a free-living planktonic species. This enhanced repertoire reflects the different demands of life in extreme, volatile conditions—which requires rapid, flexible cellular responses—compared with the relatively stable existence of plankton floating on the open ocean.(4)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>has proportionally more regulatory and signaling molecules than a free-living planktonic species. This enhanced repertoire reflects the different demands of life in extreme, volatile conditions—which requires rapid, flexible cellular responses—compared with the relatively stable existence of plankton floating on the open ocean.(4)</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A putative prophage genome was found in the T. crunogena chromosome while no plasmid was found. The putative prophage is 38,090 base pairs long and contains 54 coding sequences. The prophage genome begins with a tyrosine integrase and contains a cI-like repressor gene. (2)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A putative prophage genome was found in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>chromosome while no plasmid was found. The putative prophage is 38,090 base pairs long and contains 54 coding sequences. The prophage genome begins with a tyrosine integrase and contains a cI-like repressor gene. (2)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The genome sequence provides a reference point for uncultivated chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The genome sequence provides a reference point for uncultivated chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l39">Line 39:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 39:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>T. crunogena is a gram negative, spiral shaped cell with 2 membranes. It utilizes flagella for movement and Type IV pilus for attachment.(5) Although they are found from deep-sea thermal vents, the optimum temperature for its growth is at 28-32°C, which makes it a mesophile. (10)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is a gram negative, spiral shaped cell with 2 membranes. It utilizes flagella for movement and Type IV pilus for attachment.(5) Although they are found from deep-sea thermal vents, the optimum temperature for its growth is at 28-32°C, which makes it a mesophile. (10)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To provide the energy necessary for carbon fixation and cell maintenance, T. crunogena is capable of using hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, and sulfide minerals as electron donors; the only electron acceptor it can use is oxygen. The system that oxidizes sulfur is called Sox system, this system involves a periplasmic multienzyme complex that is capable of oxidizing various reduced sulfur compounds completely to sulfate. With the oxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur, there are usually depositions of sulfur outside the cells. (4)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To provide the energy necessary for carbon fixation and cell maintenance, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is capable of using hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, and sulfide minerals as electron donors; the only electron acceptor it can use is oxygen. The system that oxidizes sulfur is called Sox system, this system involves a periplasmic multienzyme complex that is capable of oxidizing various reduced sulfur compounds completely to sulfate. With the oxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur, there are usually depositions of sulfur outside the cells. (4)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The chemical and physical characteristics of the bacteria’s environment are dictated largely by the interaction of hydrothermal fluid and bottom seawater. When warm CO2 rich hydrothermal fluid is emitted from crust, it mixes with cold, oxygen rich bottom seawater. As a consequence, at areas where dilute hydrothermal fluid and seawater mix, T. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">crunogena‘s </del>habitat is erratic, oscillating from seconds to hours between dominance by hydrothermal fluid and bottom seawater. Given its volatile environment, T. crunogena has a carbon concentrating mechanism that enables it to grow in the presence of low concentrations of CO2 by generating an elevated concentration of intracellular dissolved inorganic carbon. Therefore, T. crunogena is capable of rapid growth in the presence of low concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon, due to an increase in cellular affinity for both HCO3− and CO2 under low CO2 conditions.(6) The ability to grow under low CO2 conditions is an advantage when the habitat is dominated by relatively low CO2 seawater.(7)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The chemical and physical characteristics of the bacteria’s environment are dictated largely by the interaction of hydrothermal fluid and bottom seawater. When warm CO2 rich hydrothermal fluid is emitted from crust, it mixes with cold, oxygen rich bottom seawater. As a consequence, at areas where dilute hydrothermal fluid and seawater mix, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">crunogena's'' </ins>habitat is erratic, oscillating from seconds to hours between dominance by hydrothermal fluid and bottom seawater. Given its volatile environment, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>has a carbon concentrating mechanism that enables it to grow in the presence of low concentrations of CO2 by generating an elevated concentration of intracellular dissolved inorganic carbon. Therefore, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is capable of rapid growth in the presence of low concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon, due to an increase in cellular affinity for both HCO3− and CO2 under low CO2 conditions.(6) The ability to grow under low CO2 conditions is an advantage when the habitat is dominated by relatively low CO2 seawater.(7)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l49">Line 49:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 49:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>T. crunogena can be found world wide. Originally isolated from the East Pacific Rise, it was subsequently cultivated or detected with molecular methods from deep-sea vents in both the Pacific and Atlantic. Also, closely related species have been found at shallow-water hydrothermal vents. (4)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>can be found world wide. Originally isolated from the East Pacific Rise, it was subsequently cultivated or detected with molecular methods from deep-sea vents in both the Pacific and Atlantic. Also, closely related species have been found at shallow-water hydrothermal vents. (4)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of its sulfur oxidizing ability, T. crunogena can play a prominent role in biogeochemical sulfur cycling. It is important to marine habitats, because a huge population of these bacteria can reduce the O2 concentration in the seawater by releasing oxidized sulfur compound. (8) Also, the release of the sulfur compound can affect the pH of the environment. Like many sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophs, T. crunogena acidifies its environment as it grows, due to the accumulation of sulfuric acid produced as a result of sulfur oxidation.