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=Introduction=
=Introduction=
   Sorting proteins to their correct cellular location is of critical importance to cells.  Mis-localized proteins will not be functional and can lead to cell death.  Protein sorting to the various organelles in eukaryotic cells is widely studied and resulted in a [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1999/press.html  Nobel Prize to Blobel] for the recognition of the signal sequence that targets secreted and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum.  While it has been long assumed that prokaryotes lack the sophistical intracellular architecture of eukaryotic cells, more recent research has shown that prokaryotes do indeed have cytoplasmic organization with various proteins restricted to certain areas.  In addition to the cytoplasm Gram-negative bacteria must selectively localize proteins to the inner membrane (IM), periplasm, outer membrane (OM), and extracellular environment (Figure 1).  Much work on localization of proteins in Gram-negative bacteria has been done on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli <i>Escherichia coli</i>](<i>E. coli</i>)is an inhabitant of the human intestine and a model organism for  gram-negative bacteria.  Beyond to contributing to basic biological research, studies of protein sorting in bacteria have biotechnology and medical applications (ref).  Purification of recombinant proteins in E. coli is aided by targeting the proteins to particular cell locations and studies of bacterial toxin secretion may lead to novel therapeutic agents.
   <br>Sorting proteins to their correct cellular location is of critical importance to cells.  Mis-localized proteins will not be functional and can lead to cell death.  Protein sorting to the various organelles in eukaryotic cells is widely studied and resulted in a [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1999/press.html  Nobel Prize to Blobel] for the recognition of the signal sequence that targets secreted and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum.  While it has been long assumed that prokaryotes lack the sophistical intracellular architecture of eukaryotic cells, more recent research has shown that prokaryotes do indeed have cytoplasmic organization with various proteins restricted to certain areas.  In addition to the cytoplasm Gram-negative bacteria must selectively localize proteins to the inner membrane (IM), periplasm, outer membrane (OM), and extracellular environment (Figure 1).  Much work on localization of proteins in Gram-negative bacteria has been done on [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli <i>Escherichia coli</i>](<i>E. coli</i>)is an inhabitant of the human intestine and a model organism for  gram-negative bacteria.  Beyond to contributing to basic biological research, studies of protein sorting in bacteria have biotechnology and medical applications (ref).  Purification of recombinant proteins in E. coli is aided by targeting the proteins to particular cell locations and studies of bacterial toxin secretion may lead to novel therapeutic agents.
[[Image:Hand_made_E._coli_compartments_schematic_take_two.jpg|thumb|25 × 25 px|right| Figure 1.A schematic diagram of compartments in E. coli.]]
[[Image:Hand_made_E._coli_compartments_schematic_take_two.jpg|thumb|25 × 25 px|right| Figure 1.A schematic diagram of compartments in E. coli.]]



Revision as of 22:34, 6 March 2011

Targeting of proteins to different cellular compartments in E. coli. From MicrobeWiki, the student-edited microbiology resource Jump to: navigation, search Contents [hide]

   * 1 Introduction
   * 2 Section 1
   * 3 Section 2
   * 4 Section 3
   * 5 Conclusion
   * 6 References

Introduction

 
Sorting proteins to their correct cellular location is of critical importance to cells. Mis-localized proteins will not be functional and can lead to cell death. Protein sorting to the various organelles in eukaryotic cells is widely studied and resulted in a Nobel Prize to Blobel for the recognition of the signal sequence that targets secreted and membrane proteins to the endoplasmic reticulum. While it has been long assumed that prokaryotes lack the sophistical intracellular architecture of eukaryotic cells, more recent research has shown that prokaryotes do indeed have cytoplasmic organization with various proteins restricted to certain areas. In addition to the cytoplasm Gram-negative bacteria must selectively localize proteins to the inner membrane (IM), periplasm, outer membrane (OM), and extracellular environment (Figure 1). Much work on localization of proteins in Gram-negative bacteria has been done on Escherichia coli(E. coli)is an inhabitant of the human intestine and a model organism for gram-negative bacteria. Beyond to contributing to basic biological research, studies of protein sorting in bacteria have biotechnology and medical applications (ref). Purification of recombinant proteins in E. coli is aided by targeting the proteins to particular cell locations and studies of bacterial toxin secretion may lead to novel therapeutic agents.
Figure 1.A schematic diagram of compartments in E. coli.
Figure 1.A schematic diagram of compartments in E. coli. From Pugsley 57 (1) 50 1993 Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/57/1/50

File:EscherichiaColi NIAID.jpg

Figure 1.A schematic diagram of compartments in E. coli. From Pugsley 57 (1) 50 1993 Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/57/1/50

File:EscherichiaColi NIAID.jpg

[x 400px|right|A schematic diagram of compartments in E. coli. From Current Opinion in Biotechnology, ] Other examples: Bold Italic Subscript: H2O Superscript: Fe3+


Introduce the topic of your paper. What microorganisms are of interest? Habitat? Applications for medicine and/or environment?

Inner Membrane

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Periplasm

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data.

Outer membrane

Include some current research, with at least one figure showing data. Conclusion

Extracellular

In addition to targeting to various cellular locations, some proteins are destined to leave the cell entirely and enter the extracellular environment. Examples include hemolysins [1] exotoxins that l yse host cells to release nutrients and pili that mediate attachment to substrates. In gram-negative cells secreted proteins must cross both the inner and outer membranes. Secretion across the outer membranes differs from secretion across the inner membrane in a number of respects. In contrast to the IM Sec proteins through which proteins pass in an unfolded state, proteins may partially fold in the periplasm prior to secretion through the OM. In addition any OM transporters lack access to cytoplasmic ATP so different energy sources must be used. Thanassim and Hultgren (2000) have reviewed the different pathways proteins may take on their voyage outside the Gram-negative cell. They discuss

Overall text length at least 3,000 words, with at least 3 figures.

References

Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; refs with no name must have content
Cornelis, P. Current opinion in biotechnology 2000;11(5):450-4. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VRV-41BV2FD-8&_user=7774802&_coverDate=10%2F01%2F2000&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1665295606&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000062877&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=7774802&md5=1b0d9c4e9467114f398efccfe82636d5&searchtype=a

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