https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Tobacco_Mosaic_Virus_Uses_In_Pharmaceutical_Research&feed=atom&action=historyTobacco Mosaic Virus Uses In Pharmaceutical Research - Revision history2024-03-29T09:32:02ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Tobacco_Mosaic_Virus_Uses_In_Pharmaceutical_Research&diff=135552&oldid=prevItschnerms: /* Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as a Vaccine */2018-05-07T18:29:23Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as a Vaccine</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as a Vaccine==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as a Vaccine==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Francisella tularensis</i> is a pathogenic bacterium that is responsible for the disease tularemia, also known as rabbit fever. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has documented this pathogen as a biological threat. Several countries have studied this bacterium as a bioweapon for biological terrorism<ref>[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130858<i>Development of a Multivalent Subunit Vaccine against Tularemia Using Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Based Delivery System</i>]</ref>. The grounds for <i>F. tularensis</i> to be considered a biological weapon can be attributed to its rapid infection rate, infectious as a vapor, incapacitates its hosts, and causes death in a short period of time[[#References|[9]]]. Previous attempts to develop a vaccine have not been successful, with the closest usable vaccine was the Russian Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) that was made using<i>F. holartica</i>[[#References|[9]]]. While this vaccine did offer some resistance to tularemia, it still caused health problems and negative reactions in its patients, forcing the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to turn down approval for its development[[#References|[9]]]. Currently, a vaccine has not been developed yet for the prevention of this disease. Research by Banik et al. (2015) has investigated the potential of using the tobacco mosaic virus as a delivery apparatus to transport a potential vaccine molecule to combat tularemia.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Francisella tularensis</i> is a pathogenic bacterium that is responsible for the disease tularemia, also known as rabbit fever. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has documented this pathogen as a biological threat. Several countries have studied this bacterium as a bioweapon for biological terrorism<ref>[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130858<i>Development of a Multivalent Subunit Vaccine against Tularemia Using Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Based Delivery System</i>]</ref>. The grounds for <i>F. tularensis</i> to be considered a biological weapon can be attributed to its rapid infection rate, infectious as a vapor, incapacitates its hosts, and causes death in a short period of time[[#References|[9]]]. Previous attempts to develop a vaccine have not been successful, with the closest usable vaccine was the Russian Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) that was made using <i>F. holartica</i>[[#References|[9]]]. While this vaccine did offer some resistance to tularemia, it still caused health problems and negative reactions in its patients, forcing the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to turn down approval for its development[[#References|[9]]]. Currently, a vaccine has not been developed yet for the prevention of this disease. Research by Banik et al. (2015) has investigated the potential of using the tobacco mosaic virus as a delivery apparatus to transport a potential vaccine molecule to combat tularemia.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:VaccineTMV.PNG|thumb|300px|right|(<b>Figure 4</b>) Two different designs for the TMV nanocarrier [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130858].]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:VaccineTMV.PNG|thumb|300px|right|(<b>Figure 4</b>) Two different designs for the TMV nanocarrier [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130858].]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Itschnermshttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Tobacco_Mosaic_Virus_Uses_In_Pharmaceutical_Research&diff=135551&oldid=prevItschnerms: /* Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as a Vaccine */2018-05-07T18:28:57Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as a Vaccine</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> TMV is of particular interest as an antigen carrier because its structure allows for it to be ingested by cells easily and able to display antigens on its surface[[#References|[9]]]. It's possible that TMV is able to simulate antibody production due to the exposed repeated antigens on its surface, this mimics other viral coats that cause the human body view it as threatening. Or the other possibility, TMV RNA stimulates the cell-mediated immunity cascade [9]. Another positive of using TMV as a vector for the vaccine in drugs is the fact that TMV cannot infect mammals nor does it have negative affects on host antibodies. TMV can be used several times as a booster for multistep vaccinations. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> TMV is of particular interest as an antigen carrier because its structure allows for it to be ingested by cells easily and able to display antigens on its surface[[#References|[9]]]. It's possible that TMV is able to simulate antibody production due to the exposed repeated antigens on its surface, this mimics other viral coats that cause the human body view it as threatening. Or the other possibility, TMV RNA stimulates the cell-mediated immunity cascade [9]. Another positive of using TMV as a vector for the vaccine in drugs is the fact that TMV cannot infect mammals nor does it have negative affects on host antibodies. TMV can be used several times as a booster for multistep vaccinations. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> To test this method, Banik et al. (2015) used recombined proteins from F. tularensis to stimulate an immune response in mice. They used two different combinations, three different recombinant proteins from F. tularensis inside an TMV (multiconjugate), and a TMV with one type of recombinant F. tularensis protein (monofonjugate)[[#References|[9]]](<b>Figure 4</b>). They found in their research that when TMV was paired with these recombinant proteins, an immune response was activated. Antibodies formed against the three recombinant proteins that were used in the experiment. The TMV-monoconjugate had less antibodies being produced than the amount of antibodies produced in the TMV-multiconjugate response[[#References|[9]]]. The implications of these results could lead to the formation of a vaccine against bacteria that can be used to inoculate an entire population. This result would also provide humanity with a method to combat an outbreak of a deadly biological weapon in the event of military hostilities escalating to chemical warfare.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> To test this method, Banik et al. (2015) used recombined proteins from <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>F. tularensis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>to stimulate an immune response in mice. They used two different combinations, three different recombinant proteins from F. tularensis inside an TMV (multiconjugate), and a TMV with one type of recombinant <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>F. tularensis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>protein (monofonjugate)[[#References|[9]]](<b>Figure 4</b>). They found in their research that when TMV was paired with these recombinant proteins, an immune response was activated. Antibodies formed against the three recombinant proteins that were used in the experiment. The TMV-monoconjugate had less antibodies being produced than the amount of antibodies produced in the TMV-multiconjugate response[[#References|[9]]]. The implications of these results could lead to the formation of a vaccine against bacteria that can be used to inoculate an entire population. This result would also provide humanity with a method to combat an outbreak of a deadly biological weapon in the event of military hostilities escalating to chemical warfare.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==TMV Scaffolds Used to Make Other Nanoparticles==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==TMV Scaffolds Used to Make Other Nanoparticles==</div></td></tr>