(9)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of its sulfur oxidizing ability, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>can play a prominent role in biogeochemical sulfur cycling. It is important to marine habitats, because a huge population of these bacteria can reduce the O2 concentration in the seawater by releasing oxidized sulfur compound. (8) Also, the release of the sulfur compound can affect the pH of the environment. Like many sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophs, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>acidifies its environment as it grows, due to the accumulation of sulfuric acid produced as a result of sulfur oxidation.(9)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>No symbiotic relationship was found between T. crunogena and any other organisms. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>No symbiotic relationship was found between <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>and any other organisms. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l64">Line 64:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 64:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dr. Scott at USF conducts physiological studies of carbon concentrating mechanism in T. crunogena. Her research team is trying to find out whether other bacteria can adapt the carbon concentrating mechanism and live at low inorganic carbon environment. By using chemostats, they can determine the response of growth rate to the concentration of inorganic carbon present in the growth medium. No conclusion has been drawn. (9)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Dr. Scott at USF conducts physiological studies of carbon concentrating mechanism in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>. Her research team is trying to find out whether other bacteria can adapt the carbon concentrating mechanism and live at low inorganic carbon environment. By using chemostats, they can determine the response of growth rate to the concentration of inorganic carbon present in the growth medium. No conclusion has been drawn. (9)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Field studies have been done at Lake Fryxell, Antarctica by Sattley, W. M., and M. T. Madigan. Their goal was to examine the affect of these sulfur oxidizing bacteria on the environment. These bacteria have already caused a part of the lake to be anoxic. The team found that the proliferation of these bacteria is mainly caused by the high sulfide content in the lake water, which gave the bacteria almost an endless supply of sulfide to oxidize. Therefore, more oxidized sulfur compound was produced and oxygen concentration decreased. (8)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Field studies have been done at Lake Fryxell, Antarctica by Sattley, W. M., and M. T. Madigan. Their goal was to examine the affect of these sulfur oxidizing bacteria on the environment. These bacteria have already caused a part of the lake to be anoxic. The team found that the proliferation of these bacteria is mainly caused by the high sulfide content in the lake water, which gave the bacteria almost an endless supply of sulfide to oxidize. Therefore, more oxidized sulfur compound was produced and oxygen concentration decreased. (8)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Experiments that include radio labeled inorganic carbon as the carbon source for T. crunogena are also being conducted. From these experiments, researchers attempt to find the properties of the bicarbonate transporters, and how does it drive the intracellular inorganic carbon concentrations. Hopefully these experiments can shed light on the exact physiological pathway for the inorganic carbons in these bacteria. No conclusion has been drawn. (9)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Experiments that include radio labeled inorganic carbon as the carbon source for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>are also being conducted. From these experiments, researchers attempt to find the properties of the bicarbonate transporters, and how does it drive the intracellular inorganic carbon concentrations. Hopefully these experiments can shed light on the exact physiological pathway for the inorganic carbons in these bacteria. No conclusion has been drawn. (9)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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</table>X8zhanghttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Thiomicrospira_crunogena&diff=24670&oldid=prevX8zhang at 12:40, 29 August 20072007-08-29T12:40:38Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and significance==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and significance==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>Thiomicrospira crunogena<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </del>is a colorless sulfur-oxidizing bacterium isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. It is a member of the genus <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>Thiomicrospira<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>, which are marine, spiral-shaped sulfur oxidizing bacteria. Much like photosynthetic bacteria and plants use the sun’s energy to fix carbon, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>T. crunogena<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </del>uses the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds (sulfide, thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur) as an energy source for carbon fixation and cellular maintenance. Its major source of carbon <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </del>the CO2 released from the hydrothermal vents. (1)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Thiomicrospira crunogena is a colorless sulfur-oxidizing bacterium isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. It is a member of the genus Thiomicrospira, which are marine, spiral-shaped sulfur oxidizing bacteria. Much like photosynthetic bacteria and plants use the sun’s energy to fix carbon, T. crunogena uses the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds (sulfide, thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur) as an energy source for carbon fixation and cellular maintenance. Its major source of carbon <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are </ins>the CO2 released from the hydrothermal vents. (1)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hydrothermal vents release hydrothermal fluid through fissures along the volcanically active mid-ocean ridge. These carbon dioxide and sulfide rich hot fluids periodically mix with cold, oxygenated bottom water, forcing <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>T. crunogena<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </del>to adapt to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </del>dramatic fluctuations in the environmental conditions. One way <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>T. crunogena<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </del>copes with these oscillations is by using carbon concentrating <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mechanisms </del>(see Cell Structure and Metabolism <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Section</del>) that allow the cell’s growth to continue when carbon dioxide levels drop.