https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ulcerative_Colitis_caused_by_Bacteria%3F&feed=atom&action=historyUlcerative Colitis caused by Bacteria? - Revision history2024-03-29T02:13:39ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.39.6https://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ulcerative_Colitis_caused_by_Bacteria%3F&diff=65103&oldid=prevBarichD at 19:29, 1 September 20112011-09-01T19:29:48Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:19219-1-.jpg|thumb|450px|right|[Figure 1. Diagram showing portions of the intestines affected by Ulcerative Colitis]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:19219-1-.jpg|thumb|450px|right|[Figure 1. Diagram showing portions of the intestines affected by Ulcerative Colitis]]</div></td></tr>
</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ulcerative_Colitis_caused_by_Bacteria%3F&diff=65102&oldid=prevBarichD at 19:29, 1 September 20112011-09-01T19:29:09Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Introduction==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:19219-1-.jpg|thumb|450px|right|[Figure 1. Diagram showing portions of the intestines affected by Ulcerative Colitis]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:19219-1-.jpg|thumb|450px|right|[Figure 1. Diagram showing portions of the intestines affected by Ulcerative Colitis]]</div></td></tr>
</table>BarichDhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ulcerative_Colitis_caused_by_Bacteria%3F&diff=64500&oldid=prevKorinekM: /* References */2011-05-12T02:54:03Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[11] [http://www.medicinenet.com/ulcerative_colitis/page3.htm]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[11] [http://www.medicinenet.com/ulcerative_colitis/page3.htm]</div></td></tr>
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</table>KorinekMhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ulcerative_Colitis_caused_by_Bacteria%3F&diff=64499&oldid=prevKorinekM: /* Genetic component */2011-05-12T02:51:34Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Genetic component</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Picture 009.jpg|thumb|450px|right|[Figure 3. This table shows that there are significant differences in susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Picture 009.jpg|thumb|450px|right|[Figure 3. This table shows that there are significant differences in susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> There seems to be a genetic component that contributes to ulcerative colitis. Twenty percent of patients with ulcerative colitis have a family member of relative with either ulcerative colitis or crohn's disease. Recently multiple studies have used genome wide association scans to investigate genetic susceptibility to ulcerative colitis. Approximately thirty genes have been identified that may increase susceptibility to UC. These genes include immunoglobin receptor gene FCGR2A, 5p15, 2p16, ORMDL3, ECM1, as well as regions on chromosomes 1p36, 12q15, 7q22, 22q13, and IL23R [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</del>].At this point it is unclear whether the identification of these genes will help in treatment with the disease, but may help with determining the pathogenesis. <br> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> There seems to be a genetic component that contributes to ulcerative colitis. Twenty percent of patients with ulcerative colitis have a family member of relative with either ulcerative colitis or crohn's disease. Recently multiple studies have used genome wide association scans to investigate genetic susceptibility to ulcerative colitis. Approximately thirty genes have been identified that may increase susceptibility to UC. These genes include immunoglobin receptor gene FCGR2A, 5p15, 2p16, ORMDL3, ECM1, as well as regions on chromosomes 1p36, 12q15, 7q22, 22q13, and IL23R [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</ins>].At this point it is unclear whether the identification of these genes will help in treatment with the disease, but may help with determining the pathogenesis. <br> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> One research experiment looked at the genetic component of ulcerative colitis and used mice as a model organism. In mice oral administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) results in both acute and chronic ulcerative colitis in mice. Using this model differential susceptibility to DSS was tested in mice. Various inbred strains of mice were used to test susceptibility. After twenty one days of being exposed to DSS the mice were euthanized and samples from the cecum and colon were evaluated. A pathologist examined the samples and scored them for lesions based on severity, ulceration, hyperplasia, and area affected. The study concluded that there were significant differences in susceptibility to DSS among different strains[Figure 3]. The strain differences will be useful for design in the genetic mapping to identify genes that determine susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. The identification of the genes may predict pathways for intervention in humans. This study further supports the notion that there is a genetic component of ulcerative colitis[4].