</table>Itschnermshttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Tobacco_Mosaic_Virus_Uses_In_Pharmaceutical_Research&diff=135550&oldid=prevItschnerms: /* TMV Applications in Micromachines */2018-05-07T18:27:13Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">TMV Applications in Micromachines</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==TMV Applications in Micromachines==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==TMV Applications in Micromachines==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Small-scale machines and batteries, micromachines and microbatteries, have modern day applications in medical devices, commercial electronics, and wireless sensors that are used in environmental, homeland security, and structural <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">purposes</del><ref>[https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn301981p<i>Hierarchical Three-Dimensional Microbattery Electrodes Combining Bottom-Up Self-Assembly and Top-Down Micromachining</i>]</ref> Like all other technology, energy is required to make it function, but with the miniaturization of technology, the source of power for these devises also needs to get smaller. The most desired batteries or energy generators are able to have a large energy output with minimal area taken up within the device[[#References|[11]]]. Research that has been investigating the improvement of batteries at the microscale level has focused heavily on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)[[#References|[11]]]. This technology uses electrodes that are three-dimensional, opposed to two-dimensional films, to increase the surface area of the electrodes for more reaction space. Another approach to improving battery function at the nanoscale level is the use of nanomaterials to increase the area of space that the electrode and electrolyte meet, increasing the reaction area[[#References|[11]]]. Increasing the stability of these chemicals on the small scale also increases the efficiency of the microbatteries[[#References|[11]]]. The tobacco mosaic virus is useful in this technology as a scaffold for the production of nanomaterials. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Small-scale machines and batteries, micromachines and microbatteries, have modern day applications in medical devices, commercial electronics, and wireless sensors that are used in environmental, homeland security, and structural <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">features.</ins><ref>[https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn301981p<i>Hierarchical Three-Dimensional Microbattery Electrodes Combining Bottom-Up Self-Assembly and Top-Down Micromachining</i>]</ref> Like all other technology, energy is required to make it function, but with the miniaturization of technology, the source of power for these devises also needs to get smaller. The most desired batteries or energy generators are able to have a large energy output with minimal area taken up within the device[[#References|[11]]]. Research that has been investigating the improvement of batteries at the microscale level has focused heavily on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)[[#References|[11]]]. This technology uses electrodes that are three-dimensional <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">shapes</ins>, opposed to two-dimensional films, to increase the surface area of the electrodes for more reaction space. Another approach to improving battery function at the nanoscale level is the use of nanomaterials to increase the area of space that the electrode and electrolyte meet, increasing the reaction area[[#References|[11]]]. Increasing the stability of these chemicals on the small scale also increases the efficiency of the microbatteries[[#References|[11]]]. The tobacco mosaic virus is useful in this technology as a scaffold for the production of nanomaterials. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:SEMelectrodesTMV.gif|thumb|300px|right|(<b>Figure 5</b>) Micropillers of the TMV on electrodes in a microbattery [https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/nn301981p].]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:SEMelectrodesTMV.gif|thumb|300px|right|(<b>Figure 5</b>) Micropillers of the TMV on electrodes in a microbattery [https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/nn301981p].]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The TMV is more effective in this role when it’s modified with extra cysteine amino acid residues[[#References|[11]]]. The thiol functional groups improve TMV’s ability to bind (self assemble) to metal surfaces of the electrodes. When the TMV adheres to the surface of the electrodes they form a strong network that increases the surface area of the electrode for more reactions to take place with the electrolytes[[#References|[11]]]. This structure also helps to stabilize the microbattery as a whole. TMV is able to conduct electrons when a metallic film covers the virus to enhance its conductivity. V2O5 was one of these materials used to increase TMV’s conductivity[[#References|[11]]]. Underneath the TMV structure, a metal such a gold, nickel or copper, is used to collect the electrons of the reactions from the surface between the conductive TMV and electrolyte solution[[#References|[11]]]. In this battery, gold was used as the material of choice to form the electrode pillars. The reasoning for this choice was due to the fact that TMV was able to self assemble onto the gold pillars easily, and it <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is an </del>inert <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">metal </del>at the voltage range that the battery was operated in (2.6-3.6 V)[[#References|[11]]](<b>Figure 5</b>). The implications of these experiments can lead to the development of microscale batteries that have the capability to power small machines; which can be used to for commercial, medical, and military applications.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The TMV is more effective in this role when it’s modified with extra cysteine amino acid residues[[#References|[11]]]. The thiol functional groups improve TMV’s ability to bind (self assemble) to metal surfaces of the electrodes. When the TMV adheres to the surface of the electrodes they form a strong network that increases the surface area of the electrode for more reactions to take place with the electrolytes[[#References|[11]]]. This structure also helps to stabilize the microbattery as a whole. TMV is able to conduct electrons when a metallic film covers the virus to enhance its conductivity. V2O5 was one of these materials used to increase TMV’s conductivity[[#References|[11]]]. Underneath the TMV structure, a metal such a gold, nickel or copper, is used to collect the electrons of the reactions from the surface between the conductive TMV and electrolyte solution[[#References|[11]]]. In this battery, gold was used as the material of choice to form the electrode pillars <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(<b>Figure 5</b>)</ins>. The reasoning for this choice was due to the fact that TMV was able to self assemble onto the gold pillars easily, and it<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'s </ins>inert at the voltage range that the battery was operated in (2.6-3.6 V)[[#References|[11]]](<b>Figure 5</b>). The implications of these experiments can lead to the development of microscale batteries that have the capability to power small machines; which can be used to for commercial, medical, and military applications.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusions==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Conclusions==</div></td></tr>