(2)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hydrothermal vents release hydrothermal fluid through fissures along the volcanically active mid-ocean ridge. These carbon dioxide and sulfide rich hot fluids periodically mix with cold, oxygenated bottom water, forcing T. crunogena to adapt to dramatic fluctuations in the environmental conditions. One way T. crunogena copes with these oscillations is by using carbon concentrating <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mechanism </ins>(see Cell Structure and Metabolism) that allow the cell’s growth to continue when carbon dioxide levels drop.(2)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Thiomicrospira crunogena was originally isolated from the hydrothermal vents of East Pacific Rise. (1) It is the first deep-sea autotrophic hydrothermal vent bacterium to have its genome completely sequenced and annotate.(3) With the first complete genome of an autotrophic hydrothermal vent bacterium, researchers can further explore the genetic and physiological mechanisms that allow life to thrive in hostile environments such as the bottom of the sea. And by comparing the T. crunogena’s genome to the genomes of autotrophic bacteria living in other extreme environments around the world, they can begin to piece together the evolutionary history of these extreme organisms. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''Thiomicrospira crunogena'' was originally isolated from the hydrothermal vents of East Pacific Rise. (1) It is the first deep-sea autotrophic hydrothermal vent bacterium to have its genome completely sequenced and annotate.(3) With the first complete genome of a cosmopolitan autotrophic hydrothermal vent bacterium, researchers can further explore the genetic and physiological mechanisms that allow life to thrive in hostile environments at the bottom of the sea. And by comparing the ''T. crunogena''’s genome to the genomes of autotrophic bacteria living in other extreme environments around the world, they can begin to piece together the evolutionary history of these extreme organisms. </del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>T. crunogena<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </del>genome is confined to a single circular chromosome consisting of 2.43 megabase pairs, with a GC content of 43.1% and a high coding density which codes for 2196 proteins and 55 RNAs. The chromosome is densely packed with genes involved in electron transport (used to gain energy from sulfur compounds), energy and carbon metabolism, along with those required for nucleotide and amino acid synthesis and other cellular processes. The genome included a relative abundance of coding sequences encoding regulatory proteins: some proteins are used to control the expression of genes encoding carboxysomes, some are used to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">regular </del>multiple dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate transporters, as well as a phosphonate operon, which provide this species with a variety of options for acquiring these substrates from the environment<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It is a perfect illustration of many of adaptations that ''T. crunogena'' have adapted to thrive at the hydrothermal vents around the globe</del>. (4)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The T. crunogena genome is confined to a single circular chromosome consisting of 2.43 megabase pairs, with a GC content of 43.1% and a high coding density which codes for 2196 proteins and 55 RNAs. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(4) </ins>The chromosome is densely packed with genes involved in electron transport (used to gain energy from sulfur compounds), energy and carbon metabolism, along with those required for nucleotide and amino acid synthesis and other cellular processes. The genome included a relative abundance of coding sequences encoding regulatory proteins: some proteins are used to control the expression of genes encoding carboxysomes, some are used to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">regulate </ins>multiple dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate transporters, as well as a phosphonate operon, which provide this species with a variety of options for acquiring these substrates from the environment. (4)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>All the components of the Sox system, a sulfur-oxidizing pathway, were found in the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>T. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">crunogena''’s </del>genome. Together, these Sox genes completely oxidize, or strip electrons, from a variety of reduced sulfur-related compounds (producing sulfate). The microbe also harbors an enzyme that stops short of complete oxidation to sulfate (producing elemental sulfur instead), which adds to the regulation and control of the system. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>T. crunogena<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </del>has proportionally more regulatory and signaling molecules than a free-living planktonic species. This enhanced repertoire reflects the different demands of life in extreme, volatile conditions—which requires rapid, flexible cellular responses—compared with the relatively stable existence of plankton floating on the open ocean.(4)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>All the components of the Sox system, a sulfur-oxidizing pathway, were found in the T. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">crunogena’s </ins>genome. Together, these Sox genes completely oxidize, or strip electrons, from a variety of reduced sulfur-related compounds (producing sulfate). The microbe also harbors an enzyme that stops short of complete oxidation to sulfate (producing elemental sulfur instead), which adds to the regulation and control of the system. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(2)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A putative prophage genome was found in the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>T. crunogena<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </del>chromosome while no plasmid was found. The putative prophage is 38,090 base pairs long and contains 54 coding sequences. The prophage genome begins with a tyrosine integrase and contains a cI-like repressor gene. (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">4</del>)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>T. crunogena has proportionally more regulatory and signaling molecules than a free-living planktonic species. This enhanced repertoire reflects the different demands of life in extreme, volatile conditions—which requires rapid, flexible cellular responses—compared with the relatively stable existence of plankton floating on the open ocean.(4)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A putative prophage genome was found in the T. crunogena chromosome while no plasmid was found. The putative prophage is 38,090 base pairs long and contains 54 coding sequences. The prophage genome begins with a tyrosine integrase and contains a cI-like repressor gene. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2</ins>)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The genome sequence provides a reference point for uncultivated chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The genome sequence provides a reference point for uncultivated chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>T. crunogena is a gram negative, spiral shaped cell with 2 membranes. It utilizes flagella for movement and Type IV pilus for attachment.