<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> One research experiment looked at the genetic component of ulcerative colitis and used mice as a model organism. In mice oral administration of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) results in both acute and chronic ulcerative colitis in mice. Using this model differential susceptibility to DSS was tested in mice. Various inbred strains of mice were used to test susceptibility. After twenty one days of being exposed to DSS the mice were euthanized and samples from the cecum and colon were evaluated. A pathologist examined the samples and scored them for lesions based on severity, ulceration, hyperplasia, and area affected. The study concluded that there were significant differences in susceptibility to DSS among different strains[Figure 3]. The strain differences will be useful for design in the genetic mapping to identify genes that determine susceptibility to DSS-induced colitis. The identification of the genes may predict pathways for intervention in humans. This study further supports the notion that there is a genetic component of ulcerative colitis[4].<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br< Further research is needed to determine the mechanism in which the identified genes result in greater susceptibility to ulcerative colitis. The mechanism may provide a future target for medicine.<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br< Further research is needed to determine the mechanism in which the identified genes result in greater susceptibility to ulcerative colitis. The mechanism may provide a future target for medicine.<br></div></td></tr>
</table>KorinekMhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ulcerative_Colitis_caused_by_Bacteria%3F&diff=64498&oldid=prevKorinekM: /* Prognosis */2011-05-12T02:50:55Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Prognosis</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Prognosis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Prognosis==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> Ulcerative colitis is a chronic disease consisting of multiple flare-ups followed by periods of remission. The goal of most treatment options is to reduce the flare-ups and prolong the periods of remission. Rapid initial inflammation may result in more severe complications. Very rarely does total remission occur after only one flare-up. If this occurs the inflammation was more likely due to an infection in the colon and not UC. People with ulcerative proctitis have the best prognosis. Individuals with ulcerative colitis that affects the entire colon with more severe inflammation have the worst prognosis. As stated before 25-30% of patients require surgery at some point in their life. The main advantage to surgery is that the surgery results in curing of the disease. Complications of ulcerative colitis include, but are not limited to severe bleeding, perforated colon, severe dehydration, liver disease, osteoporosis, inflammation of skin, an increased risk of colon cancer, and toxic megacolon [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</del>]. Toxic megacolon is rapid widening of the large intestine in one hour to a few days. Most often toxic megacolon results in surgery and removal of the colon. Approximately 5% of patients with ulcerative colitis develop colon cancer. The risk of cancer increases with duration of the disease as well as how severe the damage to the colon is. The risk of cancer in patients with the entre colon affected is up to thirty two times more than healthy individuals [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7</del>]. Precancerous changes called dysplasia can occur in the cells lining the colon and colonoscopies every one to two years are suggested for patients with IBD in order to screen for dysplasia. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> Ulcerative colitis is a chronic disease consisting of multiple flare-ups followed by periods of remission. The goal of most treatment options is to reduce the flare-ups and prolong the periods of remission. Rapid initial inflammation may result in more severe complications. Very rarely does total remission occur after only one flare-up. If this occurs the inflammation was more likely due to an infection in the colon and not UC. People with ulcerative proctitis have the best prognosis. Individuals with ulcerative colitis that affects the entire colon with more severe inflammation have the worst prognosis. As stated before 25-30% of patients require surgery at some point in their life. The main advantage to surgery is that the surgery results in curing of the disease. Complications of ulcerative colitis include, but are not limited to severe bleeding, perforated colon, severe dehydration, liver disease, osteoporosis, inflammation of skin, an increased risk of colon cancer, and toxic megacolon [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</ins>]. Toxic megacolon is rapid widening of the large intestine in one hour to a few days. Most often toxic megacolon results in surgery and removal of the colon. Approximately 5% of patients with ulcerative colitis develop colon cancer. The risk of cancer increases with duration of the disease as well as how severe the damage to the colon is. The risk of cancer in patients with the entre colon affected is up to thirty two times more than healthy individuals [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8</ins>]. Precancerous changes called dysplasia can occur in the cells lining the colon and colonoscopies every one to two years are suggested for patients with IBD in order to screen for dysplasia. <br></div></td></tr>