</table>Itschnermshttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Tobacco_Mosaic_Virus_Uses_In_Pharmaceutical_Research&diff=135549&oldid=prevItschnerms: /* TMV Scaffolds Used to Make Other Nanoparticles */2018-05-07T18:22:13Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">TMV Scaffolds Used to Make Other Nanoparticles</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==TMV Scaffolds Used to Make Other Nanoparticles==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==TMV Scaffolds Used to Make Other Nanoparticles==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nanoparticles are well sought into because of their applications in drug delivery and in other nanotechnologies. The tobacco mosaic virus is a symmetrical rod of repeating subunits of protein stacked on top of each other, which has the ability to be reformed into other nanoparticle shapes. Research into diverse nanoparticle shapes <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and forms </del>are being looked into to see their potential use in in vivo studies<ref>[https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ab500059s<i>Nanomanufacturing of Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Based Spherical Biomaterials Using a Continuous Flow Method</i>]</ref>. Research has found that when TMV rods are heated up they can take on different structures and sizes of spherical nanoparticles. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Theses </del>different sized nanoparticles have the potential to be used in the medical field to find a variety of delivery and imagining agents[[#References|[10]]]. The spherical nanoparticles form as a result of heating the TMV to 94 °C for at least ten seconds. The size of the nanoparticles can vary depending on the concentration of the TMV that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are </del>in solution at one time[[#References|[10]]]. The reported sizes of these spherical nanoparticles are between 50-800 nm in diameter and can range in morphology by changing the temperature and time under heat conditions[[#References|[10]]]. For the complete conversion of TMV into the spherical nanoparticles, 125 seconds at 100 °C is required. Shorter times at 100 °C will result in a mix of TMV rods and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the </del>spheres<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, and longer </del>times at 100 °C will not change the morphology of the spherical nanoparticles<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. This indicates a transition threshold at 100 °C</del>[[#References|[10]]]. Further investigation into these different nanoparticle shapes could lead to novel structures that <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">could </del>be used for medical applications in drug delivery that researchers are not yet aware of.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nanoparticles are well sought into because of their applications in drug delivery and in other nanotechnologies. The tobacco mosaic virus is a symmetrical rod of repeating subunits of protein stacked on top of each other, which has the ability to be reformed into other nanoparticle shapes. Research into diverse nanoparticle shapes are being looked into to see their potential use in in vivo studies<ref>[https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ab500059s<i>Nanomanufacturing of Tobacco Mosaic Virus-Based Spherical Biomaterials Using a Continuous Flow Method</i>]</ref>. Research has found that when TMV rods are heated up they can <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">collapse to </ins>take on different structures and sizes of spherical nanoparticles. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">These </ins>different sized nanoparticles have the potential to be used in the medical field to find a variety of delivery and imagining agents[[#References|[10]]]. The spherical nanoparticles form as a result of heating the TMV to 94 °C for at least ten seconds. The size of the nanoparticles can vary depending on the concentration of the TMV that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </ins>in solution at one time[[#References|[10]]]. The reported sizes of these spherical nanoparticles are between 50-800 nm in diameter and can range in morphology by changing the temperature and time under heat conditions[[#References|[10]]]. For the complete conversion of TMV into the spherical nanoparticles, 125 seconds at 100 °C is required. Shorter times at 100 °C will result in a mix of TMV rods and spheres<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Longer </ins>times at 100 °C will not change the morphology of the spherical nanoparticles[[#References|[10]]]. Further investigation into these different nanoparticle shapes could lead to novel structures that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">can </ins>be used for medical applications in drug delivery that researchers are not yet aware of.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==TMV Applications in Micromachines==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==TMV Applications in Micromachines==</div></td></tr>
</table>Itschnermshttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Tobacco_Mosaic_Virus_Uses_In_Pharmaceutical_Research&diff=135548&oldid=prevItschnerms: /* Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as a Vaccine */2018-05-07T18:17:31Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as a Vaccine</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:17, 7 May 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as a Vaccine==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as a Vaccine==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic bacterium that is responsible for the disease tularemia, also known as rabbit fever. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has documented this pathogen as a biological threat. Several countries have studied this bacterium as a bioweapon for biological terrorism<ref>[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130858<i>Development of a Multivalent Subunit Vaccine against Tularemia Using Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Based Delivery System</i>]</ref>. The grounds for <i>F. tularensis</i> to be considered a biological weapon <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">due </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the fact that it only takes a few cells to cause </del>infection, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">can be released </del>as a vapor, incapacitates its hosts, and causes death in a short period of time[[#References|[9]]]. Previous attempts to develop a vaccine have not been successful, with the closest usable vaccine <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">being a </del>Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) that was made using F. holartica <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">from Russia</del>[[#References|[9]]]. While this vaccine did offer some resistance to tularemia, it still caused health problems and negative reactions in its patients, forcing the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to turn down approval[[#References|[9]]]. Currently, a vaccine has not been developed yet for the prevention of this disease. Research by Banik et al. (2015) has investigated the potential of using the tobacco mosaic virus as a delivery apparatus to transport a potential vaccine molecule to combat tularemia.