(5) Although they are found from deep-sea thermal vents, the optimum temperature for its growth is at 28-32°C, which makes it a mesophile. (10)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>T. crunogena is a gram negative, spiral shaped cell with 2 membranes. It utilizes flagella for movement and Type IV pilus for attachment.(5) Although they are found from deep-sea thermal vents, the optimum temperature for its growth is at 28-32°C, which makes it a mesophile. (10)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To provide the energy necessary for carbon fixation and cell maintenance, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>T. crunogena<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </del>is capable of using hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, and sulfide minerals as electron donors; the only electron acceptor it can use is oxygen.The system that oxidizes sulfur is called Sox system, this system involves a periplasmic multienzyme complex that is capable of oxidizing various reduced sulfur compounds completely to sulfate. With the oxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur, there are usually depositions of sulfur outside the cells. (4)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To provide the energy necessary for carbon fixation and cell maintenance, T. crunogena is capable of using hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, and sulfide minerals as electron donors; the only electron acceptor it can use is oxygen. The system that oxidizes sulfur is called Sox system, this system involves a periplasmic multienzyme complex that is capable of oxidizing various reduced sulfur compounds completely to sulfate. With the oxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur, there are usually depositions of sulfur outside the cells. (4)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The chemical and physical characteristics of the bacteria’s environment are dictated largely by the interaction of hydrothermal fluid and bottom seawater. When warm CO2 rich hydrothermal fluid is emitted from crust, it mixes with cold, oxygen rich bottom seawater. As a consequence, at areas where dilute hydrothermal fluid and seawater mix, T. crunogena‘s habitat is erratic, oscillating from seconds to hours between dominance by hydrothermal fluid and bottom seawater. Given its volatile environment, T. crunogena has a carbon concentrating mechanism that enables it to grow in the presence of low concentrations of CO2 by generating an elevated concentration of intracellular dissolved inorganic carbon. Therefore, T. crunogena is capable of rapid growth in the presence of low concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon, due to an increase in cellular affinity for both HCO3− and CO2 under low CO2 conditions.(6) The ability to grow under low CO2 conditions is an advantage when the habitat is dominated by relatively low CO2 seawater.(7)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The chemical and physical characteristics of the bacteria’s environment are dictated largely by the interaction of hydrothermal fluid and bottom seawater. When warm CO2 rich hydrothermal fluid is emitted from crust, it mixes with cold, oxygen rich bottom seawater. As a consequence, at areas where dilute hydrothermal fluid and seawater mix, ''T. crunogena''‘s habitat is erratic, oscillating from seconds to hours between dominance by hydrothermal fluid and bottom water. Given its volatile environment, ''T. crunogena'' has a carbon concentrating mechanism that enables it to grow in the presence of low concentrations of CO2 by generating an elevated concentration of intracellular dissolved inorganic carbon. This species is capable of rapid growth in the presence of low concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon, due to an increase in cellular affinity for both HCO3− and CO2 under low CO2 conditions.(6) The ability to grow under low CO2 conditions is an advantage when the habitat is dominated by relatively low CO2 seawater.(7)</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>T. crunogena<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </del>can be found world wide. Originally isolated from the East Pacific Rise, it was subsequently cultivated or detected with molecular methods from deep-sea vents in both the Pacific and Atlantic. Also, closely related species have been found at shallow-water hydrothermal vents. (4)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>T. crunogena can be found world wide. Originally isolated from the East Pacific Rise, it was subsequently cultivated or detected with molecular methods from deep-sea vents in both the Pacific and Atlantic. Also, closely related species have been found at shallow-water hydrothermal vents. (4)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of its sulfur oxidizing ability, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>T. crunogena<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </del>can play a prominent role in biogeochemical sulfur cycling. It is important to marine habitats, because a huge population of these bacteria can reduce the O2 concentration in the seawater by releasing <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </del>oxidized sulfur compound. (8) Also, the release of the sulfur compound can affect the pH of the environment. Like many sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophs, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>T. crunogena<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </del>acidifies its environment as it grows, due to the accumulation of sulfuric acid produced as a result of sulfur oxidation.(9)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>No symbiotic relationship was found between <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>T. crunogena<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </del>and any other organisms. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of its sulfur oxidizing ability, T. crunogena can play a prominent role in biogeochemical sulfur cycling. It is important to marine habitats, because a huge population of these bacteria can reduce the O2 concentration in the seawater by releasing oxidized sulfur compound. (8) Also, the release of the sulfur compound can affect the pH of the environment. Like many sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophs, T. crunogena acidifies its environment as it grows, due to the accumulation of sulfuric acid produced as a result of sulfur oxidation.(9)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>No symbiotic relationship was found between T. crunogena and any other organisms. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The </del>physiological studies of carbon concentrating mechanism in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</del>T. crunogena<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' are being conducted by the researchers</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Researchers are </del>trying to find out whether other bacteria can adapt the carbon concentrating mechanism and live at low inorganic carbon environment. By using chemostats, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the researchers </del>can determine the response of growth rate to the concentration of inorganic carbon present in the growth medium. No conclusion has been drawn. (9)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dr. Scott at USF conducts </ins>physiological studies of carbon concentrating mechanism in T. crunogena. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Her research team is </ins>trying to find out whether other bacteria can adapt the carbon concentrating mechanism and live at low inorganic carbon environment. By using chemostats, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">they </ins>can determine the response of growth rate to the concentration of inorganic carbon present in the growth medium. No conclusion has been drawn. (9<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Field studies have been done at Lake Fryxell, Antarctica by Sattley, W. M., and M. T. Madigan. Their goal was to examine the affect of these sulfur oxidizing bacteria on the environment. These bacteria have already caused a part of the lake to be anoxic. The team found that the proliferation of these bacteria is mainly caused by the high sulfide content in the lake water, which gave the bacteria almost an endless supply of sulfide to oxidize. Therefore, more oxidized sulfur compound was produced and oxygen concentration decreased. (8</ins>)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Field studies have been done at Lake Fryxell to examine </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">affect of </del>these <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">sulfur oxidizing bacteria on </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">environment. These bacteria have already made a part </del>of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">lake anoxic</del>, and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">researchers found that </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">proliferation of </del>these <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bacteria is mainly caused by </del>the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">high sulfide content </del>in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the lake water</del>. (<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8</del>)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Experiments that include radio labeled inorganic carbon as </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">carbon source for T. crunogena are also being conducted. From </ins>these <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">experiments, researchers attempt to find </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">properties </ins>of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bicarbonate transporters</ins>, and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">how does it drive </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">intracellular inorganic carbon concentrations. Hopefully </ins>these <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">experiments can shed light on the exact physiological pathway for </ins>the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">inorganic carbons </ins>in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">these bacteria. No conclusion has been drawn</ins>. (<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</ins>)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Experiments that include radio labeled inorganic carbon as the carbon source for ''T. crunogena'' are being conducted. From these experiments, researcher attempts to find the properties of the bicarbonate transporters, and how does it drive the intracellular inorganic carbon concentrations. Hopefully these experiments can shed light on the exact physiological pathway for the inorganic carbons in these bacteria. No conclusion has been drawn. (9)</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
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</table>X8zhanghttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Thiomicrospira_crunogena&diff=24612&oldid=prevX8zhang: /* Species */2007-08-29T11:55:26Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Species</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:55, 29 August 2007</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bacteria(Domain); Proteobacteria(Phylum); Gammaproteobacteria(Class); Thiotrichales(Order); Piscirickettsiaceae(Family)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Bacteria(Domain); Proteobacteria(Phylum); Gammaproteobacteria(Class); Thiotrichales(Order); Piscirickettsiaceae(Family)</div></td></tr>
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</table>X8zhanghttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Thiomicrospira_crunogena&diff=24609&oldid=prevX8zhang at 11:51, 29 August 20072007-08-29T11:51:46Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 11:51, 29 August 2007</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and significance==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Description and significance==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Thiomicrospira crunogena is a colorless sulfur-oxidizing bacterium isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. It is a member of the genus Thiomicrospira, which are marine, spiral-shaped sulfur oxidizing bacteria. Much like photosynthetic bacteria and plants use the sun’s energy to fix carbon, T. crunogena uses the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds (sulfide, thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur) as an energy source for carbon fixation and cellular maintenance. Its major source of carbon is the CO2 released from the hydrothermal vents. (1)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Thiomicrospira crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is a colorless sulfur-oxidizing bacterium isolated from deep-sea hydrothermal vents. It is a member of the genus <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Thiomicrospira<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>, which are marine, spiral-shaped sulfur oxidizing bacteria. Much like photosynthetic bacteria and plants use the sun’s energy to fix carbon, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>uses the oxidation of reduced sulfur compounds (sulfide, thiosulfate, and elemental sulfur) as an energy source for carbon fixation and cellular maintenance. Its major source of carbon is the CO2 released from the hydrothermal vents. (1)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hydrothermal vents release hydrothermal fluid through fissures along the volcanically active mid-ocean ridge. These carbon dioxide and sulfide rich hot fluids periodically mix with cold, oxygenated bottom water, forcing T. crunogena to adapt to the dramatic fluctuations in the environmental conditions. One way T. crunogena copes with these oscillations is by using carbon concentrating mechanisms (see Cell Structure and Metabolism Section) that allow the cell’s growth to continue when carbon dioxide levels drop.(2)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Hydrothermal vents release hydrothermal fluid through fissures along the volcanically active mid-ocean ridge. These carbon dioxide and sulfide rich hot fluids periodically mix with cold, oxygenated bottom water, forcing <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>to adapt to the dramatic fluctuations in the environmental conditions. One way <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>copes with these oscillations is by using carbon concentrating mechanisms (see Cell Structure and Metabolism Section) that allow the cell’s growth to continue when carbon dioxide levels drop.