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</table>KorinekMhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ulcerative_Colitis_caused_by_Bacteria%3F&diff=64497&oldid=prevKorinekM: /* Treatment */2011-05-12T02:50:11Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Treatment</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>There are several different treatment option for patients with ulcerative colitis. The disease is managed from patient to patient and what works for one patient may not work for another patient. Based on the severity of the inflammation a doctor will recommend the treatment or option that is believed to work the best. More often than not there is not just one treatment that a patient will receive. The treatments are adaptive and change with the severity of the inflammation as well as how the inflammation responds to the treatment. The treatment plans are unique to each individual patient and that patient's needs. Sometimes very mild forms of UC can be controlled with lifestyle and diet changes. However, most UC patients require some form of medication. There are several different medications that are prescribed:<br> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>There are several different treatment option for patients with ulcerative colitis. The disease is managed from patient to patient and what works for one patient may not work for another patient. Based on the severity of the inflammation a doctor will recommend the treatment or option that is believed to work the best. More often than not there is not just one treatment that a patient will receive. The treatments are adaptive and change with the severity of the inflammation as well as how the inflammation responds to the treatment. The treatment plans are unique to each individual patient and that patient's needs. Sometimes very mild forms of UC can be controlled with lifestyle and diet changes. However, most UC patients require some form of medication. There are several different medications that are prescribed:<br> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> Anti-inflammatory drugs are often the first treatment option. These drugs include Sulfazine,Mesalamine, Balsalazide, and corticosteroids. Sulfazine can be effective, but there are many side effects. Mesalamine and Balsalazide are usually prescribed as the first line medications. Both medications work to reduce the inflammation in the colon. The exact mechanism of how the inflammation is reduced is unknown. These medicines have fewer side effects than sulfazine.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> Anti-inflammatory drugs are often the first treatment option. These drugs include Sulfazine,Mesalamine, Balsalazide, and corticosteroids. Sulfazine can be effective, but there are many side effects. Mesalamine and Balsalazide are usually prescribed as the first line medications. Both medications work to reduce the inflammation in the colon. The exact mechanism of how the inflammation is reduced is unknown. These medicines have fewer side effects than sulfazine.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Corticosteroids are prescribed to reduce inflammation in the colon, but are not intended for long term use because of the side effects associated with them. Corticosteroids are used when there is an intense flare-up of inflammation to reduce the inflammation to a more manageable level[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</del>].<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Corticosteroids are prescribed to reduce inflammation in the colon, but are not intended for long term use because of the side effects associated with them. Corticosteroids are used when there is an intense flare-up of inflammation to reduce the inflammation to a more manageable level[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</ins>].<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> Immune system suppressors are also used to reduce inflammation, but target the immune sytem, rather than just treating the inflammation [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</del>]. Azathiprine and 6-Mercaptopurine suppress the immune system slightly and reduce bowel inflammation.These medications take a longer time to start working so they are sometimes paired with a corticosteroid. Anoter immunosuppressor is Inflixmab which is prescribed to patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis that has not responded to other treatments. This medicine can reduce the need for surgery by almost 50%[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</del>].<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> Immune system suppressors are also used to reduce inflammation, but target the immune sytem, rather than just treating the inflammation [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</ins>]. Azathiprine and 6-Mercaptopurine suppress the immune system slightly and reduce bowel inflammation.These medications take a longer time to start working so they are sometimes paired with a corticosteroid. Anoter immunosuppressor is Inflixmab which is prescribed to patients with moderate to severe ulcerative colitis that has not responded to other treatments. This medicine can reduce the need for surgery by almost 50%[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</ins>].<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Surgery is used as treatment when UC has not responded to other treatments or precancerous changes develop <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on </del>the colon. Approximately 25-30% of patients with UC end up needing surgery. Ileoanal anastomosis is the most common surgery for UC. The entire colon and the diseased lining of the rectum are removed. The primary advantage of Ileaonal anastomosis is that waste can still be eliminated normally afterward and the surgery can be done laproscopically. Proctocolectomy with ileostomy is also another common surgery for UC patients which also involves removing the colon and the rectum. However, a stoma (opening) is created on the outside of the body and waste is eliminated through the stoma into a bag. Complications of this surgery include infections and complications with the stoma [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</del>].