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>Francisella tularensis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>is a pathogenic bacterium that is responsible for the disease tularemia, also known as rabbit fever. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has documented this pathogen as a biological threat. Several countries have studied this bacterium as a bioweapon for biological terrorism<ref>[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130858<i>Development of a Multivalent Subunit Vaccine against Tularemia Using Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Based Delivery System</i>]</ref>. The grounds for <i>F. tularensis</i> to be considered a biological weapon <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">can be attributed </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">its rapid </ins>infection <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">rate</ins>, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">infectious </ins>as a vapor, incapacitates its hosts, and causes death in a short period of time[[#References|[9]]]. Previous attempts to develop a vaccine have not been successful, with the closest usable vaccine <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was the Russian </ins>Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) that was made using<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>F. holartica<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i></ins>[[#References|[9]]]. While this vaccine did offer some resistance to tularemia, it still caused health problems and negative reactions in its patients, forcing the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to turn down approval <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for its development</ins>[[#References|[9]]]. Currently, a vaccine has not been developed yet for the prevention of this disease. Research by Banik et al. (2015) has investigated the potential of using the tobacco mosaic virus as a delivery apparatus to transport a potential vaccine molecule to combat tularemia.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:VaccineTMV.PNG|thumb|300px|right|(<b>Figure 4</b>) Two different <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">designes </del>for the TMV nanocarrier [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130858].]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:VaccineTMV.PNG|thumb|300px|right|(<b>Figure 4</b>) Two different <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">designs </ins>for the TMV nanocarrier [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130858].]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> The failure of these previous vaccines can be attributed to their design <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">being </del>a single subunit of a larger structure <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">was </del>aimed at targeting the bacteria, but was not able to defend against all the possible <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">variations </del>of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">infectious </del>F. tularensis <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">strains</del>[[#References|[9]]]. Another possible explanation for the vaccine failures could <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">be </del>that single targeting proteins <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are </del>unable to be affective against all the possible orientations of the bacterial proteins<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, or </del>a lack of the proper antigens to stimulate an immune response that would target the bacteria[[#References|[9]]]. A new approach to developing a vaccine against this disease is two fold; the first being to develop a vaccine that is effective against F. tularensis, and second is to use TMV as its delivery mechanism[[#References|[9]]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> The failure of these previous vaccines can be attributed to their design<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Several only having </ins>a single subunit of a larger structure aimed at targeting the bacteria, but was not able to defend against all the possible <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">strains </ins>of<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>F. tularensis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i></ins>[[#References|[9]]]. Another possible explanation for the vaccine failures could <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">have been </ins>that single targeting proteins <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">were </ins>unable to be affective against all the possible orientations of the bacterial proteins<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Or </ins>a lack of the proper antigens to stimulate an immune response that would target the bacteria[[#References|[9]]]. A new approach to developing a vaccine against this disease is two fold; the first being to develop a vaccine that is effective against <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>F. tularensis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i></ins>, and second is to use TMV as its delivery mechanism[[#References|[9]]]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> TMV is of particular interest as an antigen carrier because its structure allows for it to be ingested by cells easily and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </del>able to display antigens on its surface[[#References|[9]]]. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Since </del>TMV is able to simulate antibody production <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">could be </del>due to the exposed repeated antigens on its surface<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. This </del>mimics other viral coats <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">making </del>the human body <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">interpret </del>it as threatening. Or the other possibility <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is that the </del>TMV RNA stimulates the cell-mediated immunity cascade [9]. Another positive of using TMV as a vector for the vaccine drugs is the fact that TMV cannot infect mammals nor does it have negative affects on host antibodies. TMV can be used several times <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to boost the vaccine effects also</del>.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> TMV is of particular interest as an antigen carrier because its structure allows for it to be ingested by cells easily and able to display antigens on its surface[[#References|[9]]]. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It's possible that </ins>TMV is able to simulate antibody production due to the exposed repeated antigens on its surface<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, this </ins>mimics other viral coats <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that cause </ins>the human body <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">view </ins>it as threatening. Or the other possibility<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </ins>TMV RNA stimulates the cell-mediated immunity cascade [9]. Another positive of using TMV as a vector for the vaccine <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </ins>drugs is the fact that TMV cannot infect mammals nor does it have negative affects on host antibodies. TMV can be used several times <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as a booster for multistep vaccinations</ins>. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> To test this <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">combination of TMV with a vaccine drug</del>, Banik et al. (2015) used recombined proteins from F. tularensis <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in order </del>to stimulate an immune response in mice. They used two different combinations, three different recombinant proteins from F. tularensis inside <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">a </del>TMV (multiconjugate), and a TMV with one type of recombinant F. tularensis protein (monofonjugate)[[#References|[9]]](<b>Figure 4</b>). They found in their research that when TMV was paired with these recombinant proteins, an immune response was activated. Antibodies formed against the three recombinant proteins that were used in the experiment. The TMV-monoconjugate had less antibodies being produced than the amount of antibodies produced in the TMV-multiconjugate response[[#References|[9]]]. The implications of these results could lead to the formation of a vaccine against bacteria that can be used to inoculate an entire population. This result would also provide humanity with a method to combat an outbreak of a deadly biological weapon in the event of military hostilities escalating to chemical warfare.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> To test this <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">method</ins>, Banik et al. (2015) used recombined proteins from F. tularensis to stimulate an immune response in mice. They used two different combinations, three different recombinant proteins from F. tularensis inside <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">an </ins>TMV (multiconjugate), and a TMV with one type of recombinant F. tularensis protein (monofonjugate)[[#References|[9]]](<b>Figure 4</b>). They found in their research that when TMV was paired with these recombinant proteins, an immune response was activated. Antibodies formed against the three recombinant proteins that were used in the experiment. The TMV-monoconjugate had less antibodies being produced than the amount of antibodies produced in the TMV-multiconjugate response[[#References|[9]]]. The implications of these results could lead to the formation of a vaccine against bacteria that can be used to inoculate an entire population. This result would also provide humanity with a method to combat an outbreak of a deadly biological weapon in the event of military hostilities escalating to chemical warfare.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Itschnermshttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Tobacco_Mosaic_Virus_Uses_In_Pharmaceutical_Research&diff=135547&oldid=prevItschnerms: /* TMV as a Treatment for Melanoma */2018-05-07T17:59:26Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">TMV as a Treatment for Melanoma</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:59, 7 May 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==TMV as a Treatment for Melanoma==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==TMV as a Treatment for Melanoma==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:TMVmelanoma.jpg|thumb|300px|right|(<b>Figure 3</b>) TMV nanocarrier plus photosensitizer lead to cell death [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5509260/].]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:TMVmelanoma.jpg|thumb|300px|right|(<b>Figure 3</b>) TMV nanocarrier plus photosensitizer lead to cell death <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">A) cell viability after 8hr of Zn-EpPor TMV B) Images of LIVE / Dead cells, green=live, red=dead </ins>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5509260/].]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a different approach to treating melanoma, cancer of the skin. There are three requirements of this method and they are all nontoxic, a photosensitizer, light, and oxygen<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5509260/<i>High Aspect Ratio Nanotubes Formed by Tobacco Mosaic Virus for Delivery of Photodynamic Agents Targeting Melanoma</i>]</ref>. The combination of these three requirements in a cell will lead to cell death. When the photosensitizer is exposed to a certain wavelength of light in the presence of oxygen it will begin to react, resulting in the release of a reactive oxygen species (ROS)[[#References|[8]]]. The ROS will cause damage to the internal cellular components by oxidative stress causing the cell to undergo apoptosis. Photosensitizers are not soluble under biological conditions and do not accumulate in high enough concentrations in tumor tissues to be effective, and patients have to avoid sunlight after treatment to prevent unwanted activation the drug. The use of TMV as a delivery system for the photosensitizers offers a promising method to increase concentrations in tumor tissues and lower off target side effects[[#References|[8]]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a different approach to treating melanoma, cancer of the skin. There are three requirements of this method and they are all nontoxic, a photosensitizer, light, and oxygen<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5509260/<i>High Aspect Ratio Nanotubes Formed by Tobacco Mosaic Virus for Delivery of Photodynamic Agents Targeting Melanoma</i>]</ref>. The combination of these three requirements in a cell will lead to cell death. When the photosensitizer is exposed to a certain wavelength of light in the presence of oxygen it will begin to react, resulting in the release of a reactive oxygen species (ROS)[[#References|[8]]]. The ROS will cause damage to the internal cellular components by oxidative stress causing the cell to undergo apoptosis. Photosensitizers are not soluble under biological conditions and do not accumulate in high enough concentrations in tumor tissues to be effective, and patients have to avoid sunlight after treatment to prevent unwanted activation the drug. The use of TMV as a delivery system for the photosensitizers offers a promising method to increase concentrations in tumor tissues and lower off target side effects[[#References|[8]]]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> The interior of the TMV has a high concentration of negative charges due to the glutamic acids that are exposed in this area. Research done by Lee et al. (2016) has capitalized on this detail using a photosensitizer, Zn-EpPor, which has positive charge molecules to load into the TMV based on charge-charge interactions[[#References|[8]]]. The positive Zn-EpPor will bind favorably to the negatively charged internal TMV tube. They found that approximately 800 molecules of their photosensitizer were successfully loaded into the TMV structure. Using fluorescence analysis, they found that there was a 40% increase in cellular uptake of the Zn-EpPor TMV than the Zn-EpPor alone in B16F10 melanoma cell lines[[#References|[8]]]. They report that when the melanoma cells take up the Zn-EpPor TMV, they are transported to the endolysosomes[[#References|[8]]]. The acidic environment in these organelles case the protonation of the carboxylic acids in the interior of the TMV and giving it a more positive charge and triggering the release of the Zn-EpPor drug[[#References|[8]]]. When this drug is then exposed to light, it begins to release ROS molecules causing the cell to die. After the release of the drug, the TMV shell will then be degraded by the proteases and hydrolyases that are contained within the lysozymes[[#References|[8]]]. The degraded parts are then excreted with the other waste products from cellular function. TMV works well as a nanocarrier in this field because of its effective delivery to target cells and release its payload while being able to be degraded and excreted without having any harmful side effects.