(2)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Thiomicrospira crunogena was originally isolated from the hydrothermal vents of East Pacific Rise. (1) It is the first deep-sea autotrophic hydrothermal vent bacterium to have its genome completely sequenced and annotate.(3) With the first complete genome of a cosmopolitan autotrophic hydrothermal vent bacterium, researchers can further explore the genetic and physiological mechanisms that allow life to thrive in hostile environments at the bottom of the sea. And by comparing the T. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">crunogena’s </del>genome to the genomes of autotrophic bacteria living in other extreme environments around the world, they can begin to piece together the evolutionary history of these extreme organisms. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Thiomicrospira crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>was originally isolated from the hydrothermal vents of East Pacific Rise. (1) It is the first deep-sea autotrophic hydrothermal vent bacterium to have its genome completely sequenced and annotate.(3) With the first complete genome of a cosmopolitan autotrophic hydrothermal vent bacterium, researchers can further explore the genetic and physiological mechanisms that allow life to thrive in hostile environments at the bottom of the sea. And by comparing the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">crunogena''’s </ins>genome to the genomes of autotrophic bacteria living in other extreme environments around the world, they can begin to piece together the evolutionary history of these extreme organisms. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Genome structure==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The T. crunogena genome is confined to a single circular chromosome consisting of 2.43 megabase pairs, with a GC content of 43.1% and a high coding density which codes for 2196 proteins and 55 RNAs. The chromosome is densely packed with genes involved in electron transport (used to gain energy from sulfur compounds), energy and carbon metabolism, along with those required for nucleotide and amino acid synthesis and other cellular processes. The genome included a relative abundance of coding sequences encoding regulatory proteins: some proteins are used to control the expression of genes encoding carboxysomes, some are used to regular multiple dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate transporters, as well as a phosphonate operon, which provide this species with a variety of options for acquiring these substrates from the environment.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>genome is confined to a single circular chromosome consisting of 2.43 megabase pairs, with a GC content of 43.1% and a high coding density which codes for 2196 proteins and 55 RNAs. The chromosome is densely packed with genes involved in electron transport (used to gain energy from sulfur compounds), energy and carbon metabolism, along with those required for nucleotide and amino acid synthesis and other cellular processes. The genome included a relative abundance of coding sequences encoding regulatory proteins: some proteins are used to control the expression of genes encoding carboxysomes, some are used to regular multiple dissolved inorganic nitrogen and phosphate transporters, as well as a phosphonate operon, which provide this species with a variety of options for acquiring these substrates from the environment.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is a perfect illustration of many of adaptations that T. crunogena have adapted to thrive at the hydrothermal vents around the globe. (4)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is a perfect illustration of many of adaptations that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>have adapted to thrive at the hydrothermal vents around the globe. (4)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>All the components of the Sox system, a sulfur-oxidizing pathway, were found in the T. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">crunogena’s </del>genome. Together, these Sox genes completely oxidize, or strip electrons, from a variety of reduced sulfur-related compounds (producing sulfate). The microbe also harbors an enzyme that stops short of complete oxidation to sulfate (producing elemental sulfur instead), which adds to the regulation and control of the system. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>All the components of the Sox system, a sulfur-oxidizing pathway, were found in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">crunogena''’s </ins>genome. Together, these Sox genes completely oxidize, or strip electrons, from a variety of reduced sulfur-related compounds (producing sulfate). The microbe also harbors an enzyme that stops short of complete oxidation to sulfate (producing elemental sulfur instead), which adds to the regulation and control of the system. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>T. crunogena has proportionally more regulatory and signaling molecules than a free-living planktonic species. This enhanced repertoire reflects the different demands of life in extreme, volatile conditions—which requires rapid, flexible cellular responses—compared with the relatively stable existence of plankton floating on the open ocean.(4)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>has proportionally more regulatory and signaling molecules than a free-living planktonic species. This enhanced repertoire reflects the different demands of life in extreme, volatile conditions—which requires rapid, flexible cellular responses—compared with the relatively stable existence of plankton floating on the open ocean.(4)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A putative prophage genome was found in the T. crunogena chromosome while no plasmid was found. The putative prophage is 38,090 base pairs long and contains 54 coding sequences. The prophage genome begins with a tyrosine integrase and contains a cI-like repressor gene. (4)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A putative prophage genome was found in the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>chromosome while no plasmid was found. The putative prophage is 38,090 base pairs long and contains 54 coding sequences. The prophage genome begins with a tyrosine integrase and contains a cI-like repressor gene. (4)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The genome sequence provides a reference point for uncultivated chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The genome sequence provides a reference point for uncultivated chemoautotrophic sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Cell structure and metabolism==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>T. crunogena is a gram negative, spiral shaped cell with 2 membranes. It utilizes flagella for movement and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ttype </del>IV pilus for attachment.(5) Although they are found from deep-sea thermal vents, the optimum temperature for its growth is at 28-32°C, which makes it a mesophile. (10)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>T. crunogena is a gram negative, spiral shaped cell with 2 membranes. It utilizes flagella for movement and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Type </ins>IV pilus for attachment.