<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Surgery is used as treatment when UC has not responded to other treatments or precancerous changes develop <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">in </ins>the colon. Approximately 25-30% of patients with UC end up needing surgery. Ileoanal anastomosis is the most common surgery for UC. The entire colon and the diseased lining of the rectum are removed. The primary advantage of Ileaonal anastomosis is that waste can still be eliminated normally afterward and the surgery can be done laproscopically. Proctocolectomy with ileostomy is also another common surgery for UC patients which also involves removing the colon and the rectum. However, a stoma (opening) is created on the outside of the body and waste is eliminated through the stoma into a bag. Complications of this surgery include infections and complications with the stoma [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</ins>].<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Prognosis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Prognosis==</div></td></tr>
</table>KorinekMhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ulcerative_Colitis_caused_by_Bacteria%3F&diff=64496&oldid=prevKorinekM: /* Inflammation */2011-05-12T02:48:51Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Inflammation</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:48, 12 May 2011</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Inflammation==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Inflammation==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> The inflammatory response is part if the immune system's response to infection or foreign microbes. The inflammatory response at the cellular level is one of the first responses of the immune system. The first step is the bacteria infecting tissue. Next, macrophages engulf bacteria and release chemical mediators. The chemical mediators cause cytokines to induce selectins on capillary endothelia that bind to neutrophils. The first selectins produced are P-selectin and E-selectin. The selectins grab neutrophils from the bloodstream and slow them down and cause them to roll along the endothelium. These neutrophils are activated to produce and display integrin adhesion moelcules on their surface. Two adhesion molecules intracellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). Upon binding these molecules stop the neutrophils from moving and initiate extravasation in which the white blood cells squeeze through the endothelial wall and into tissues where the white blood cells can help the macrophages fight off invading microbes. Bradykin is released which loosens junctions to allow extrvasation and triggers prostaglandin synthesis. The final step involves peptides from the bacteria and chemical signals from infected tissues being released and attracting neutrophils to attack the foreign microbes. This inflammation response helps to fight of the infection[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">13</del>].<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> The inflammatory response is part if the immune system's response to infection or foreign microbes. The inflammatory response at the cellular level is one of the first responses of the immune system. The first step is the bacteria infecting tissue. Next, macrophages engulf bacteria and release chemical mediators. The chemical mediators cause cytokines to induce selectins on capillary endothelia that bind to neutrophils. The first selectins produced are P-selectin and E-selectin. The selectins grab neutrophils from the bloodstream and slow them down and cause them to roll along the endothelium. These neutrophils are activated to produce and display integrin adhesion moelcules on their surface. Two adhesion molecules intracellular adhesion molecule 1(ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1). Upon binding these molecules stop the neutrophils from moving and initiate extravasation in which the white blood cells squeeze through the endothelial wall and into tissues where the white blood cells can help the macrophages fight off invading microbes. Bradykin is released which loosens junctions to allow extrvasation and triggers prostaglandin synthesis. The final step involves peptides from the bacteria and chemical signals from infected tissues being released and attracting neutrophils to attack the foreign microbes. This inflammation response helps to fight of the infection[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7</ins>].<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> Inflammation is an important aspect of the immune system. However, chronic inflammation while trying to repair will cause permanent damage. This is the case with ulcerative colitis. The chronic inflammation is an autoimmune reaction that may be stimulated by intestinal microbiota[13]. During chronic inflammation there is continual recruitment of macrophages and lympohcytes from the circulation. A granuloma forms to try to close of the site of inflammation. Granulomas start as a collection of mononuclear inflammatory cells surronded ny lympohcytes. Fibroconnective tissues deposit around the lesion causing fibrosis or tissue hardening[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">13</del>]. Granulomas are very common in patients with ulcerative colitis<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> Inflammation is an important aspect of the immune system. However, chronic inflammation while trying to repair will cause permanent damage. This is the case with ulcerative colitis. The chronic inflammation is an