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(<b>Figure 3</b>)</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> The interior of the TMV has a high concentration of negative charges due to the glutamic acids that are exposed in this area. Research done by Lee et al. (2016) has capitalized on this detail using a photosensitizer, Zn-EpPor, which has positive charge molecules to load into the TMV based on charge-charge interactions[[#References|[8]]]. The positive Zn-EpPor will bind favorably to the negatively charged internal TMV tube. They found that approximately 800 molecules of their photosensitizer were successfully loaded into the TMV structure. Using fluorescence analysis, they found that there was a 40% increase in cellular uptake of the Zn-EpPor TMV than the Zn-EpPor alone in B16F10 melanoma cell lines[[#References|[8]]]. They report that when the melanoma cells take up the Zn-EpPor TMV, they are transported to the endolysosomes[[#References|[8]]]. The acidic environment in these organelles case the protonation of the carboxylic acids in the interior of the TMV and giving it a more positive charge and triggering the release of the Zn-EpPor drug[[#References|[8]]]. When this drug is then exposed to light, it begins to release ROS molecules causing the cell to die. After the release of the drug, the TMV shell will then be degraded by the proteases and hydrolyases that are contained within the lysozymes[[#References|[8]]]<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. When the melanoma cells were exposed to free Zn-EpPor and TMV Zn-EpPor, only in the light exposed samples was massive cell death observed (<b>Figure 3</b>) </ins>. The degraded parts are then excreted with the other waste products from cellular function. TMV works well as a nanocarrier in this field because of its effective delivery to target cells and release its payload while being able to be degraded and excreted without having any harmful side effects.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as a Vaccine==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as a Vaccine==</div></td></tr>
</table>Itschnermshttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Tobacco_Mosaic_Virus_Uses_In_Pharmaceutical_Research&diff=135546&oldid=prevItschnerms: /* Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as a Vaccine */2018-05-07T17:33:12Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as a Vaccine</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:33, 7 May 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as a Vaccine==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as a Vaccine==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic bacterium that is responsible for the disease tularemia, also known as rabbit fever. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has documented this pathogen as a biological threat. Several countries have studied this bacterium as a bioweapon for biological terrorism<ref>[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130858<i>Development of a Multivalent Subunit Vaccine against Tularemia Using Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Based Delivery System</i>]</ref>. The grounds for F. tularensis to be considered a biological weapon due to the fact that it only takes a few cells to cause infection, can be released as a vapor, incapacitates its hosts, and causes death in a short period of time[[#References|[9]]]. Previous attempts to develop a vaccine have not been successful, with the closest usable vaccine being a Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) that was made using F. holartica from Russia[[#References|[9]]]. While this vaccine did offer some resistance to tularemia, it still caused health problems and negative reactions in its patients, forcing the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to turn down approval[[#References|[9]]]. Currently, a vaccine has not been developed yet for the prevention of this disease. Research by Banik et al. (2015) has investigated the potential of using the tobacco mosaic virus as a delivery apparatus to transport a potential vaccine molecule to combat tularemia.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic bacterium that is responsible for the disease tularemia, also known as rabbit fever. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has documented this pathogen as a biological threat. Several countries have studied this bacterium as a bioweapon for biological terrorism<ref>[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130858<i>Development of a Multivalent Subunit Vaccine against Tularemia Using Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Based Delivery System</i>]</ref>. The grounds for <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><i></ins>F. tularensis<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></i> </ins>to be considered a biological weapon due to the fact that it only takes a few cells to cause infection, can be released as a vapor, incapacitates its hosts, and causes death in a short period of time[[#References|[9]]]. Previous attempts to develop a vaccine have not been successful, with the closest usable vaccine being a Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) that was made using F. holartica from Russia[[#References|[9]]]. While this vaccine did offer some resistance to tularemia, it still caused health problems and negative reactions in its patients, forcing the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to turn down approval[[#References|[9]]]. Currently, a vaccine has not been developed yet for the prevention of this disease. Research by Banik et al. (2015) has investigated the potential of using the tobacco mosaic virus as a delivery apparatus to transport a potential vaccine molecule to combat tularemia.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:VaccineTMV.PNG|thumb|300px|right|(<b>Figure 4</b>) Two different designes for the TMV nanocarrier [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130858].]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:VaccineTMV.PNG|thumb|300px|right|(<b>Figure 4</b>) Two different designes for the TMV nanocarrier [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130858].]