(5) Although they are found from deep-sea thermal vents, the optimum temperature for its growth is at 28-32°C, which makes it a mesophile. (10)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To provide the energy necessary for carbon fixation and cell maintenance, T. crunogena is capable of using hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, and sulfide minerals as electron donors; the only electron acceptor it can use is oxygen.The system that oxidizes sulfur is called Sox system, this system involves a periplasmic multienzyme complex that is capable of oxidizing various reduced sulfur compounds completely to sulfate. With the oxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur, there are usually depositions of sulfur outside the cells. (4)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>To provide the energy necessary for carbon fixation and cell maintenance, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>is capable of using hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate, elemental sulfur, and sulfide minerals as electron donors; the only electron acceptor it can use is oxygen.The system that oxidizes sulfur is called Sox system, this system involves a periplasmic multienzyme complex that is capable of oxidizing various reduced sulfur compounds completely to sulfate. With the oxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur, there are usually depositions of sulfur outside the cells. (4)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The chemical and physical characteristics of the bacteria’s environment are dictated largely by the interaction of hydrothermal fluid and bottom seawater. When warm CO2 rich hydrothermal fluid is emitted from crust, it mixes with cold, oxygen rich bottom seawater. As a consequence, at areas where dilute hydrothermal fluid and seawater mix, T. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">crunogena‘s </del>habitat is erratic, oscillating from seconds to hours between dominance by hydrothermal fluid and bottom water. Given its volatile environment, T. crunogena has a carbon concentrating mechanism that enables it to grow in the presence of low concentrations of CO2 by generating an elevated concentration of intracellular dissolved inorganic carbon. This species is capable of rapid growth in the presence of low concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon, due to an increase in cellular affinity for both HCO3− and CO2 under low CO2 conditions.(6) The ability to grow under low CO2 conditions is an advantage when the habitat is dominated by relatively low CO2 seawater.(7)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The chemical and physical characteristics of the bacteria’s environment are dictated largely by the interaction of hydrothermal fluid and bottom seawater. When warm CO2 rich hydrothermal fluid is emitted from crust, it mixes with cold, oxygen rich bottom seawater. As a consequence, at areas where dilute hydrothermal fluid and seawater mix, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">crunogena''‘s </ins>habitat is erratic, oscillating from seconds to hours between dominance by hydrothermal fluid and bottom water. Given its volatile environment, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>has a carbon concentrating mechanism that enables it to grow in the presence of low concentrations of CO2 by generating an elevated concentration of intracellular dissolved inorganic carbon. This species is capable of rapid growth in the presence of low concentrations of dissolved inorganic carbon, due to an increase in cellular affinity for both HCO3− and CO2 under low CO2 conditions.(6) The ability to grow under low CO2 conditions is an advantage when the habitat is dominated by relatively low CO2 seawater.(7)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Ecology==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>T. crunogena can be found world wide. Originally isolated from the East Pacific Rise, it was subsequently cultivated or detected with molecular methods from deep-sea vents in both the Pacific and Atlantic. Also, closely related species have been found at shallow-water hydrothermal vents. (4)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>can be found world wide. Originally isolated from the East Pacific Rise, it was subsequently cultivated or detected with molecular methods from deep-sea vents in both the Pacific and Atlantic. Also, closely related species have been found at shallow-water hydrothermal vents. (4)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of its sulfur oxidizing ability, T. crunogena can play a prominent role in biogeochemical sulfur cycling. It is important to marine habitats, because a huge population of these bacteria can reduce the O2 concentration in the seawater by releasing the oxidized sulfur compound. (8) Also, the release of the sulfur compound can affect the pH of the environment. Like many sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophs, T. crunogena acidifies its environment as it grows, due to the accumulation of sulfuric acid produced as a result of sulfur oxidation.(9)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Because of its sulfur oxidizing ability, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>can play a prominent role in biogeochemical sulfur cycling. It is important to marine habitats, because a huge population of these bacteria can reduce the O2 concentration in the seawater by releasing the oxidized sulfur compound. (8) Also, the release of the sulfur compound can affect the pH of the environment. Like many sulfur-oxidizing chemoautotrophs, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>acidifies its environment as it grows, due to the accumulation of sulfuric acid produced as a result of sulfur oxidation.(9)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>No symbiotic relationship was found between T. crunogena and any other organisms. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>No symbiotic relationship was found between <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>and any other organisms. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l52">Line 52:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 52:</td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Current Research==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The physiological studies of carbon concentrating mechanism in T. crunogena are being conducted by the researchers. Researchers are trying to find out whether other bacteria can adapt the carbon concentrating mechanism and live at low inorganic carbon environment. By using chemostats, the researchers can determine the response of growth rate to the concentration of inorganic carbon present in the growth medium. No conclusion has been drawn. (9)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The physiological studies of carbon concentrating mechanism in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>are being conducted by the researchers. Researchers are trying to find out whether other bacteria can adapt the carbon concentrating mechanism and live at low inorganic carbon environment. By using chemostats, the researchers can determine the response of growth rate to the concentration of inorganic carbon present in the growth medium. No conclusion has been drawn. (9)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Field studies have been done at Lake Fryxell to examine the affect of these sulfur oxidizing bacteria on the environment. These bacteria have already made a part of the lake anoxic, and researchers found that the proliferation of these bacteria is mainly caused by the high sulfide content in the lake water. (8)</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Field