autoimmune reaction that may be stimulated by intestinal microbiota[13]. During chronic inflammation there is continual recruitment of macrophages and lympohcytes from the circulation. A granuloma forms to try to close of the site of inflammation. Granulomas start as a collection of mononuclear inflammatory cells surronded ny lympohcytes. Fibroconnective tissues deposit around the lesion causing fibrosis or tissue hardening[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7</ins>]. Granulomas are very common in patients with ulcerative colitis<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> Since chronic inflammation is the main problem associated with ulcerative colitis this is a key target for treating the disease. Many medicines focus on reducing the inflammation either at the cellular level or by supressing the immune system. <br></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br> Since chronic inflammation is the main problem associated with ulcerative colitis this is a key target for treating the disease. Many medicines focus on reducing the inflammation either at the cellular level or by supressing the immune system. <br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
</table>KorinekMhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ulcerative_Colitis_caused_by_Bacteria%3F&diff=64495&oldid=prevKorinekM: /* Diagnosis */2011-05-12T02:47:55Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Diagnosis</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:47, 12 May 2011</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:926676-928288-2806tn-1-.jpg|thumb|450px|right|[Figure 3. Image of ulcerative colitis using MR enterography]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:926676-928288-2806tn-1-.jpg|thumb|450px|right|[Figure 3. Image of ulcerative colitis using MR enterography]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>First a complete examination and review of symptoms and medical history of the patient is conducted. If the symptoms suggest an IBD doctors run a series of tests to rule out some IBD's and to see if there is a specific IBD causing the symptoms.<br> <br>Stool samples are collected to rule out parasites or infection that cause colitis which mimics ulcerative colitis. Blood tests are also run to see if there is anemia, high white blood cell count, or sedimentation. Elevated white blood cell count and sedimentation are indicative of ongoing inflammation in the colon. Stool samples and blood tests can be used to suggest inflammation in the colon, but confirmation of ulcerative colitis requires visualization of the colon.[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</del>] [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</del>]<br> <br>Colonoscopies allow direct visualization of the colon and can confirm ulcerative colitis. Biopsies of the colonic tissue can be taken during the colonoscopy to determine the severity of the disease[Figure 2].<br> <br>Another way to confirm the diagnosis of UC is a barium enema X-ray. A chalky substance is inserted in the rectum and injected in the colon. The barium outlines the colon on the x-ray so the colon can be visualized. A Barium enema X-ray is useful, but is less accurate than direct visualization. <br>CT enterography MR enterography are new imaging methods for visualizing the digestive system[Figure 3]. CT enterography combines a CT scan with contrast to image the small bowel. CT enterography is used specifically for diagnosing Crohn's disease, but is also useful in diagnosing UC. MR enterography shows images of the bowel without using radiation. The tests and procedures that are used to diagnose ulcerative colitis may differ depending on the physician's preference and the equipment and diagnostic center availability [<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">9</del>]<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</del>[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</del>].<br></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>First a complete examination and review of symptoms and medical history of the patient is conducted. If the symptoms suggest an IBD doctors run a series of tests to rule out some IBD's and to see if there is a specific IBD causing the symptoms.<br> <br>Stool samples are collected to rule out parasites or infection that cause colitis which mimics ulcerative colitis. Blood tests are also run to see if there is anemia, high white blood cell count, or sedimentation. Elevated white blood cell count and sedimentation are indicative of ongoing inflammation in the colon. Stool samples and blood tests can be used to suggest inflammation in the colon, but confirmation of ulcerative colitis requires visualization of the colon.[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</ins>] [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">11</ins>]<br> <br>Colonoscopies allow direct visualization of the colon and can confirm ulcerative colitis. Biopsies of the colonic tissue can be taken during the colonoscopy to determine the severity of the disease[Figure 2].<br> <br>Another way to confirm the diagnosis of UC is a barium enema X-ray. A chalky substance is inserted in the rectum and injected in the colon. The barium outlines the colon on the x-ray so the colon can be visualized. A Barium enema X-ray is useful, but is less accurate than direct visualization. <br>CT enterography MR enterography are new imaging methods for visualizing the digestive system[Figure 3]. CT enterography combines a CT scan with contrast to image the small bowel. CT enterography is used specifically for diagnosing Crohn's disease, but is also useful in diagnosing UC. MR enterography shows images of the bowel without using radiation. The tests and procedures that are used to diagnose ulcerative colitis may differ depending on the physician's preference and the equipment and diagnostic center availability [<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">10</ins>][<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">11</ins>].<br></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Inflammation==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Inflammation==</div></td></tr>