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Itschnermshttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Tobacco_Mosaic_Virus_Uses_In_Pharmaceutical_Research&diff=135545&oldid=prevItschnerms: /* TMV Applications in Micromachines */2018-05-07T17:30:47Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">TMV Applications in Micromachines</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:30, 7 May 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Small-scale machines and batteries, micromachines and microbatteries, have modern day applications in medical devices, commercial electronics, and wireless sensors that are used in environmental, homeland security, and structural purposes<ref>[https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn301981p<i>Hierarchical Three-Dimensional Microbattery Electrodes Combining Bottom-Up Self-Assembly and Top-Down Micromachining</i>]</ref> Like all other technology, energy is required to make it function, but with the miniaturization of technology, the source of power for these devises also needs to get smaller. The most desired batteries or energy generators are able to have a large energy output with minimal area taken up within the device[[#References|[11]]]. Research that has been investigating the improvement of batteries at the microscale level has focused heavily on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)[[#References|[11]]]. This technology uses electrodes that are three-dimensional, opposed to two-dimensional films, to increase the surface area of the electrodes for more reaction space. Another approach to improving battery function at the nanoscale level is the use of nanomaterials to increase the area of space that the electrode and electrolyte meet, increasing the reaction area[[#References|[11]]]. Increasing the stability of these chemicals on the small scale also increases the efficiency of the microbatteries[[#References|[11]]]. The tobacco mosaic virus is useful in this technology as a scaffold for the production of nanomaterials. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Small-scale machines and batteries, micromachines and microbatteries, have modern day applications in medical devices, commercial electronics, and wireless sensors that are used in environmental, homeland security, and structural purposes<ref>[https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn301981p<i>Hierarchical Three-Dimensional Microbattery Electrodes Combining Bottom-Up Self-Assembly and Top-Down Micromachining</i>]</ref> Like all other technology, energy is required to make it function, but with the miniaturization of technology, the source of power for these devises also needs to get smaller. The most desired batteries or energy generators are able to have a large energy output with minimal area taken up within the device[[#References|[11]]]. Research that has been investigating the improvement of batteries at the microscale level has focused heavily on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)[[#References|[11]]]. This technology uses electrodes that are three-dimensional, opposed to two-dimensional films, to increase the surface area of the electrodes for more reaction space. Another approach to improving battery function at the nanoscale level is the use of nanomaterials to increase the area of space that the electrode and electrolyte meet, increasing the reaction area[[#References|[11]]]. Increasing the stability of these chemicals on the small scale also increases the efficiency of the microbatteries[[#References|[11]]]. The tobacco mosaic virus is useful in this technology as a scaffold for the production of nanomaterials. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:SEMelectrodesTMV.gif|thumb|300px|right|Micropillers of the TMV on electrodes in a microbattery [https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/nn301981p].]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:SEMelectrodesTMV.gif|thumb|300px|right|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(<b>Figure 5</b>) </ins>Micropillers of the TMV on electrodes in a microbattery [https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/nn301981p].]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The TMV is more effective in this role when it’s modified with extra cysteine amino acid residues[[#References|[11]]]. The thiol functional groups improve TMV’s ability to bind (self assemble) to metal surfaces of the electrodes. When the TMV adheres to the surface of the electrodes they form a strong network that increases the surface area of the electrode for more reactions to take place with the electrolytes[[#References|[11]]]. This structure also helps to stabilize the microbattery as a whole. TMV is able to conduct electrons when a metallic film covers the virus to enhance its conductivity. V2O5 was one of these materials used to increase TMV’s conductivity[[#References|[11]]]. Underneath the TMV structure, a metal such a gold, nickel or copper, is used to collect the electrons of the reactions from the surface between the conductive TMV and electrolyte solution[[#References|[11]]]. In this battery, gold was used as the material of choice to form the electrode pillars. The reasoning for this choice was due to the fact that TMV was able to self assemble onto the gold pillars easily, and it is an inert metal at the voltage range that the battery was operated in (2.6-3.6 V)[[#References|[11]]](<b>Figure 5</b>). The implications of these experiments can lead to the development of microscale batteries that have the capability to power small machines; which can be used to for commercial, medical, and military applications.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The TMV is more effective in this role when it’s modified with extra cysteine amino acid residues[[#References|[11]]]. The thiol functional groups improve TMV’s ability to bind (self assemble) to metal surfaces of the electrodes. When the TMV adheres to the surface of the electrodes they form a strong network that increases the surface area of the electrode for more reactions to take place with the electrolytes[[#References|[11]]]. This structure also helps to stabilize the microbattery as a whole. TMV is able to conduct electrons when a metallic film covers the virus to enhance its conductivity. V2O5 was one of these materials used to increase TMV’s conductivity[[#References|[11]]]. Underneath the TMV structure, a metal such a gold, nickel or copper, is used to collect the electrons of the reactions from the surface between the conductive TMV and electrolyte solution[[#References|[11]]]. In this battery, gold was used as the material of choice to form the electrode pillars. The reasoning for this choice was due to the fact that TMV was able to self assemble onto the gold pillars easily, and it is an inert metal at the voltage range that the battery was operated in (2.6-3.6 V)[[#References|[11]]](<b>Figure 5</b>). The implications of these experiments can lead to the development of microscale batteries that have the capability to power small machines; which can be used to for commercial, medical, and military applications.</div></td></tr>
</table>Itschnermshttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Tobacco_Mosaic_Virus_Uses_In_Pharmaceutical_Research&diff=135544&oldid=prevItschnerms: /* Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as a Vaccine */2018-05-07T17:30:27Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) as a Vaccine</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:30, 7 May 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic bacterium that is responsible for the disease tularemia, also known as rabbit fever. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has documented this pathogen as a biological threat. Several countries have studied this bacterium as a bioweapon for biological terrorism<ref>[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130858<i>Development of a Multivalent Subunit Vaccine against Tularemia Using Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Based Delivery System</i>]</ref>. The grounds for F. tularensis to be considered a biological weapon due to the fact that it only takes a few cells to cause infection, can be released as a vapor, incapacitates its hosts, and causes death in a short period of time[[#References|[9]]]. Previous attempts to develop a vaccine have not been successful, with the closest usable vaccine being a Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) that was made using F. holartica from Russia[[#References|[9]]]. While this vaccine did offer some resistance to tularemia, it still caused health problems and negative reactions in its patients, forcing the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to turn down approval[[#References|[9]]]. Currently, a vaccine has not been developed yet for the prevention of this disease. Research by Banik et al. (2015) has investigated the potential of using the tobacco mosaic virus as a delivery apparatus to transport a potential vaccine molecule to combat tularemia.