studies have been done at Lake Fryxell to examine the affect of these sulfur oxidizing bacteria on the environment. These bacteria have already made a part of the lake anoxic, and researchers found that the proliferation of these bacteria is mainly caused by the high sulfide content in the lake water. (8)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Experiments that include radio labeled inorganic carbon as the carbon source for T. crunogena are being conducted. From these experiments, researcher attempts to find the properties of the bicarbonate transporters, and how does it drive the intracellular inorganic carbon concentrations. Hopefully these experiments can shed light on the exact physiological pathway for the inorganic carbons in these bacteria. No conclusion has been drawn. (9)</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Experiments that include radio labeled inorganic carbon as the carbon source for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>T. crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>are being conducted. From these experiments, researcher attempts to find the properties of the bicarbonate transporters, and how does it drive the intracellular inorganic carbon concentrations. Hopefully these experiments can shed light on the exact physiological pathway for the inorganic carbons in these bacteria. No conclusion has been drawn. (9)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. Jannasch H, Wirsen C, Nelson D, Robertson L. Thiomicrospira crunogena sp. nov., a colorless, sulfur-oxidizing bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1985;35:422–424.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>1. Jannasch H, Wirsen C, Nelson D, Robertson L. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Thiomicrospira crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>sp. nov., a colorless, sulfur-oxidizing bacterium from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Int J Syst Bacteriol. 1985;35:422–424.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Scott KM, Bright M, Fisher CR. The burden of independence: Inorganic carbon utilization strategies of the sulphur chemoautotrophic hydrothermal vent isolate Thiomicrospira crunogena and the symbionts of hydrothermal vent and cold seep vestimentiferans. Cah Biol Mar. 1998;39:379–381.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>2. Scott KM, Bright M, Fisher CR. The burden of independence: Inorganic carbon utilization strategies of the sulphur chemoautotrophic hydrothermal vent isolate <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Thiomicrospira crunogena<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>and the symbionts of hydrothermal vent and cold seep vestimentiferans. Cah Biol Mar. 1998;39:379–381.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3. Dufresne A, Salanoubat M, Partensky F, Artiguenave F, Axmann I, et al. Genome sequence of the cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus marinus SS120, a nearly minimal oxyphototrophic genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:10020–10025.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>3. Dufresne A, Salanoubat M, Partensky F, Artiguenave F, Axmann I, et al. Genome sequence of the cyanobacterium <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''</ins>Prochlorococcus marinus<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'' </ins>SS120, a nearly minimal oxyphototrophic genome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003;100:10020–10025.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=12917486</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=12917486</div></td></tr>
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</table>X8zhanghttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Thiomicrospira_crunogena&diff=24606&oldid=prevX8zhang at 11:48, 29 August 20072007-08-29T11:48:47Z<p></p>
<a href="https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Thiomicrospira_crunogena&diff=24606&oldid=24604">Show changes</a>X8zhanghttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Thiomicrospira_crunogena&diff=24604&oldid=prevX8zhang: New page: {{Biorealm Genus}} ==Classification== ===Higher order taxa=== Bacteria(Domain); Proteobacteria(Phylum); Gammaproteobacteria(Class); Thiotrichales(Order); Piscirickettsiaceae(Family) ===...2007-08-29T11:46:21Z<p>New page: {{Biorealm Genus}} ==Classification== ===Higher order taxa=== Bacteria(Domain); Proteobacteria(Phylum); Gammaproteobacteria(Class); Thiotrichales(Order); Piscirickettsiaceae(Family) ===...</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{Biorealm Genus}}<br />
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==Classification==<br />
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===Higher order taxa===<br />
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Bacteria(Domain); Proteobacteria(Phylum); Gammaproteobacteria(Class); Thiotrichales(Order); Piscirickettsiaceae(Family)<br />
===Species===<br />
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{|<br />
| height="10" bgcolor="#FFDF95" |<br />
'''NCBI: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=2&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock Taxonomy]'''<br />
|}<br />
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''Thiomicrospira (Genus) crunogena (Species)''<br />
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==Description and significance==<br />
Describe the appearance, habitat, etc. of the organism, and why it is important enough to have its genome sequenced. Describe how and where it was isolated.<br />
Include a picture or two (with sources) if you can find them.<br />
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==Genome structure==<br />
Describe the size and content of the genome. How many chromosomes? Circular or linear? Other interesting features? What is known about its sequence?<br />
Does it have any plasmids? Are they important to the organism's lifestyle?<br />
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==Cell structure and metabolism==<br />
Describe any interesting features and/or cell structures; how it gains energy; what important molecules it produces.<br />
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==Ecology==<br />
Describe any interactions with other organisms (included eukaryotes), contributions to the environment, effect on environment, etc.<br />
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==Pathology==<br />
How does this organism cause disease? Human, animal, plant hosts? Virulence factors, as well as patient symptoms.<br />
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==Application to Biotechnology==<br />
Does this organism produce any useful compounds or enzymes? What are they and how are they used?<br />
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==Current Research==<br />
<br />
Enter summaries of the most recent research here--at least three required<br />
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==References==<br />
[Sample reference] [http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/50/2/489 Takai, K., Sugai, A., Itoh, T., and Horikoshi, K. "''Palaeococcus ferrophilus'' gen. nov., sp. nov., a barophilic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney". ''International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology''. 2000. Volume 50. p. 489-500.]<br />
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Edited by student of [mailto:ralarsen@ucsd.edu Rachel Larsen]</div>X8zhang