</table>KorinekMhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ulcerative_Colitis_caused_by_Bacteria%3F&diff=64494&oldid=prevKorinekM: /* Pathogenesis */2011-05-12T02:46:53Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Pathogenesis</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Colonic mucus samples taken from a 12-year-old girl suffering from UC were isolated and studied using cloning and sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. The sequences were studied using BLAST and the bacteria were assigned to one of the four major phyla:<i>Firmucutes</i></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Colonic mucus samples taken from a 12-year-old girl suffering from UC were isolated and studied using cloning and sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. The sequences were studied using BLAST and the bacteria were assigned to one of the four major phyla:<i>Firmucutes</i></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Bacteroidetes</i>,<i>Actinobacteria</i>,and <i>Proteobacteria</i>. There was a significant difference in the dominant bacteria group of colonic microbiota between the patient with UC and healthy individuals. Several studies show the colonic microbiota of healthy individuals are dominated by <i>Bacteroidetes</i> and <i>Clostridium</i>. The most dominant groups in the study were <i>Proteobacteria</i> and <i>Clostridium</i>. There was also high incidents of <i>Enterobacteriacea</i> and <i>Bacteroidetes fragilis</i> in the UC patient. Also, there was a substantial presence of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> in the patient diagnosed with ulcerative colitis. The presence of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> in the feces of a healthy individual has never been reported before. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that bacteria play a role in ulcerative colitis[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">7</del>].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Bacteroidetes</i>,<i>Actinobacteria</i>,and <i>Proteobacteria</i>. There was a significant difference in the dominant bacteria group of colonic microbiota between the patient with UC and healthy individuals. Several studies show the colonic microbiota of healthy individuals are dominated by <i>Bacteroidetes</i> and <i>Clostridium</i>. The most dominant groups in the study were <i>Proteobacteria</i> and <i>Clostridium</i>. There was also high incidents of <i>Enterobacteriacea</i> and <i>Bacteroidetes fragilis</i> in the UC patient. Also, there was a substantial presence of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> in the patient diagnosed with ulcerative colitis. The presence of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> in the feces of a healthy individual has never been reported before. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that bacteria play a role in ulcerative colitis[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">8</ins>].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Another study also supports bacterial involvement in UC. Bacteria from inflamed mucosa were isolated and identified. Twenty bacterial species were isolated from both healthy and diseased individuals. <i>Bacteroides distasonis</i>. <i>B. vulgatus</i>, and <i>Fuscobacterium varium</i> were detected in half the patients with UC. The levels of <i>F. varium</i> were significantly different than healthy individuals. <i>F. varium</i> invades the inflamed mucus and lives in the crypts. The results from this study suggest <i>F. varium</i> is associated with ulcerative colitis[5].br> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Another study also supports bacterial involvement in UC. Bacteria from inflamed mucosa were isolated and identified. Twenty bacterial species were isolated from both healthy and diseased individuals. <i>Bacteroides distasonis</i>. <i>B. vulgatus</i>, and <i>Fuscobacterium varium</i> were detected in half the patients with UC. The levels of <i>F. varium</i> were significantly different than healthy individuals. <i>F. varium</i> invades the inflamed mucus and lives in the crypts. The results from this study suggest <i>F. varium</i> is associated with ulcerative colitis[5].br> </div></td></tr>
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</table>KorinekMhttps://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php?title=Ulcerative_Colitis_caused_by_Bacteria%3F&diff=64493&oldid=prevKorinekM: /* Pathogenesis */2011-05-12T02:46:40Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Pathogenesis</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 02:46, 12 May 2011</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathogenesis==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Pathogenesis==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>The exact pathogenesis of <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ulcerative Colitis </del>is unknown. Patients with UC show abnormalities in the response of their immune system. The immune system is chronically activated producing inflammation even in the absence of microbes. Doctors are unsure whether the immune response causes the disease or is in response to the disease. It is likely that no one pathogen or factor is the sole cause of UC. Ulcerative colitis is not caused by specific foods or stress, but these factors may worsen symptoms associated with UC. One common theme researchers find is that patients with UC show elevated levels of microbes in their body. This has been shown in both animal models as well as clinical trials. Mice with targeted deletion of the interlukin-2 gene spontaneously develop Ulcerative colitis in normal conditions, but fail to exhibit the disease in germ free environments[6].