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Francisella tularensis is a pathogenic bacterium that is responsible for the disease tularemia, also known as rabbit fever. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) has documented this pathogen as a biological threat. Several countries have studied this bacterium as a bioweapon for biological terrorism<ref>[http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130858<i>Development of a Multivalent Subunit Vaccine against Tularemia Using Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV) Based Delivery System</i>]</ref>. The grounds for F. tularensis to be considered a biological weapon due to the fact that it only takes a few cells to cause infection, can be released as a vapor, incapacitates its hosts, and causes death in a short period of time[[#References|[9]]]. Previous attempts to develop a vaccine have not been successful, with the closest usable vaccine being a Live Vaccine Strain (LVS) that was made using F. holartica from Russia[[#References|[9]]]. While this vaccine did offer some resistance to tularemia, it still caused health problems and negative reactions in its patients, forcing the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to turn down approval[[#References|[9]]]. Currently, a vaccine has not been developed yet for the prevention of this disease. Research by Banik et al. (2015) has investigated the potential of using the tobacco mosaic virus as a delivery apparatus to transport a potential vaccine molecule to combat tularemia.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:VaccineTMV.PNG|thumb|300px|right|Two different designes for the TMV nanocarrier [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130858].]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:VaccineTMV.PNG|thumb|300px|right|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(<b>Figure 4</b>) </ins>Two different designes for the TMV nanocarrier [http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130858].]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> The failure of these previous vaccines can be attributed to their design being a single subunit of a larger structure was aimed at targeting the bacteria, but was not able to defend against all the possible variations of infectious F. tularensis strains[[#References|[9]]]. Another possible explanation for the vaccine failures could be that single targeting proteins are unable to be affective against all the possible orientations of the bacterial proteins, or a lack of the proper antigens to stimulate an immune response that would target the bacteria[[#References|[9]]]. A new approach to developing a vaccine against this disease is two fold; the first being to develop a vaccine that is effective against F. tularensis, and second is to use TMV as its delivery mechanism[[#References|[9]]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> The failure of these previous vaccines can be attributed to their design being a single subunit of a larger structure was aimed at targeting the bacteria, but was not able to defend against all the possible variations of infectious F. tularensis strains[[#References|[9]]]. Another possible explanation for the vaccine failures could be that single targeting proteins are unable to be affective against all the possible orientations of the bacterial proteins, or a lack of the proper antigens to stimulate an immune response that would target the bacteria[[#References|[9]]]. A new approach to developing a vaccine against this disease is two fold; the first being to develop a vaccine that is effective against F. tularensis, and second is to use TMV as its delivery mechanism[[#References|[9]]]. </div></td></tr>
</table>Itschnermshttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Tobacco_Mosaic_Virus_Uses_In_Pharmaceutical_Research&diff=135543&oldid=prevItschnerms: /* TMV as a Treatment for Melanoma */2018-05-07T17:30:02Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">TMV as a Treatment for Melanoma</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:30, 7 May 2018</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==TMV as a Treatment for Melanoma==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==TMV as a Treatment for Melanoma==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:TMVmelanoma.jpg|thumb|300px|right|TMV nanocarrier plus photosensitizer lead to cell death [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5509260/].]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:TMVmelanoma.jpg|thumb|300px|right|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(<b>Figure 3</b>) </ins>TMV nanocarrier plus photosensitizer lead to cell death [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5509260/].]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a different approach to treating melanoma, cancer of the skin. There are three requirements of this method and they are all nontoxic, a photosensitizer, light, and oxygen<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5509260/<i>High Aspect Ratio Nanotubes Formed by Tobacco Mosaic Virus for Delivery of Photodynamic Agents Targeting Melanoma</i>]</ref>. The combination of these three requirements in a cell will lead to cell death. When the photosensitizer is exposed to a certain wavelength of light in the presence of oxygen it will begin to react, resulting in the release of a reactive oxygen species (ROS)[[#References|[8]]]. The ROS will cause damage to the internal cellular components by oxidative stress causing the cell to undergo apoptosis. Photosensitizers are not soluble under biological conditions and do not accumulate in high enough concentrations in tumor tissues to be effective, and patients have to avoid sunlight after treatment to prevent unwanted activation the drug. The use of TMV as a delivery system for the photosensitizers offers a promising method to increase concentrations in tumor tissues and lower off target side effects[[#References|[8]]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a different approach to treating melanoma, cancer of the skin. There are three requirements of this method and they are all nontoxic, a photosensitizer, light, and oxygen<ref>[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5509260/<i>High Aspect Ratio Nanotubes Formed by Tobacco Mosaic Virus for Delivery of Photodynamic Agents Targeting Melanoma</i>]</ref>. The combination of these three requirements in a cell will lead to cell death. When the photosensitizer is exposed to a certain wavelength of light in the presence of oxygen it will begin to react, resulting in the release of a reactive oxygen species (ROS)[[#References|[8]]]. The ROS will cause damage to the internal cellular components by oxidative stress causing the cell to undergo apoptosis. Photosensitizers are not soluble under biological conditions and do not accumulate in high enough concentrations in tumor tissues to be effective, and patients have to avoid sunlight after treatment to prevent unwanted activation the drug. The use of TMV as a delivery system for the photosensitizers offers a promising method to increase concentrations in tumor tissues and lower off target side effects[[#References|[8]]]. </div></td></tr>
</table>Itschnerms