<br> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>The exact pathogenesis of <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ulcerative colitis </ins>is unknown. Patients with UC show abnormalities in the response of their immune system. The immune system is chronically activated producing inflammation even in the absence of microbes. Doctors are unsure whether the immune response causes the disease or is in response to the disease. It is likely that no one pathogen or factor is the sole cause of UC. Ulcerative colitis is not caused by specific foods or stress, but these factors may worsen symptoms associated with UC. One common theme researchers find is that patients with UC show elevated levels of microbes in their body. This has been shown in both animal models as well as clinical trials. Mice with targeted deletion of the interlukin-2 gene spontaneously develop Ulcerative colitis in normal conditions, but fail to exhibit the disease in germ free environments[6].<br> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Colonic mucus samples taken from a 12-year-old girl suffering from UC were isolated and studied using cloning and sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. The sequences were studied using BLAST and the bacteria were assigned to one of the four major phyla:<i>Firmucutes</i></div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Colonic mucus samples taken from a 12-year-old girl suffering from UC were isolated and studied using cloning and sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. The sequences were studied using BLAST and the bacteria were assigned to one of the four major phyla:<i>Firmucutes</i></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Bacteroidetes</i>,<i>Actinobacteria</i>,and <i>Proteobacteria</i>. There was a significant difference in the dominant bacteria group of colonic microbiota between the patient with UC and healthy individuals. Several studies show the colonic microbiota of healthy individuals are dominated by <i>Bacteroidetes</i> and <i>Clostridium</i>. The most dominant groups in the study were <i>Proteobacteria</i> and <i>Clostridium</i>. There was also high incidents of <i>Enterobacteriacea</i> and <i>Bacteroidetes fragilis</i> in the UC patient. Also, there was a substantial presence of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> in the patient diagnosed with <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ulcerative Colitis</del>. The presence of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> in the feces of a healthy individual has never been reported before. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that bacteria play a role in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ulcerative Colitis</del>[7].</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><i>Bacteroidetes</i>,<i>Actinobacteria</i>,and <i>Proteobacteria</i>. There was a significant difference in the dominant bacteria group of colonic microbiota between the patient with UC and healthy individuals. Several studies show the colonic microbiota of healthy individuals are dominated by <i>Bacteroidetes</i> and <i>Clostridium</i>. The most dominant groups in the study were <i>Proteobacteria</i> and <i>Clostridium</i>. There was also high incidents of <i>Enterobacteriacea</i> and <i>Bacteroidetes fragilis</i> in the UC patient. Also, there was a substantial presence of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> in the patient diagnosed with <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ulcerative colitis</ins>. The presence of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> in the feces of a healthy individual has never been reported before. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that bacteria play a role in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ulcerative colitis</ins>[7].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Another study also supports bacterial involvement in UC. Bacteria from inflamed mucosa were isolated and identified. Twenty bacterial species were isolated from both healthy and diseased individuals. <i>Bacteroides distasonis</i>. <i>B. vulgatus</i>, and <i>Fuscobacterium varium</i> were detected in half the patients with UC. The levels of <i>F. varium</i> were significantly different than healthy individuals. <i>F. varium</i> invades the inflamed mucus and lives in the crypts. The results from this study suggest <i>F. varium</i> is associated with ulcerative colitis[5].br> </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><br>Another study also supports bacterial involvement in UC. Bacteria from inflamed mucosa were isolated and identified. Twenty bacterial species were isolated from both healthy and diseased individuals. <i>Bacteroides distasonis</i>. <i>B. vulgatus</i>, and <i>Fuscobacterium varium</i> were detected in half the patients with UC. The levels of <i>F. varium</i> were significantly different than healthy individuals. <i>F. varium</i> invades the inflamed mucus and lives in the crypts. The results from this study suggest <i>F. varium</i> is associated with ulcerative colitis[5].br> </div></td></tr>
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</table>KorinekM